Solanaceae
Solanaceae | |
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A flowering US Botanic Garden
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Solanales |
Family: | Solanaceae Juss. |
Subfamilies[1] | |
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The Solanaceae (
The name Solanaceae derives from the genus
This family has a worldwide distribution, being present on all continents except Antarctica. The greatest diversity in species is found in South America and Central America. In 2017, scientists reported on their discovery and analysis of a fossil species belonging to the living genus Physalis, Physalis infinemundi, found in the Patagonian region of Argentina, dated to 52 million years ago. The finding has pushed back the earliest appearance of the plant family Solanaceae.[5]
The Solanaceae family includes a number of commonly collected or cultivated species. The most economically important genus of the family is Solanum, which contains the potato (S. tuberosum, in fact, another common name of the family is the "potato family"), the tomato (S. lycopersicum), and the eggplant or aubergine (S. melongena). Another important genus, Capsicum, produces both chili peppers and bell peppers.
The genus Physalis produces the so-called groundcherries, as well as the
Most of the economically important genera are contained in the subfamily Solanoideae, with the exceptions of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotianoideae) and petunia (Petunia × hybrida, Petunioideae).
Many of the Solanaceae, such as tobacco and petunia, are used as model organisms in the investigation of fundamental biological questions at the cellular, molecular, and genetic levels.[9][10]
Etymology and pronunciation
The name "Solanaceae" (US: /ˌsoʊləˈneɪsi, -siˌaɪ, -siˌeɪ, -siˌiː/) comes to international scientific vocabulary from Neo-Latin, from Solanum, the type genus, + -aceae,[11] a standardized suffix for plant family names in modern taxonomy. The genus name comes from the Classical Latin word solanum, referring to nightshades (especially Solanum nigrum), "probably from sol, 'sun', + -anum, neuter of -anus."[11]
Description
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2015) |
Plants in the Solanaceae can take the form of herbs,
The
The androecium has (2)(4)5(6) free stamens within it opposite sepals (they alternate with the petals). They are usually fertile or, in some cases (for example in Salpiglossideae) they have
The gynoecium is bicarpelar (rarely three- or five-locular) with a
Diversity of characteristics
Despite the previous description, the Solanaceae exhibit a large morphological variability, even in their reproductive characteristics. Examples of this diversity include:[14][15]
- The number of carpels that form the gynoecium
In general, the Solanaceae have a gynoecium (the female part of the flower) formed of two carpels. However, Melananthus has a monocarpelar gynoecium, there are three or four carpels in Capsicum, three to five in Nicandra, some species of Jaborosa and Trianaea and four carpels in Iochroma umbellatum.
- The number of locules in the ovary
The number of locules in the ovary is usually the same as the number of carpels. However, some species occur in which the numbers are not the same due to the existence of false septa (internal walls that subdivide each locule), such as in Datura and some members of the Lycieae (the genera Grabowskia and Vassobia).
- Type of ovules and their number
The ovules are generally inverted, folded sharply backwards (anatropous), but some genera have ovules that are rotated at right angles to their stalk (campilotropous) as in Phrodus, Grabowskia or Vassobia), or are partially inverted (hemitropous as in Cestrum, Capsicum, Schizanthus and Lycium). The number of ovules per locule also varies from a few (two pairs in each locule in Grabowskia, one pair in each locule in Lycium) and very occasionally only one ovule is in each locule as for example in Melananthus.
