Sofia
Sofia
София | |
---|---|
Vitosha Mountain | |
UTC+3 (EEST) | |
Area code | (+359) 02 |
HDI (2018) | 0.945[13] very high |
Vehicle registration plate | C, CA, CB |
Website | sofia |
Sofia (/ˈsoʊfiə, ˈsɒf-, soʊˈfiːə/ SOH-fee-ə, SOF-;[14][15] Bulgarian: София, romanized: Sofiya,[16][17] IPA: [ˈsɔfijɐ] ⓘ) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria. It is situated in the Sofia Valley at the foot of the Vitosha mountain, in the western part of the country. The city is built west of the Iskar river and has many mineral springs, such as the Sofia Central Mineral Baths. It has a humid continental climate. Being in the centre of the Balkans, it is midway between the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea and closest to the Aegean Sea.[18][19]
Known as Serdica in antiquity and Sredets in the Middle Ages, Sofia has been an area of human habitation since at least 7000 BC. The recorded history of the city begins with the attestation of the conquest of Serdica by the Roman Republic in 29 BC from the Celtic tribe Serdi. During the decline of the Roman Empire, the city was raided by Huns, Visigoths, Avars and Slavs. In 809, Serdica was incorporated into the Bulgarian Empire by Khan Krum and became known as Sredets. In 1018, the Byzantines ended Bulgarian rule until 1194, when it was reincorporated by the reborn Bulgarian Empire. Sredets became a major administrative, economic, cultural and literary hub until its conquest by the Ottomans in 1382. From 1530 to 1836, Sofia was the regional capital of Rumelia Eyalet, the Ottoman Empire's key province in Europe. Bulgarian rule was restored in 1878. Sofia was selected as the capital of the Third Bulgarian State in the next year, ushering a period of intense demographic and economic growth.
Sofia is the
Sofia has been named one of the top ten best places for
The population of Sofia declined from 70,000 in the late 18th century, through 19,000 in 1870, to 11,649 in 1878, after which it began increasing.[26] Sofia hosts some 1.24 million[10] residents within a territory of 492 km2,[27] a concentration of 17.9% of the country population within the 200th percentile of the country territory. The urban area of Sofia hosts some 1.54 million[28] residents within 5723 km2, which comprises Sofia City Province and parts of Sofia Province (Dragoman, Slivnitsa, Kostinbrod, Bozhurishte, Svoge, Elin Pelin, Gorna Malina, Ihtiman, Kostenets) and Pernik Province (Pernik, Radomir), representing 5.16% of the country territory.[7] The metropolitan area of Sofia is based upon one hour of car travel time, stretches internationally and includes Dimitrovgrad in Serbia.[29] The metropolitan region of Sofia is inhabited by a population of 1.66 million.[12]
Names
For a long time, the city possessed
The name Sofia comes from the
Geography
A number of shallow rivers cross the city, including the
The city is known for its 49
While the 1818 and 1858 earthquakes were intense and destructive, the 2012 Pernik earthquake occurred west of Sofia with a moment magnitude of 5.6 and a much lower Mercalli intensity of VI (Strong). The 2014 Aegean Sea earthquake was also noticed in the city.
Climate
Sofia has a
Winters are relatively cold and snowy. In the coldest days temperatures can drop below −15 °C (5 °F), most notably in January. The lowest recorded temperature is −31.2 °C (−24 °F) (16 January 1893).[44][45] On average, Sofia receives a total snowfall of 98 cm (38.6 in) and 56 days with snow cover.[46] The snowiest recorded winter was 1939/1940 with a total snowfall of 169 cm (66.5 in).[47] The record snow depth is 57 cm (22.4 in) (25 December 2001).[48] The coldest recorded year was 1893 with an average January temperature of −10.4 °C (13 °F) and an annual temperature of 8.2 °C (46.8 °F).[49]
Summers are quite warm and sunny. In summer, the city generally remains slightly cooler than other parts of Bulgaria, due to its higher altitude. However, the city is also subject to heat waves with high temperatures reaching or exceeding 35 °C (95 °F) on the hottest days, particularly in July and August. The highest recorded temperature is 40.2 °C (104 °F) (5 July 2000).[50] The hottest recorded month was July 2012 with an average temperature of 24.8 °C (77 °F).[51] The warmest year on record was 2023 with an annual temperature of 12.1 °C (54 °F).[52]
Springs and autumns in Sofia are usually short with variable and dynamic weather.
