Solar power by country
Many countries and territories have installed significant solar power capacity into their electrical grids to supplement or provide an alternative to conventional energy sources. Solar power plants use one of two technologies:
- rooftops or in ground-mounted solar farms, converting sunlight directly into electric power.
- Concentrated solar power (CSP, also known as "concentrated solar thermal") plants use solar thermal energy to make steam, that is thereafter converted into electricity by a turbine.
The worldwide growth of photovoltaics is extremely dynamic and varies strongly by country. In April 2022, the total global solar power capacity reached 1 TW.[3] In 2022, the leading country for solar power was China, with about 390 GW,[4][5] accounting for nearly two-fifths of the total global installed solar capacity. As of 2022, there are more than 40 countries around the world with a cumulative PV capacity of more than one gigawatt, including Canada, South Africa, Chile, the United Kingdom, South Korea, Austria, Argentina and the Philippines.
The top installers of 2022 included China, the United States, and India.[6][7] Japan, Brazil, the Netherlands, France, Mexico and Germany were also among the top installers of 2022. The available solar PV capacity in Australia is now sufficient to supply more than 15% of the nation's electrical energy while Honduras, Italy, Spain, Germany and Greece can produce between 9% and 14% of their respective annual domestic electricity consumption.[8][9]
After an almost two decade long hiatus, the deployment of CSP resumed in 2007. However, the design for several new projects is being changed to cheaper photovoltaics.[10] Most operational CSP stations are located in Spain and the United States, while large solar farms using photovoltaics are being constructed in an expanding list of geographic regions. Other countries, like Finland, Denmark, Israel, Ukraine and Algeria, can also produce any portions of their electricity consumption.
Global use figures
Solar photovoltaics (PV)
The following table lists these data for each country:
- total generation from solar in terawatt-hours
- percent of that country's generation that was solar
- total solar capacity in gigawattsat the end of the year
- percent growth in solar capacity year-on-year
- the solar capacity factor for that year, calculated with the capacity reported. Note that this tends to underestimate the actual capacity factor when growth is high
Data are sourced from Ember and refer to the year 2022 unless otherwise specified.[11] The table only includes countries with more than 0.1 TWh of generation. Links for each location go to the relevant solar power page, when available.