- The type of fruit
The fruits of the great majority of the Solanaceae are berries or capsules (including pyxidia) and less often drupes. Berries are common in the subfamilies Cestroideae, Solanoideae (with the exception of Datura, Oryctus, Grabowskia and the tribe Hyoscyameae) and the tribe Juanulloideae (with the exception of Markea). Capsules are characteristic of the subfamilies Cestroideae (with the exception of Cestrum) and Schizanthoideae, the tribes Salpiglossoideae and Anthocercidoideae, and the genus Datura. The tribe Hyoscyameae has pyxidia. Drupes are typical of the Lycieae tribe and in Iochrominae.[16]
Alkaloids
Alkaloids are nitrogenous organic substances produced by plants as a secondary metabolite and which have an intense physiological action on animals even at low doses.[citation needed] Solanaceae are known for having a diverse range of alkaloids. To humans, these alkaloids can be desirable, toxic, or both. The tropanes are the most well-known of the alkaloids found in the Solanaceae. The plants that contain these substances have been used for centuries as poisons. However, despite being recognized as poisons, many of these substances have invaluable pharmaceutical properties. Many species contain a variety of alkaloids that can be more or less active or poisonous, such as scopolamine, atropine, hyoscyamine, and nicotine. They are found in plants such as henbane (Hyoscyamus albus), belladonna (Atropa belladonna), jimson weed (Datura stramonium), mandrake (Mandragora autumnalis), tobacco, and others. Some of the main types of alkaloids are:
- diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal pain) and neurological disorders (hallucinations and headache). The median lethal dose is between 2 and 5 mg/kg of body weight. Symptoms manifest 8 to 12 hours after ingestion. The amount of these glycoalkaloids in potatoes, for example, varies significantly depending on environmental conditions during their cultivation, the length of storage, and the variety. The average glycoalkaloid concentration is 0.075 mg/g of potato.[17] Solanine has occasionally been responsible for poisonings in people who ate berries from species such as Solanum nigrum or Solanum dulcamara, or green potatoes.[18][19]
- allergic reactions. Symptoms of overdose may include dry mouth, dilated pupils, ataxia, urinary retention, hallucinations, convulsions, coma, and death. Atropine, a commonly used ophthalmological agent, dilates the pupils and thus facilitates examination of the interior of the eye. In fact, juice from the berries of A. belladonna were used by Italian courtesans during the Renaissance to exaggerate the size of their eyes by causing the dilation of their pupils ("bella donna" means "pretty woman" in Italian). Despite the extreme toxicity of the tropanes, they are useful drugs when administered in extremely small dosages. They can reverse cholinergic poisoning, which can be caused by overexposure to organophosphate insecticides and chemical warfare agents such as sarin and VX. Scopolamine (found in Hyoscyamus muticus and Scopolia carniolica), is used as an antiemetic against motion sickness or for people suffering from nausea as a result of receiving chemotherapy.[21][22] Scopolamine and hyoscyamine are the most widely used tropane alkaloids in pharmacology and medicine due to their effects on the parasympathetic nervous system. Atropine has a stimulant effect on the central nervous system and heart, whereas scopolamine has a sedative effect. These alkaloids cannot be substituted by any other class of compounds, so they are still in demand. This is one of the reasons for the development of an active field of research into the metabolism of the alkaloids, the enzymes involved, and the genes that produce them. Hyoscyamine 6-β-hydroxylase, for example, catalyses the hydroxylation of hyoscyamine that leads to the production of scopolamine at the end of the tropane's biosynthetic pathway. This enzyme has been isolated and the corresponding gene cloned from three species: H. niger, A. belladonna and B. candida.[23][24][25]
- IUPAC nomenclature (S)-3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl) pyridine) is a pyrrolidine alkaloid produced in large quantities in the tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). Edible Solanaceae such as eggplants, tomatoes, potatoes, and peppers also contain nicotine, but at concentrations 100,000 to 1,000,000 times less than tobacco.[26][27] Nicotine's function in a plant is to act as a defense against herbivores, as it is a very effective neurotoxin, in particular against insects. In fact, nicotine has been used for many years as an insecticide, though its use is currently being replaced by synthetic molecules derived from its structure. At low concentrations, nicotine acts as a stimulant in mammals, which causes the dependency in smokers. Like the tropanes, it acts on cholinergic neurons, but with the opposite effect (it is an agonist as opposed to an antagonist). It has a higher specificity for nicotinic acetylcholine receptorsthan other ACh proteins.
- IUPAC nomenclature 8-methyl-N-vanillyl-trans-6-nonenamide) is structurally different from nicotine and the tropanes. It is found in species of the genus Capsicum, which includes chilis and habaneros and it is the active ingredient that determines the Scoville rating of these spices. The compound is not noticeably toxic to humans. However, it stimulates specific pain receptors in the majority of mammals, specifically those related to the perception of heat in the oral mucosa and other epithelial tissues. When capsaicin comes into contact with these mucosae, it causes a burning sensation little different from a burn caused by fire. Capsaicin affects only mammals, not birds. Pepper seeds can survive the digestive tracts of birds; their fruit becomes brightly coloured once its seeds are mature enough to germinate, thereby attracting the attention of birds that then distribute the seeds. Capsaicin extract is used to make pepper spray, a useful deterrent against aggressive mammals.
Distribution
Even though members of the Solanaceae are found on all continents except Antarctica, the greatest variety of species are found in Central America and South America. Centers of diversity also occur in Australia and Africa. Solanaceae occupy a great number of different ecosystems, from deserts to rainforests, and are often found in the secondary vegetation that colonizes disturbed areas. In general, plants in this family are of tropical and temperate distribution.