The city receives an average precipitation of 625.7 mm (24.63 in) a year, reaching its peak in late spring and early summer when
Climate data for Sofia (NIMH−BAS) 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 18 (64) |
22.2 (72.0) |
31 (88) |
30.6 (87.1) |
34.1 (93.4) |
37.2 (99.0) |
40.2 (104.4) |
39 (102) |
37.1 (98.8) |
33.6 (92.5) |
25.8 (78.4) |
21.3 (70.3) |
40.2 (104.4) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.5 (38.3) |
6.5 (43.7) |
11.4 (52.5) |
16.7 (62.1) |
21.4 (70.5) |
25.2 (77.4) |
27.8 (82.0) |
28.3 (82.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
17.6 (63.7) |
10.7 (51.3) |
4.6 (40.3) |
16.4 (61.5) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.5 (31.1) |
1.6 (34.9) |
5.8 (42.4) |
10.9 (51.6) |
15.5 (59.9) |
19.4 (66.9) |
21.6 (70.9) |
21.5 (70.7) |
16.8 (62.2) |
11.4 (52.5) |
5.9 (42.6) |
0.8 (33.4) |
10.9 (51.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.9 (25.0) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
1.1 (34.0) |
5.3 (41.5) |
9.8 (49.6) |
13.4 (56.1) |
15.3 (59.5) |
15 (59) |
10.9 (51.6) |
6.3 (43.3) |
1.9 (35.4) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
5.9 (42.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | −31.2 (−24.2) |
−24.1 (−11.4) |
−18 (0) |
−5.9 (21.4) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
2.5 (36.5) |
5.3 (41.5) |
3.5 (38.3) |
−2 (28) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
−15.3 (4.5) |
−21.1 (−6.0) |
−31.2 (−24.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 35.9 (1.41) |
35.5 (1.40) |
45.3 (1.78) |
52.3 (2.06) |
73.1 (2.88) |
81.6 (3.21) |
64.7 (2.55) |
53.1 (2.09) |
52.3 (2.06) |
53.9 (2.12) |
38.1 (1.50) |
39.9 (1.57) |
625.7 (24.63) |
Average snowfall cm (inches) | 24.9 (9.8) |
21 (8.3) |
15.4 (6.1) |
3 (1.2) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1.5 (0.6) |
10.7 (4.2) |
21 (8.3) |
97.5 (38.5) |
Average precipitation days | 10.7 | 9.4 | 10.9 | 10.7 | 13.9 | 12 | 8.1 | 7.1 | 8.2 | 8.4 | 8.1 | 10.7 | 118.2 |
Average snowy days | 7.5 | 6.5 | 5.2 | 1.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.7 | 2.7 | 6.4 | 30.3 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 87.9 | 117.2 | 169 | 195.1 | 236 | 268.1 | 311.9 | 307.3 | 225.1 | 166.8 | 107.7 | 69.1 | 2,261.2 |
Average ultraviolet index | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
Source: |
Environment
The geographic position of the Sofia Valley limits the flow of air masses, increasing the chances of air pollution by particulate matter and nitrogen oxide.[65] Solid fuel used for heating and motor vehicle traffic are significant sources of pollutants. Smog thus persists over the city as temperature inversions and the mountains surrounding the city prevent the circulation of air masses.[66][67] As a result, air pollution levels in Sofia are some of the highest in Europe.[68]
History
Prehistory and antiquity
The area has a history of nearly 7,000 years,
The earliest tribes who settled were the Thracian Tilataei. In the 500s BC, the area became part of a
In 339 BC Philip II of Macedon destroyed and ravaged the town for the first time.[77]
The
In 27–29 BC, according do
Roman emperors Aurelian (215–275)[87] and Galerius (260–311)[88] were born in Serdica.