Country | Gen (TWh) |
% gen. |
Cap. (GW) |
% cap. growth |
Cap. fac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
World | 1310.02 | 4.6 | 1061.67 | 21.7 | 14% |
China | 427.72 | 4.8 | 393.03 | 28.0 | 12% |
United States | 205.08 | 4.8 | 113.02 | 18.5 | 21% |
Japan | 102.40 | 9.9 | 83.06 | 5.9 | 14% |
India | 95.16 | 5.1 | 63.19 | 27.1 | 17% |
Germany | 60.01 | 10.7 | 66.66 | 12.3 | 10% |
Australia | 38.84 | 14.2 | 29.68 | 15.2 | 15% |
Spain | 32.83 | 11.5 | 20.52 | 28.1 | 18% |
South Korea | 29.09 | 4.8 | 24.08 | 13.3 | 14% |
Italy | 27.73 | 9.7 | 25.08 | 11.0 | 13% |
Brazil | 26.48 | 3.9 | 24.08 | 69.6 | 13% |
Vietnam |
26.37 | 10.1 | 18.48 | 10.9 | 16% |
France | 20.05 | 4.3 | 17.42 | 17.5 | 13% |
Netherlands | 17.29 | 14.3 | 18.85 | 26.4 | 10% |
Turkey | 15.84 | 4.9 | 9.43 | 20.6 | 19% |
Chile | 14.52 | 17.5 | 6.25 | 39.8 | 27% |
United Kingdom | 13.92 | 4.3 | 14.66 | 4.9 | 11% |
Mexico | 13.39 | 3.8 | 9.36 | 14.4 | 16% |
Taiwan | 10.69 | 3.8 | 9.72 | 26.2 | 13% |
Poland | 8.60 | 4.8 | 11.17 | 50.5 | 9% |
Belgium | 7.36 | 7.7 | 6.90 | 14.8 | 12% |
United Arab Emirates | 6.96 | 4.5 | 3.59 | 19.7 | 22% |
Greece | 6.50 | 12.4 | 5.56 | 29.9 | 13% |
South Africa | 6.21 | 2.9 | 6.37 | 0.2 | 11% |
Ukraine | 5.97 | 5.2 | 8.06 | 0.0 | 8% |
Canada | 5.56 | 0.9 | 5.33 | 17.1 | 12% |
Egypt |
5.05 | 2.4 | 1.72 | 3.6 | 34% |
Thailand | 5.02 | 2.6 | 3.07 | 0.0 | 19% |
Israel (2021) | 4.64 | 6.4 | 3.59 | 35.5 | 15% |
Hungary | 4.64 | 13.0 | 2.99 | 0.7 | 18% |
Switzerland | 3.87 | 6.2 | 4.34 | 18.9 | 10% |
Jordan (2021) |
3.50 | 16.0 | 1.52 | 4.8 | 26% |
Portugal | 3.05 | 6.5 | 2.54 | 53.9 | 14% |
Austria | 2.93 | 4.4 | 3.55 | 27.7 | 9% |
Argentina | 2.91 | 2.0 | 1.11 | 3.7 | 30% |
Malaysia | 2.72 | 1.5 | 1.93 | 7.8 | 16% |
Russia |
2.55 | 0.2 | 1.82 | 9.6 | 16% |
Czech Republic | 2.51 | 3.0 | 2.63 | 16.9 | 11% |
Sweden |
2.34 | 1.4 | 2.61 | 62.1 | 10% |
Denmark | 2.00 | 5.8 | 3.12 | 83.5 | 7% |
Morocco (2021) | 1.82 | 4.4 | 0.85 | 10.4 | 24% |
Philippines |
1.81 | 1.6 | 1.62 | 17.4 | 13% |
Romania | 1.76 | 3.2 | 1.41 | 1.4 | 14% |
Bulgaria | 1.70 | 3.4 | 1.95 | 53.5 | 10% |
Pakistan | 1.43 | 0.9 | 1.24 | 14.8 | 13% |
Kazakhstan |
1.41 | 1.3 | 1.15 | 10.6 | 14% |
Honduras (2021) |
1.28 | 10.7 | 0.53 | 0.0 | 28% |
El Salvador | 1.10 | 14.4 | 0.55 | 1.9 | 23% |
Singapore |
0.94 | 1.7 | 0.57 | 16.3 | 19% |
Peru |
0.85 | 1.4 | 0.33 | 0.0 | 29% |
Saudi Arabia | 0.83 | 0.2 | 0.44 | 0.0 | 22% |
Algeria (2021) |
0.81 | 1.0 | 0.45 | 0.0 | 21% |
Iran |
0.73 | 0.2 | 0.54 | 17.4 | 15% |
Slovakia | 0.69 | 2.6 | 0.54 | 0.0 | 15% |
Bangladesh |
0.65 | 0.8 | 0.56 | 9.8 | 13% |
Cyprus | 0.61 | 11.6 | 0.43 | 38.7 | 16% |