Plant host
The potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella) is an oligophagous insect that prefers to feed on plants of the family Solanaceae, especially the potato plant (Solanum tuberosum). Female P. operculella use the leaves to lay their eggs and the hatched larvae will eat away at the mesophyll of the leaf. After feeding on the foliage, the larvae will then delve down and feed on the tubers and roots of the plant.[28]
Taxonomy
The following taxonomic synopsis of the Solanaceae, including subfamilies, tribes and genera, is based on the most recent molecular phylogenetics studies of the family:[3][4][29][30]
Cestroideae (Browallioideae)
This subfamily is characterised by the presence of pericyclic fibres, an androecium with four or five stamens, frequently didynamous. The basic chromosome numbers are highly variable, from x=7 to x=13. The subfamily consists of eight genera (divided into three tribes) and about 195 species distributed throughout the Americas. The genus Cestrum is the most important, as it contains 175 of the 195 species in the subfamily. The Cestreae tribe is unusual because it includes taxa with long chromosomes (from 7.21 to 11.511 µm in length), when the rest of the family generally possesses short chromosomes (for example between 1.5 and 3.52 µm in the Nicotianoideae)
- Browallieae Hunz.
- Browallia L., genus with six species distributed throughout the Neotropical realm to Arizona in the United States
- Streptosolen Miers, monotypic genus native to the Andes
- Cestreae tribe Don, three genera of woody plants, generally shrubs
- Salpiglossideae tribe (Benth.) Hunz.
- Reyesia Gay, four species, three confined to northern Chile and one in both northern Chile and northern Argentina.
- Salpiglossis Ruiz & Pav., three species, two originating from southern South America and one from Mexico
Goetzeoideae
This subfamily is characterized by the presence of drupes as fruit and seeds with curved embryos and large fleshy cotyledons. The basic chromosome number is x=13. It includes four genera and five species distributed throughout the
- Radlk., monotypic genus endemic to Hispaniola
- Espadaea Rchb., monotypic, from Cuba
- Goetzea Wydler, includes two species from the Antilles
- Griseb., monotypic, originating in Cuba
Nicotianoideae
- Anthocercideae G.Don: This tribe, endemic to Australia, contains 31 species in seven genera. Molecular phylogenetic studies of the tribe indicate it is the sister of Nicotiana, and the genera Anthocercis, Anthotroche, Grammosolen, and Symonanthus are monophyletic. Some characteristics are also thought to be derived from within the tribe, such as the unilocular stamens with semicircular opercula, bracteolate flowers, and berries as fruit.[32]
- Labill.
- Endl., four species, Australia
- Crenidium Haegi, monotypic genus, Australia
- Cyphanthera Miers, 9 species, Australia
- R.Br., four species, Australia
- Grammosolen Haegi, two species, Australia
- Symonanthus Haegi, two species, Australia
- Nicotiana L., genus widely distributed, with 52 American species, 23 Australian, and one African
Petunioideae
Molecular phylogenetics indicates that Petunioideae is the sister clade of the subfamilies with chromosome number x=12 (Solanoideae and Nicotianoideae). They contain calistegins, alkaloids similar to the tropanes. The androecium is formed of four stamens (rarely five), usually with two different lengths. The basic chromosome number of this subfamily can be x=7, 8, 9 or 11. It consists of 13 genera and some 160 species distributed throughout Central and South America. Molecular data suggest the genera originated in Patagonia. Benthamiella, Combera, and Pantacantha form a clade that can be categorized as a tribe (Benthamielleae) that should be in the subfamily Goetzeoideae.
- Speg., 12 species native to Patagonia
- Dunal, three neotropical species
- Brunfelsia L., around 45 species from the neotropics
- La Llave & Lex., consists of 32 species from the neotropics. The morphological data suggest this genus should be included within the Petunia. However, the molecular and cytogenetic data indicate both should be kept separate. In fact, Calibrachoa has a basic chromosome number x=9, while that of Petunia is x=7.[33][34]
- Combera Sandw., two species from Patagonia
- Ruiz & Pav., 15 species native to the Andes
- Hunzikeria D'Arcy, three species from the southwest United States and Mexico
- Benth., seven species from western South America
- Nierembergia Ruiz & Pav., 21 species from South America
- Pantacantha Speg., monospecific genus from Patagonia
- Juss.) Wijsman, 18 species from South America
- Hunz.& Subils, monotypic genus from Mexico and Guatemala
Schizanthoideae
The Schizanthoideae include annual and
- Schizanthus Ruiz & Pav., 12 species originating from Chile.