The city expanded and became a significant political and economical centre, more so as it became one of the first Roman cities where Christianity was recognised as an
Serdica was the capital of the Diocese of Dacia (337-602).
For
The city was destroyed in the 447 invasion of the Huns and laid in ruins for a century[77] It was rebuilt by Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. During the reign of Justinian it flourished, being surrounded with great fortress walls whose remnants can still be seen today.
Middle Ages
Serdica became part of the
The city eventually fell to the
It was once again incorporated into the
In 1382/1383 or 1385, Sredets was seized by the
Early modern history
From the 14th century till the 19th century Sofia was an important administrative center in the Ottoman Empire. It became the capital of the beylerbeylik of Rumelia (Rumelia Eyalet), the province that administered the Ottoman lands in Europe (the Balkans), one of the two together with the beylerbeylik of Anatolia. It was the capital of the important Sanjak of Sofia as well, including the whole of Thrace with Plovdiv and Edirne, and part of Macedonia with Thessaloniki and Skopje. [100]
During the initial stages of the
When it comes to the cityscape, 16th century sources mention eight
Sofia entered a period of economic and political decline in the 17th century, accelerated during the period of anarchy in the Ottoman Balkans of the late 18th and early 19th century, when local Ottoman warlords ravaged the countryside. 1831 Ottoman population statistics show that 42% of the Christians were non-taxpayers in the kaza of Sofia and the amount of middle-class and poor Christians were equal.[105] Since the 18th century the beylerbeys of Rumelia often stayed in Bitola, which became the official capital of the province in 1826. Sofia remained the seat of a sanjak (district). By the 19th century the Bulgarian population had two schools and seven churches, contributing to the Bulgarian National Revival. In 1858 Nedelya Petkova created the first Bulgarian school for women in the city. In 1867 was inaugurated the first chitalishte in Sofia – a Bulgarian cultural institution. In 1870 the Bulgarian revolutionary Vasil Levski established a revolutionary committee in the city and in the neighbouring villages. Following his capture in 1873, Vasil Levski was transferred and hanged in Sofia by the Ottomans.
Modern and contemporary history
During the
Most mosques in Sofia were destroyed in that war, seven of them destroyed in one night in December 1878 when a thunderstorm masked the noise of the explosions arranged by Russian military engineers.[108][109] Following the war, the great majority of the Muslim population left Sofia.[98]
For a few decades after the liberation, Sofia experienced large population growth, mainly by migration from other regions of the Principality (Kingdom since 1908) of Bulgaria, and from the still Ottoman Macedonia and Thrace.
In 1900, the first electric lightbulb in the city was turned on.[110]
In the
During the
In 1945, the communist Fatherland Front took power. The transformations of Bulgaria into the People's Republic of Bulgaria in 1946 and into the Republic of Bulgaria in 1990 marked significant changes in the city's appearance. The population of Sofia expanded rapidly due to migration from rural regions. New residential areas were built in the outskirts of the city, like Druzhba, Mladost and Lyulin.
During the Communist Party rule, a number of the city's most emblematic streets and squares were renamed for ideological reasons, with the original names restored after 1989.[113]
The
Cityscape
In Sofia there are 607,473 dwellings and 101,696 buildings. According to modern records, 39,551 dwellings were constructed until 1949, 119,943 between 1950 and 1969, 287,191 between 1970 and 1989, 57,916 in the 90s and 102,623 between 2000 and 2011. Until 1949, 13,114 buildings were constructed and between 10,000 and 20,000 in each following decade.
After the Liberation War, knyaz
Among the architects invited to work in Bulgaria were Friedrich Grünanger, Adolf Václav Kolář, and Viktor Rumpelmayer, who designed the most important public buildings needed by the newly re-established Bulgarian government, as well as numerous houses for the country's elite.[115] Later, many foreign-educated Bulgarian architects also contributed. The architecture of Sofia's centre is thus a combination of Neo-Baroque, Neo-Rococo, Neo-Renaissance and Neoclassicism, with the Vienna Secession also later playing an important part, but it is most typically Central European.
