Soham (Sanskrit)

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Soham or Sohum (सो ऽहम् so'ham[1]) is a Hindu mantra, meaning "I(Inner Self) am That(Universal Self)" in Sanskrit.[2][3]

In

Vedic philosophy it means identifying oneself with the universe or ultimate reality.[2]

The mantra is also inverted from so 'ham (the sandhi of saḥ + aham) to ham + sa. The combination of so 'haṃ haṃsaḥ has also been interpreted as "I myself am the Swan", where the swan symbolizes the Atman.[4]

Etymology

An etymology of haṃsa "swan, goose" as from ahaṃ sa "I am that" is found in the 14th century commentary on the Vedas by

Sayana (14th century).[5]

The term so'ham is related to sa, and the phrase translates to "I that very person", according to

Monier-Williams.[6] Interpreted as a nominal sentence, it can also be read as "I am That" or "That is I".[2][3] The term is found in Vedic literature, and is a phrase that identifies "oneself with the universe or ultimate reality".[2]

History

This phrase is found in Principal Upanishads such as the Isha Upanishad (verse 16), which ends:

(...) तेजो यत्ते रूपं कल्याणतमं तत्ते पश्यामि योऽसावसौ पुरुषः सोऽहमस्मि ॥१६॥
tejo yat te rūpaṃ kalyāṇatamaṃ tat te paśyāmi yo 'sāv [asau puruṣaḥ] so'ham asmi
"The light which is thy fairest form, I see it. I am what that is" (trans. Max Müller)[7]

Soham, or "I am That", is very common in ancient and medieval literature.[8] Some examples include:

Upanishads

Tantras

Stotras

  • Bhaja Gaureesam
    better source needed
    ]
  • Gowresa Ashtakam
    better source needed
    ]
  • Shakthi Mahimnah Stotram
    better source needed
    ]
  • Tripurasundari Vijaya Sthava
    better source needed
    ]

Adi Shankara's[33] Vakya Vritti[34] subsequent works in the Nath tradition foundational for Hatha yoga.

as well as the classical yoga treatises

Gheranda Samhita[44][45][46][47] and Shiva Samhita[48]
all make mention of soham and hamsa describing its significance and when teaching uniformly teaches So on inhalation and ham on exhalation.

This traditional practice in its several forms and its background is described in numerous other books.[33][49][50][51][52][53][54][55]

Hamsa

Swami Muktananda - although teaching the traditional So on inhalation and ham on exhalation as a letter from 1968 to Franklin Jones reveals[56] - later published a book[57] teaching Ham on inhalation and sa on exhalation. This practice is described in several later books all referring to Muktananda.[58][59][60][61][62]

The teaching of Ham on inhalation and sa on exhalation is allegedly alluded to in a text of

Vijnana Bhairava
:

Air is exhaled with the sound SA and inhaled with the sound HAM. Then reciting of the mantra HAMSA is continuous

Vijnana Bhairava, 155b

However, this verse 155b is not found in the Vijnana Bhairava first published in 1918 in the Kashmir Series of Text and Studies[64] but is quoted from a commentary by the Abhinavagupta disciple Kṣemarāja[65] in his Shiva Sutra Vimarshini (commentary on the Shiva Sutras)[64] in later editions of Vijnana Bhairava.[66]

Yoga

When used for meditation, "Sohum" acts as a natural mantra to control one's breathing pattern, to help achieve deep breath, and to gain concentration.

  • Sooooo... is the sound of inhalation, and is remembered in the mind along with that inhalation.
  • Hummmm... is the sound of exhalation, and is remembered in the mind along with that exhalation.

Soham is also considered a

kriya practice shabda sanchalana.[68]