Schwenckioideae
Annual plants with pericyclic fibres, their flowers are zygomorphic, the androecium has four didynamous stamens or three staminodes; the embryo is straight and short. The basic chromosome number is x=12. It includes four genera and some 30 species distributed throughout South America.
- Mart., one species from Brazil
- Walp., five species from Brazil, Cuba, and Guatemala
- Protoschwenkia Soler , monotypic genus from Bolivia and Brazil, some molecular phylogenetic studies have suggested this genus has an uncertain taxonomic position within the subfamily
- Schwenckia L., 22 species distributed throughout the neotropical regions of America
Solanoideae
- Capsiceae Dumort
- Capsicum L. includes 40 accepted neotropical species[37]
- Lycianthes (Dunal) Hassler, some 200 species distributed throughout America and Asia
- Iochroma cardenasianum - now known to belong to Datureae and not Physaleae as previously thought.[39]
- Brugmansia Persoon, six species from the Andes
- Datura L., 12 neotropical species
- Trompettia J.Dupin, Single species from Andean Bolivia
- Hyoscyameae Endl.
- Anisodus Link, four species from China, India and the Himalayas
- Archihyoscyamus A.M.Lu, single species from Turkey and Iran.
- Atropa L., four Euro-Asiatic species[37]
- Atropanthe Pascher, monotypic genus from China
- Hyoscyamus L., 10 accepted species[37] distributed from the Mediterranean to China
- Physochlaina G.Don, 6 accepted Euro-Asiatic species[37]
- Przewalskia Maxim., 2 species from China
- Scopolia Jacq., disjunct distribution with two European species and two from East Asia.
- Jaboroseae Miers
- Jaborosa Juss., genus that includes 23 species from South America.
- Solandreae Miers
- Subtribe Juanulloinae consists 10 genera of trees and epiphytic shrubs with a neotropical distribution .[40] Some of these genera (Dyssochroma, Merinthopodium and Trianaea) show a clear dependency on various species of bats both for pollination and dispersion of seeds.[41]
- Dyssochroma Miers, two species from the south of Brazil
- Hawkesiophyton Hunz. two species from South America
- Juanulloa Ruiz & Pav., 11 species from South and Central America
- Markea Rich., 9 species from South and Central America
- Merinthopodium J. Donn. Sm. three species originating from South America
- Poortmannia Drake, one species, from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru (South America)
- Schultesianthus Hunz., eight neotropical species
- Trianaea Planch. & Linden, six South American species
- Subtribe Solandrinae, a monotypical subtribe, differs from Juanulloinae in that its embryos have incumbent cotyledons and semi-inferior ovaries.[40]
- Solandra Sw., 10 species from the neotropical regions of America
- Subtribe Juanulloinae consists 10 genera of trees and epiphytic shrubs with a neotropical distribution .[40] Some of these genera (Dyssochroma, Merinthopodium and Trianaea) show a clear dependency on various species of bats both for pollination and dispersion of seeds.[41]
- Lycieae Hunz. has three genera of woody plants, which grow in arid or semiarid climates. The cosmopolitan genus Lycium is the oldest in the tribe and it has the greatest morphological variability.[42] Molecular phylogenetic studies suggest both Grabowskia and Phrodus should be included in the Lycium,[43] and this genus, along with Nolana and Sclerophylax, form a clade (Lyciina), which currently lacks a taxonomic category.[31] The red fleshy berries dispersed by birds are the main type of fruit in Lycium. The different types of fruit in this genus have evolved from the type of berry just mentioned to a drupe with a reduced number of seeds.[44]
- Grabowskia Schltdl., three species from South America
- Lycium L., 83 cosmopolitan species
- Phrodus Miers, two species endemic to the north of Chile
- Mandragoreae (Wettst.) Hunz. & Barboza tribe does not have a defined systematic position according to molecular phylogenetic studies.[31]
- Mandragora L., two species from Eurasia
- Nicandreae Wettst. is a tribe with two South American genera. Molecular phylogenetic studies indicate the genera are not interrelated nor are they related with other genera of the family, so their taxonomic position is uncertain.[31]
- Exodeconus Raf., six species from western South America
- Nicandra Adans, one species distributed throughout neotropical regions
- Nolaneae Rchb. are mostly herbs and small shrubs with succulent leaves, they have very beautiful flowers that range from white to various shades of blue, their fruit is schizocarpal, giving rise to various nuts.