After World War II and the establishment of a Communist government in Bulgaria in 1944, the architectural style was substantially altered. Stalinist Gothic public buildings emerged in the centre, notably the spacious government complex around The Largo, Vasil Levski Stadium, the Cyril and Methodius National Library and others. As the city grew outwards, the then-new neighbourhoods were dominated by many concrete tower blocks, prefabricated panel apartment buildings and examples of Brutalist architecture.
After the abolition of Communism in 1989, Sofia witnessed the construction of whole business districts and neighbourhoods, as well as modern skyscraper-like glass-fronted office buildings, but also top-class residential neighbourhoods. The 126-metre (413 ft) Capital Fort Business Centre is the first skyscraper in Bulgaria, with its 36 floors. However, the end of the old administration and centrally planned system also paved the way for chaotic and unrestrained construction, which continues today.
Green areas
The city has an extensive green belt. Some of the neighbourhoods constructed after 2000 are densely built up and lack green spaces. There are four principal parks – Borisova gradina in the city centre and the Southern, Western and Northern parks. Several smaller parks, among which the Vazrazhdane Park, Zaimov Park, City Garden and the Doctors' Garden, are located in central Sofia. The Vitosha Nature Park (the oldest national park in the Balkans)[116] includes most of Vitosha mountain and covers an area of 266 square kilometres (103 sq mi),[117] with roughly half of it lying within the municipality of Sofia. Vitosha mountain is a popular hiking destination due to its proximity and ease of access via car and public transport. Two functioning cable cars provide year long access from the outskirts of the city. The mountain offers favourable skiing conditions during the winter. During the 1970s and the 1980s multiple ski slopes of varying difficulty were made available. Skiing equipment can be rented and skiing lessons are available. However, due to the bad communication between the private offshore company that runs the resort and Sofia municipality, most of the ski areas have been left to decay in the last 10 years, so that only one chairlift and one slope work.
Government and law
Local government
# | District | km2 | Pop. | Density (/km2) | Extent | Mayor |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Sredets | 3 | 32,423 | 10,807 | City | RB |
2 | Krasno selo | 7 | 83,552 | 11,936 | City | RB |
3 | Vazrazhdane | 3 | 37,303 | 12,434 | City | GERB |
4 | Oborishte | 3 | 31,060 | 10,353 | City | RB |
5 | Serdika | 18 | 46,949 | 2,608 | City | GERB |
6 | Poduyane | 11 | 76,672 | 6,970 | City | GERB |
7 | Slatina | 13 | 66,702 | 5,130 | City | GERB |
8 | Izgrev | 5 | 30,896 | 6,179 | City | GERB |
9 | Lozenets | 9 | 53,080 | 5,897 | City | GERB |
10 | Triaditsa | 10 | 63,451 | 6,345 | City | GERB |
11 | Krasna polyana |
9 | 58,234 | 6,470 | City | GERB |
12 | Ilinden | 3 | 33,236 | 11,078 | City | GERB |
13 | Nadezhda | 19 | 67,905 | 3,573 | City | GERB |
14 | Iskar | 26 | 63,248 | 2,432 | City/satellites | GERB |
15 | Mladost | 17 | 102,899 | 6,052 | City | GERB |
16 | Studentski |
9 | 71,961 | 7,995 | City | GERB |
17 | Vitosha | 123 | 61,467 | 499 | City/satellites | RB |
18 | Ovcha kupel | 42 | 54,320 | 1,293 | City/satellites | GERB |
19 | Lyulin | 22 | 114,910 | 5,223 | City | GERB |
20 | Vrabnitsa | 44 | 47,969 | 1,090 | City/satellites | GERB |
21 | Novi Iskar | 220 | 28,991 | 131 | Satellites | GERB |
22 | Kremikovtsi | 256 | 23,641 | 92 | City/satellites | RB |
23 | Pancharevo | 407 | 28,586 | 70 | Satellites | GERB |
24 | Bankya | 53 | 12,136 | 228 | Satellites | GERB |
TOTAL | 1342 | 1,291,591 | 962 | [1][126][127] |
National government
Sofia is the seat of the executive (
Under Bulgaria's centralised political system, Sofia concentrates much of the political and financial resources of the country. It is the only city in Bulgaria to host three electoral constituencies: the 23rd, 24th and 25th Multi-member Constituencies, which together field 42 mandates in the 240-member National Assembly.[131]
Crime
With a murder rate of 1.7/per 100.000 people (as of 2009[update]) Sofia is a relatively safe capital city.
