Soil conservation
Soil conservation is the prevention of loss of the topmost layer of the soil from erosion or prevention of reduced fertility caused by over usage, acidification, salinization or other chemical soil contamination.
Methods
Contour ploughing
Terrace farming
Keyline design
Keyline design is the enhancement of contour farming, where the total watershed properties are taken into account in forming the contour lines.
Perimeter runoff control
Tree,
Windbreaks
Windbreaks are sufficiently dense rows of
trees may be adequate.Cover crops/crop rotation
Cover crops such as
Soil-conservation farming
Soil-conservation farming involves
Repeated plowing/tilling degrades soil, killing its beneficial fungi and earthworms. Once damaged, soil may take multiple seasons to fully recover, even in optimal circumstances.[8]
Critics argue that no-till and related methods are impractical and too expensive for many growers, partly because it requires new equipment. They cite advantages for conventional tilling depending on the geography, crops and soil conditions. Some farmers have contended that no-till complicates pest control, delays planting and that post-harvest residues, especially for corn, are hard to manage.[8]
Reducing the use of pesticides
The use of pesticides can contaminate the soil, and nearby vegetation and water sources for a long time. They affect soil structure and (biotic and abiotic) composition.[9][10] Differentiated taxation schemes are among the options investigated in the academic literature to reducing their use.[11]
Alternatives to pesticides are available and include methods of cultivation, use of biological pest controls (such as pheromones and microbial pesticides), genetic engineering (mostly of crops), and methods of interfering with insect breeding.[12] Application of composted yard waste has also been used as a way of controlling pests.[13]
These methods are becoming increasingly popular and often are safer than traditional chemical pesticides. In addition, EPA is registering reduced-risk pesticides in increasing numbers.[citation needed]Salinity management
Salinity in soil is caused by irrigating with salty water. Water then evaporates from the soil leaving the salt behind. Salt breaks down the soil structure, causing infertility and reduced growth.[citation needed]
The
Salinity occurs on
Use of
Planting species that can tolerate saline conditions can be used to lower water tables and thus reduce the rate of capillary and evaporative enrichment of surface salts. Salt-tolerant plants include
Soil organisms
When worms excrete feces in the form of casts, a balanced selection of minerals and plant nutrients is made into a form accessible for root uptake. Earthworm casts are five times richer in available nitrogen, seven times richer in available phosphates and eleven times richer in available potash than the surrounding upper 150 millimetres (5.9 in) of soil. The weight of casts produced may be greater than 4.5 kg per worm per year. By burrowing, the earthworm improves soil porosity, creating channels that enhance the processes of aeration and drainage.[15]
Other important soil organisms include
Degraded soil requires
Each one percent increase in soil organic matter helps soil hold 20,000 gallons more water per acre.[8]
Mineralization
To allow plants full realization of their
Flooding can bring significant
See also
- Agroecology
- Conservation biology
- Ecology
- Environmental protection
- Environmental soil science
- Green Revolution
- Habitat conservation
- Keyline design
- Korean natural farming
- Land degradation
- Liming (soil)
- Microorganism
- Mycorrhizal fungi and soil carbon storage
- Natural resource
- No-till farming
- Restoration ecology
- Sediment transport
- Slash-and-burn
- Soil contamination
- Soils retrogression and degradation
- Soil steam sterilization
- Surface runoff
- Sustainable agriculture
- Sustainable gardening
- Sustainable landscaping
- Tillage erosion
References
- .
- ISSN 1099-145X.
- PMID 33110065.
- ^ Predicting Euler erosion by water, a guide to conservation planning in the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Agricultural handbook no. 703 (1997)
- ^ United States. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library (1943-01-01). Contour farming boosts yields: a farmer's guide in laying out key contour lines and establishing grassed seeds for the ways of life. [Washington, D.C.] : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.
- ^ Perimeter landscaping of Carneros Business Park, Lumina Technologies, Santa Rosa, Ca., prepared for Sonoma County, Ca. (2002)
- ISBN 1-901502-50-3
- ^ OCLC 1645522. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
- ^ "Soil Conservation Guide: Importance and Practices". Maryville Online. 26 February 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
- S2CID 219811822.
- .
- OCLC 52134759.
- PMID 19277191.
- ISBN 0-8247-6741-1
- ISBN 0908228015. Increases in porosity enhance infiltration and thus reduce adverse effects of surface runoff.
- )
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
- ISBN 0-8247-0759-1
Further reading
- Moorberg, Colby J., ed. (2019). Soil and Water Conservation: An Annotated Bibliography. NPP eBooks. ISBN 978-1-944548-26-1.
- Online book (the most current version of the text)
- Download book – Kindle, Nook, Apple, Kobo, and PDF