- Nolana L., 89 species distributed throughout western South America
- Physaleae Miers, is a large tribe that is the sister of Capsiceae.
- Subtribe Iochrominae (Miers) Hunz., a clade within the Physaleae tribe. contains 37 species, mainly distributed in the Andes, assigned to six genera. The members of this subtribe are characterized by being woody shrubs or small trees with attractive tubular or rotated flowers. They also possess great floral diversity, containing every type is present in the family. Their flowers can be red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, or white. The corolla can be tubular to rotated, with a variation of up to eight times in the length of the tube between the various species.[45]
- AcnistusSchott, one species distributed throughout the neotropics
- Dunalia Kunth., five species from the Andes
- Eriolarynx Hunz., three species from Argentina and Bolivia
- Iochroma Benth., 24 species from the Andes
- Saracha Ruiz & Pav., two species from the Andes.
- Vassobia Rusby, two South American species
- Physalinae (Miers) Hunz. , a monophyletic subtribe, contains 10 genera and includes herbs or woody shrubs with yellow, white, or purple solitary axillary flowers pollinated by bees. Once pollination occurs, the corolla falls and the calyx expands until it entirely covers the boll that is developing (the calyx is called accrescent). In many species, the calyx turns yellow or orange on maturity. The berries contain many greenish to yellow-orange seeds, often with red or purple highlights.[46]
- Alkekengi Mill., monotypic genus; a Far East species formerly included in genus Physalis (Physalis alkekengi L.).
- Brachistus Miers, three species from Mexico and Central America.
- Chamaesaracha (A.Gray) Benth. & Hook., has 10 species from Mexico and Central America.
- Darcyanthus, genus with just 1 species originating in Bolivia and Peru.
- Leucophysalis Rydberg, includes 3 species from the south west of the United States and Mexico.
- Margaranthus Schlecht., with 1 species from Mexico.
- OryctesS. Watson, monotypic genus from the south west of the United States.
- Physalis L., the largest genus of the subtribe, with 85 species distributed through the tropical regions of the Americas and with 1 species in China.
- Quincula Raf. with just 1 species from the south west of the United States and from Mexico.
- Trozelia Raf. with 2 species from Ecuador and Peru.
- Tzeltalia, genus segregated from Physalis, with 2 species distributed throughout Mexico and Guatemala.
- Witheringia L' Heritier, genus with 15 species from neotropical regions.
- Subtribe Salpichroinae, this is a subtribe of Physaleae that includes 16 American species distributed in 1 genera:
- Nectouxia Kunth., monotypic genus that is endemic to Mexico.
- Salpichroa Miers, genus with 15 species from the Andes and other regions of South America.
- Subtribe Withaninae, is a subtribe of Physaleae with a broad distribution, including 9 genera:
- Archiphysalis Kuang, with 3 species from China and Japan.
- Athenaea Sendtn., which includes 7 species from Brazil.
- Aureliana Sendtn., with 5 species from South America.
- Cuatresia Hunz., with 11 neotropical species. Molecular studies indicate that this genus, along with Deprea and Larnax has an uncertain taxonomic position.[31]
- Deprea Raf., with 6 neotropical species.
- Discopodium Hochst. with 2 species in tropical Africa.
- Larnax Miers, many taxonomists consider it to be a synonym for Deprea, contains 22 species native to the Andes.
- Mellissia Hook. f., monotypic genus from Saint Helena with the common name Saint Helena boxwood (genus recently subsumed in Withania)
- Nothocestrum A.Gray with 4 species from Hawaii.
- Physaliastrum Makino, with 10 Asiatic species (genus recently subsumed in Withania).
- Tubocapsicum (Wettst.) Makino, with just one species endemic to China.
- Withania Pauq., with 10 species native to the Canary Islands, Africa and Nepal.
- Subtribe Iochrominae (Miers) Hunz., a clade within the Physaleae tribe. contains 37 species, mainly distributed in the Andes, assigned to six genera. The members of this subtribe are characterized by being woody shrubs or small trees with attractive tubular or rotated flowers. They also possess great floral diversity, containing every type is present in the family. Their flowers can be red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, or white. The corolla can be tubular to rotated, with a variation of up to eight times in the length of the tube between the various species.[45]
- Tribe Solaneae. The genera Cyphomandra Sendtn., Normania Lowe, Triguera Cav. and Lycopersicum Mill have been transferred to Solanum. The subtribe is therefore composed of two genera:[31]
- Jaltomata Schltdl., which contains 50 neotropical species.