Culture
Arts and entertainment
Sofia concentrates the majority of Bulgaria's leading performing arts troupes. Theatre is by far the most popular form of performing art, and theatrical venues are among the most visited, second only to cinemas. There were 3,162 theatric performances with 570,568 people attending in 2014.[143] The Ivan Vazov National Theatre, which performs mainly classical plays and is situated in the very centre of the city, is the most prominent theatre. The National Opera and Ballet of Bulgaria is a combined opera and ballet collective established in 1891. Regular performances began in 1909. Some of Bulgaria's most famous operatic singers, such as Nicolai Ghiaurov and Ghena Dimitrova, made their first appearances on the stage of the National Opera and Ballet.
Cinema is the most popular form of entertainment: there were more than 141,000 film shows with a total attendance exceeding 2,700,000 in 2014.
Bulgaria's largest art museums are located in the central areas of the city. Since 2015, the
The
The city houses many cultural institutes such as the Russian Cultural Institute, the
Some of the biggest telecommunications companies, TV and radio stations, newspapers, magazines, and web portals are based in Sofia, including the
The Boyana Church, a UNESCO World Heritage site, contains realistic frescoes, depicting more than 240 human images and a total 89 scenes, were painted. With their vital, humanistic realism they are a Renaissance phenomenon at its culmination phase in the context of the common-European art.[150]
Tourism
Sofia is one of the most visited tourist destinations in Bulgaria alongside coastal and mountain resorts. Among its highlights is the
The city center contains many remains of ancient Serdica that have been excavated and are on public display, including Complex Ancient Serdica, eastern gate, western gate, city walls, thermal baths, 4th c.
-
Vitosha Boulevard, the main shopping street in the city
Sports
A large number of sports clubs are based in the city. During the Communist era, most sports clubs concentrated on all-round sporting development, therefore
Sofia applied to host the
The city is home to a number of large sports venues, including the 43,000-seat
There are two golf courses just to the east of Sofia — in Elin Pelin (St Sofia club) and in Ihtiman (Air Sofia club), and a horseriding club (St George club). Sofia was designated as European Capital of Sport in 2018. The decision was announced in November 2014 by the Evaluation Committee of ACES Europe, on the grounds that "the city is a good example of sport for all, as means to improve healthy lifestyle, integration and education, which are the basis of the initiative".
Demographics
Population over the years (in thousands):
According to 2018 data, the city has a population of 1,400,384 and the whole
.Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1870 | 19,000 | — |
1880 | 20,501 | +7.9% |
1887 | 30,456 | +48.6% |
1892 | 46,628 | +53.1% |
1900 | 67,953 | +45.7% |
1905 | 82,621 | +21.6% |
1910 | 102,812 | +24.4% |
1920 | 154,025 | +49.8% |
1926 | 213,002 | +38.3% |
1934 | 287,095 | +34.8% |
1939 | 401,000 | +39.7% |
1946 | 436,623 | +8.9% |
1956 | 644,727 | +47.7% |
1965 | 801,111 | +24.3% |
1975 | 967,214 | +20.7% |
1985 | 1,114,759 | +15.3% |
1992 | 1,114,925 | +0.0% |
2001 | 1,091,772 | −2.1% |
2011 | 1,202,761 | +10.2% |
2021 | 1,183,454 | −1.6% |
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. |
The ratio of women per 1,000 men was 1,102. The
According to the 2011 census, throughout the whole municipality some 892,511 people (69.1%) are recorded as
Sofia was declared the national capital in 1879. One year later, in 1880, it was the fifth-largest city in the country after Plovdiv, Varna, Ruse and Shumen. Plovdiv remained the most populous Bulgarian town until 1892 when Sofia took the lead. The city is the hot spot of internal migration, the capital population is increasing and is around 17% of the national,[160] thus a small number of people with local roots remain today, they dominate the surrounding rural suburbs and are called Shopi. Shopi speak the Western Bulgarian dialects.