See also

References

  1. ^ In English language literature also printed as So’ham, So Ham, So-aham, Sohum, So Hum, Saham, Sa'ham, Sau-ha, Sah-karena/Sahkara = the sound of Sa
  2. ^ a b c d Olivelle 1992, pp. 80–81, 210 with footnotes.
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-8876528187
    , page 129
  4. ISBN 978-81-208-0746-4
    .
  5. Monier-Williams
    , s.v. "haṃsa".
  6. ^ Monier Monier Williams Dictionary, Sa s.v. " 6.": "it is often for emphasis connected with another pron. as with aham, tvam, eṣa, ayam&c. (e.g. so'ham, satvam, 'I (or thou) that very person'"
  7. ^ The Upanishads, Part 1 1879, p. 313. Müller gives the footnote: "Asau purushah should probably be omitted", taking these words as an explanatory gloss that was accidentally incorporated in the text.
  8. ^ a b Olivelle 1992, pp. 80–81.
  9. ^ Olivelle 1992, pp. 210, 216.
  10. ^ Olivelle 1992, pp. 227, 229.
  11. ^ a b Olivelle 1992, pp. 156.
  12. ^ Olivelle 1992, pp. 160–161, 165–166.
  13. ISBN 978-81-7625-148-8
    . The jiva comes out with the letter Ha and gets in again with the letter Sa
  14. ^
    ISBN 978-0-486-23058-0
    .
  15. ISBN 978-81-7488-168-7
    .
  16. ^ "Yoga Sikha Upanishad". Retrieved 2009-05-17. 6.53 The prana goes out with sound "ham" and goes in with the word "sa", and all beings naturally chant the mantra "Hamsa, Hamsa" (while exhaling and inhaling).
  17. ISBN 978-81-208-1648-0
    .
  18. ISBN 978-81-7625-148-8
    . We are said to exhale with Ha and to inhale with Sa
  19. ^ "Gandharva Tantra (abstract)". Retrieved 2009-05-17.
  20. ^
    ISBN 978-1-59547-920-4
    .
  21. ISBN 978-1-4346-9196-5
    .
  22. ^ "Kularnava Tantra". Retrieved 2009-05-17. Ham-Sah is the pathway breath takes in living creatures. This mantra exists in the form of exhalation and inhalation
  23. ^ "Kularnava Tantra". Retrieved 2009-05-17.
  24. ISBN 978-1-84557-022-4
    . "Ha" is the outgoing breath and "sa" is the ingoing breath.
  25. ISBN 978-0-8135-4070-2
    .
  26. ISBN 978-1-4191-3207-0
    . All beings say the ajapa Gayatri, which is the expulsion of the breath by Hangkara, and its inspiration by Shakara
  27. ISBN 81-7156-160-8
    . The Mahanirvana Tantra unequivocally specifies an identity between jiva and Brahman (...) The idea of "So'ham" (I am She/He or I am one with the Supreme) is explicitly emphasized in this Tantric text.
  28. ISBN 978-90-04-04808-9
    .
  29. ^ "Bhaja Gaureesam". Retrieved 2009-05-17.
  30. ^ "Gowresa Ashtakam". Retrieved 2009-05-17.
  31. ^ "Shakthi Mahimnah Stotram". Retrieved 2009-05-17.
  32. ^ "Tripurasundari Vijaya Sthava". Retrieved 2009-05-17.
  33. ^
    ISBN 978-81-223-0891-4
    .
  34. ^ "Adi Shankara's Vakya Vritti". Retrieved 2009-05-17.
  35. ISBN 978-81-208-1923-8
    . [The psyche] exits [the body] with the sound ha and reenters with the sound sa.
  36. ^ Siddha Guru Gorakhnath. Brahmamitra Awasthi (ed.). Yoga Bija. Delhi, India: Swami Keshwananda Yoga Institute. p. 112.
  37. ISBN 978-0-8135-4070-2
    .
  38. ISBN 978-3-515-06922-9
    .
  39. ISBN 978-3-515-06922-9
    .
  40. ISBN 978-3-515-06922-9
    .
  41. ISBN 978-90-420-2306-2
    .
  42. ISBN 978-3-00-025348-5
    .
  43. ^ "Shiva Svarodaya (51)". Retrieved 2009-05-17. The Shiva Svarodaya scripture's verse 51 says, "The process of exhalation is said to contain the letter ham, and the inhalation contains the letter sa."
  44. ISBN 978-0-9716466-3-6
    .
  45. ISBN 978-88-272-1099-4
    .
  46. ISBN 978-81-208-1508-7
    . With the sound 'Sah' the breath goes in; with the sound 'Ham' the breath comes out
  47. ^ "Gheranda Samhita 5:84". Retrieved 2009-05-17. Gheranda Samhita 5:84 indicates, "Breath of every person, in entering, makes the sound of 'sa', and in coming out (bahiryati), that of 'ham.' "
  48. ISBN 978-81-208-2055-5
    .
  49. ISBN 978-81-85787-08-4
    .
  50. ISBN 978-81-313-0172-2
    . Soham is a universal mantra vibration, with Sooo.... being remembered with inhalation and Hummm... being remembered with exhalation.
  51. ISBN 978-1-56718-476-1
    .
  52. Wikidata Q110087969. The Hamsa symbolizes knowledge and the life-force or cosmic breath (prana), 'ham' being its exhalation, and 'sa', its inhalation which is regarded as the return of the individual life-force to brahman, its cosmic source. {{cite book}}: |author2= has generic name (help
    )
  53. ISBN 978-0-89389-176-3
    . (..) you will hear the sound sooo in the inhalation and hammmmm in the exhalation.
  54. ISBN 978-1-60620-145-9
    .
  55. ISBN 978-81-223-0892-1
    .
  56. ^ "Letter from Swami Muktananda to Franklin Jones, April 23, 1968". Retrieved 2009-05-17. Harmonize the repetition of mantra with the breathing as follows: With "So" take it in and with "ham" bring it out. (...) When one's mind is fixed on "So" with the incoming breath and on "ham" with the outgoing breath it is mantra-japa. (...) Your beauty, your energy, your duty, your religion, your Guru and guide; your study, worship and prayer -- all lie in engaging yourself to the remembrance and repetition of "So'ham", "So'ham". This is my instruction, this is my precept. This is to be followed or practiced, and reflected upon devoutly.
  57. ISBN 978-0-914602-27-9
    . Sit quietly, and watch the going out and coming in of the breath . . . Bhairava says that as the breath comes in, it makes the sound ham, and as the breath goes out, it makes the sound sa. This is known as ajapa-japa, the unrepeated mantra repetition. One who simply watches the breath, being aware that it is coming in and going out with the sounds ham and sa, is doing ajapa-japa, and this is the true way of practicing mantra.
  58. ISBN 978-81-208-1648-0
    .
  59. ISBN 978-81-208-2006-7
    .
  60. ISBN 978-0-595-29389-6
    .
  61. ISBN 978-0-595-27410-9
    .
  62. ISBN 978-81-7648-547-0
    .
  63. ^ "Vijnana Bhairava". Archived from the original on 2006-08-21. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
  64. ^ a b "Muktabodha on-line library Kashmir Series of Texts and Studies". Archived from the original on February 4, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
  65. ISBN 978-81-208-0746-4
    .
  66. ISBN 978-81-208-0820-1
    .
  67. ISBN 978-81-85787-08-4
    . Listen carefully to your breath; you will hear the sound So with inhalation and Ham with exhalation.
  68. ISBN 978-81-85787-08-4
    .

Bibliography
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