- angiosperms, with 1,328 species distributed across the whole world.
Incertae sedis
The following genera have not yet been placed in any of the recognized subfamilies within the solanaceas (incertae sedis).
- Duckeodendron Kuhlmannb, monotypic genus from the Amazon rainforest.
- Pauia Deb. & Dutta, monotypic genus from Assam and Arunachal Pradesh in N.E.India
Genera and distribution of species
The Solanaceae contain 98 genera and some 2,700 species. Despite this immense richness of species, they are not uniformly distributed between the genera. The eight most important genera contain more than 60% of the species, as shown in the table below. Solanum – the genus that typifies the family - includes nearly 50% of the total species of the solanaceas.
Genera | Approximate number of species |
---|---|
Solanum | 1,330 |
Lycianthes | 200 |
Cestrum | 150 |
Nolana | 89 |
Physalis | 85 |
Lycium | 85 |
Nicotiana | 76 |
Brunfelsia | 45 |
Estimated number of species in the family | 2,700 |
Economic importance
The family Solanaceae contains such important food species as the potato (
A wide variety of plant species and their cultivars belonging to the Solanaceae are grown as ornamental trees, shrubs, annuals and herbaceous perennials
Solanaceae and the genome
Many of the species belonging to this family, among them tobacco and the tomato, are
See also
References
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- ^ Shaw, J. 2007. A new hybrid genus for Calibrachoa × Petunia (Solanaceae). HANBURYANA 2: 50–51
- ^ "International Tomato Sequencing Project Home".
- ^ "International Solanaceae Genomics Project (SOL), Systems Approach to Diversity and Adaptation".
- ISBN 978-0-231-05780-6.
- Stevens, P. F. (2001–2007). "Solanaceae". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, version 8, June 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-04.
- Watson, L.; Dallwitz, M. J. "Solanaceae". The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 1 June 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-10-26. Retrieved 2007-11-04.
- Dimitri, M. 1987. Enciclopedia Argentina de Agricultura y Jardinería. Tomo I. Descripción de plantas cultivadas. Editorial ACME S.A.C.I., Buenos Aires.
- "Solanaceae Source". Retrieved 2007-11-17.
- Hunziker, Armando T. 2001. The Genera of Solanaceae. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K.G., Ruggell, Liechtenstein. ISBN 3-904144-77-4.
- https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:38525-1 Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2024-01-26
Further reading
- Hawkes, J. G.; Lester, R. N.; Skelding, A. D. (1979). The biology and taxonomy of the Solanaceae. Academic Press, London. ISBN 978-0-12-333150-2.
- D'Arcy, William G. (1986). Solanaceae. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-05780-6.
- Radford, Albert E. (1986). Fundamentals of Plant Systematics. Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-0-06-045305-3.
- Kubo, Ken-ichi; Paape, Timothy; Hatakeyama, Masaomi; Entani, Tetsuyuki; Takara, Akie; Kajihara, Kie; Tsukahara, Mai; Shimizu-Inatsugi, Rie; Shimizu, Kentaro K.; Takayama, Seiji (2015). "Gene duplication and genetic exchange drive the evolution of S-RNase-based self-incompatibility in Petunia" (PDF). Nature Plants. 1: 14005. S2CID 1226706.
- "Sophisticated system prevents self-fertilization in petunias". EurekAlert! (Press release). January 8, 2015.
External links
- Sol Genomics Network
- Solanaceae Network - pictures of plants
- Solanaceae Source - A worldwide taxonomic monograph of all species in the genus Solanum.
- Solanaceae of Chile, by Chileflora[permanent dead link]
- Solanaceae Archived 2007-10-26 at the Wayback Machine in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.
- Solanaceae in USDA Plants Database.
- Family Solanaceae Archived 2013-06-18 at the Wayback Machine Flowers in Israel
- SOL Genomics Network, Universidad de Cornell
- Imagines de various species of Solanaceae
- Solanaceae de Chile, by Chileflora
- Chilli: La especia del Nuevo Mundo Archived 2012-11-14 at the Wayback Machine (Article in Spanish by Germán Octavio López Riquelme regarding the biology, nutrition, culture and medical aspects of Chile.
- Solanaceae Resources on the Web
- Jäpelt RB, Jakobsen J (2013) Vitamin D in plants: a review of occurrence, analysis, and biosynthesis. Front Plant Sci 4, No. 136 -- Note the reference to higher cholesterol levels (and consequent Vitamin D3 levels) in family Solanaceae