-
Alexander Nevsky Cathedral
Economy
Sofia is ranked as Beta-
The city's GDP (PPS) per capita stood at €29,600 ($33,760) in 2015, one of the highest in Southeast Europe and well above other cities in the country.[166] The total nominal GDP in 2018 was 38.5 billion leva ($22.4 billion), or 33,437 leva ($19,454) per capita,[167][168] and average monthly wages in March 2020 were $1,071, the highest nationally.[169] Services dominate the economy, accounting for 88.6% of the gross value added, followed by industry 11.3% and agriculture 0.1%.[167][170]
Historically, after World War II and the era of industrialisation under socialism, the city and its surrounding areas expanded rapidly and became the most heavily industrialised region of the country, with numerous factories producing steel, pig iron, machinery, industrial equipment, electronics, trams, chemicals, textiles, and food.[171] The influx of workers from other parts of the country became so intense that a restriction policy was imposed, and residing in the capital was only possible after obtaining Sofianite citizenship.[171] However, after the political changes in 1989, this kind of citizenship was removed.
The most dynamic sectors include
Manufacturing has registered a strong recovery since 2012, increasing the exports three-fold and the employment by 52% accounting for over 70,000 jobs.[180] Supported by the city's R&D expertise, Sofia is shifting to high value-added manufacturing including electrical equipment, precision mechanics, pharmaceuticals. There are 16 industrial and logistics parks in Sofia, some sprawling to towns in neighbouring Sofia Province, such as Bozhurishte, Kostinbrod and Elin Pelin.[180] Manufacturing companies include Woodward, Inc., producing airframe and industrial turbomachinery systems,[181] Festo, producing microsensors,[182] Visteon, development and engineering of instrument clusters, LCD displays and domain controllers,[183] Melexis , producing micro-electronic semiconductor solutions in the automotive sector,[184] Sopharma, producing pharmaceuticals, the largest Lufthansa Technik maintenance facilities outside Germany etc.[185]
Transport and infrastructure
With its developing infrastructure and strategic location, Sofia is a major hub for international railway and automobile transport. Three of the ten Pan-European Transport Corridors cross the city: IV, VIII, and X.[186] All major types of transport (except water) are represented in the city.
The Central Railway Station is the primary hub for domestic and international rail transport, carried out by Bulgarian State Railways (BDZ), the national rail company headquartered in the city. It is one of the main stations along BDZ Line 1, and a hub of Lines 2, 5, and 13. Line 1 provides a connection to Plovdiv, the second-largest city in Bulgaria, while Line 2 is the longest national railway and connects Sofia and Varna, the largest coastal city. Lines 5 and 13 are shorter and provide connections to Kulata and Bankya, respectively. Overall, Sofia has 186 km (116 miles) of railway lines.[187]
Sofia Airport handled 7,208,987 passengers in 2023.[188]
Public transport is well-developed with bus (2,380 km (1,479 mi)),[189] tram (308 km (191 mi)),[190] and trolleybus (193 km (120 mi))[191] lines running in all areas of the city.[192][193] The Sofia Metro became operational in January 1998 with only 5 stations and currently has four lines and 47 stations.[194] As of 2022[update], the system has 52 km (32 mi) of track. Six new stations were opened in 2009, two more in April 2012, and eleven more in August 2012. In 2015 seven new stations were opened and the underground extended to Sofia Airport on its Northern branch and to Business Park Sofia on its Southern branch. In July 2016 the Vitosha Metro Station was opened on the M2 main line. A third line was opened in August 2020 and re-organisation of the previous lines lead to a 4th line being created.[195] This line will complete the proposed underground system of three lines with about 65 km (40 mi) of lines.[196] The master plan for the Sofia Metro includes three lines with a total of 63 stations.[197] Marshrutkas provide an efficient and popular means of transport by being faster than public transport, but cheaper than taxis. There are around 13,000 taxi cabs operating in the city.[198] Additionally, all-electric vehicles are available through carsharing company Spark, which is set to increase its fleet to 300 cars by mid-2019.[199]
Private automobile ownership has grown rapidly in the 1990s; more than 1,000,000 cars were registered in Sofia after 2002. The city has the 4th-highest number of automobiles per capita in the European Union at 546.4 vehicles per 1,000 people.[200] The municipality was known for minor and cosmetic repairs and many streets are in a poor condition. This is noticeably changing in the past years. There are different boulevards and streets in the city with a higher amount of traffic than others. These include Tsarigradsko shose, Cherni Vrah, Bulgaria, Slivnitsa, and Todor Aleksandrov boulevards, as well as the city's ring road.[201] Consequently, traffic and air pollution problems have become more severe and receive regular criticism in local media. The extension of the underground system is hoped to alleviate the city's immense traffic problems.
Sofia has an extensive district heating system that draws on four combined heat and power (CHP) plants and boiler stations. Virtually the entire city (900,000 households and 5,900 companies) is centrally heated, using residual heat from electricity generation (3,000 MW) and gas- and oil-fired heating furnaces; total heat capacity is 4,640 MW. The heat distribution piping network is 900 km (559 mi) long and comprises 14,000 substations and 10,000 heated buildings.
Education and science
Much of Bulgaria's educational capacity is concentrated in Sofia. There are 221 general, 11 special and seven arts or sports schools, 56 vocational gymnasiums and colleges, and four independent colleges.[202] The city also hosts 23 of Bulgaria's 51 higher education establishments and more than 105,000 university students.[203][204] The American College of Sofia, a private secondary school with roots in a school founded by American missionaries in 1860, is among the oldest American educational institutions outside of the United States.[205]
A number of secondary language schools provide education in a selected foreign language. These include the First English Language School, 91st German Language School, 164th Spanish Language School, and the Lycée Français. These are among the most sought-after secondary schools, along with Vladislav the Grammarian 73rd Secondary School and the High School of Mathematics, which topped the 2018 preference list for high school candidates.[206]
Higher education includes four of the five highest-ranking national universities –
Other institutions of national significance, such as the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library, are located in Sofia. BAS is the centrepiece of scientific research in Bulgaria, employing more than 4,500 scientists in various institutes. Its Institute of Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy will operate the largest cyclotron in the country.[214][215] All five of Bulgaria's supercomputers and supercomputing clusters are located in Sofia as well. Three of those are operated by the BAS; one by Sofia Tech Park and one by the Faculty of Physics at Sofia University.[216]
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
Sofia is twinned with:
Cooperation agreements
In addition Sofia cooperates with:
Honour
Serdica Peak on Livingston Island, in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, is named after Serdica.
Mass Media
Public
- Bulgarian News Agency (1898)
- Bulgarian National Radio (1935)
- Bulgarian National Television (1959)
Private
- Nova Broadcasting Group(1994)
- bTV Media Group(2000)
See also
- List of churches in Sofia
- List of shopping malls in Sofia
- List of tallest buildings in Sofia
- Sofia Province
- Monument to the Tsar Liberator
References
- ^ "Sofia through centuries". Sofia Municipality. Archived from the original on 19 August 2009. Retrieved 16 October 2009.
- ISBN 0822387174.
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Bibliography
- "Sofia in Figures" (PDF) (in Bulgarian and English). National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
- Bozhilov, Ivan; ISBN 954-426-204-0.
- Stancheva, Magdalina (2010). София – от древността до нови времена [Sofia – from Antiquity to Modern Times] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: New Bulgarian University. ISBN 978-954-535-579-0.
Further reading
- Gigova, Irina (March 2011). "The City and the Nation: Sofia's Trajectory from Glory to Rubble in WWII". Journal of Urban History. 37 (2): 155–175. S2CID 144022049.The 110 footnotes provide a guide to the literature on the city
- "Sofia in Figures 2009" (PDF). Regional Statistical Office of Sofia. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2011.
- "Sofia — 130 Years Capital" (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on 28 January 2011.
External links
- Official website
- Online guide to Sofia
- Official Site of Sofia Public Transport Archived 25 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- Sofia at Curlie
- Archival images of Sofia
- Sofia by Night Light: A Photographic Exhibition
- Virtual Guide to Ancient Serdica
- More than 25 live webcams from Sofia
- Pictures from Vitosha mountain