Yemen (2021) | 0.60 | 17.1 | 0.26 | 0.0 | 26% |
Estonia | 0.60 | 7.1 | 0.53 | 35.9 | 13% |
Sri Lanka (2021) |
0.54 | 3.3 | 0.62 | 44.2 | 10% |
Dominican Republic (2021) | 0.53 | 3.0 | 0.62 | 55.0 | 10% |
Bolivia |
0.49 | 4.4 | 0.17 | 0.0 | 33% |
Colombia |
0.49 | 0.6 | 0.49 | 145.0 | 11% |
Uruguay |
0.48 | 3.1 | 0.28 | 3.7 | 20% |
Senegal (2021) |
0.47 | 8.4 | 0.24 | 41.2 | 22% |
Indonesia |
0.44 | 0.1 | 0.31 | 34.8 | 16% |
Slovenia | 0.44 | 3.3 | 0.63 | 37.0 | 8% |
Lithuania |
0.43 | 10.3 | 0.57 | 128.0 | 9% |
Panama (2021) | 0.42 | 3.8 | 0.46 | 100.0 | 10% |
Tunisia | 0.41 | 2.0 | 0.20 | 122.2 | 23% |
Namibia (2021) | 0.38 | 24.2 | 0.15 | 0.0 | 29% |
Iraq (2021) | 0.38 | 0.4 | 0.04 | 0.0 | 108% |
Cambodia (2021) | 0.37 | 4.3 | 0.38 | 22.6 | 11% |
Malta | 0.33 | 14.2 | 0.22 | 4.8 | 17% |
Kenya |
0.30 | 2.4 | 0.31 | 40.9 | 11% |
Finland |
0.30 | 0.4 | 0.59 | 37.2 | 6% |
Puerto Rico (2021) | 0.27 | 1.5 | 0.49 | 29.0 | 6% |
Cuba (2021) | 0.26 | 1.3 | 0.25 | 13.6 | 12% |
Luxembourg | 0.25 | 20.3 | 0.32 | 14.3 | 9% |
Guatemala (2021) | 0.23 | 1.6 | 0.10 | 0.0 | 26% |
Palestine (2021) | 0.20 | 23.3 | 0.18 | 50.0 | 13% |
New Zealand | 0.20 | 0.5 | 0.26 | 36.8 | 9% |
Belarus (2021) | 0.18 | 0.4 | 0.16 | 0.0 | 13% |
New Caledonia (2021) | 0.18 | 5.4 | 0.13 | 30.0 | 16% |
Malawi (2021) |
0.17 | 12.0 | 0.14 | 75.0 | 14% |
Norway |
0.17 | 0.1 | 0.32 | 52.4 | 6% |
Mauritius (2021) | 0.16 | 5.6 | 0.11 | 0.0 | 17% |
Oman | 0.16 | 0.4 | 0.66 | 312.5 | 3% |
Uganda (2021) |
0.15 | 3.4 | 0.09 | 0.0 | 19% |
Zambia (2021) | 0.15 | 0.9 | 0.10 | 0.0 | 17% |
Croatia | 0.15 | 1.1 | 0.18 | 28.6 | 10% |
Jamaica (2021) | 0.15 | 3.5 | 0.09 | 0.0 | 19% |
Mauritania (2021) | 0.14 | 7.5 | 0.09 | 0.0 | 18% |
Mongolia | 0.14 | 1.9 | 0.09 | 0.0 | 18% |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.14 | 0.9 | 0.11 | 83.3 | 15% |
Burkina Faso (2021) | 0.12 | 6.9 | 0.06 | 20.0 | 23% |
Lebanon (2021) |
0.12 | 0.6 | 0.19 | 111.1 | 7% |
Nepal (2021) |
0.11 | 1.8 | 0.10 | 42.9 | 13% |
Concentrated solar power
Country | Total | Added |
---|---|---|
Spain | 2,300 | 0 |
United States | 1,738 | 0 |
South Africa | 400 | 100 |
Morocco | 380 | 200 |
India | 225 | 0 |
China | 210 | 200 |
United Arab Emirates | 100 | 0 |
Saudi Arabia | 50 | 50 |
Algeria | 25 | 0 |
Egypt | 20 | 0 |
Australia | 12 | 0 |
Thailand | 5 | 0 |
Source: REN21 Global Status Report, 2017 and 2018[12][13][14] |
Africa
Many African countries receive on average a very high number of days per year of bright sunlight, especially the dry areas, which include the arid deserts (such as the Sahara) and the semi-desert steppes (such as the Sahel).[15] This gives solar power the potential to bring energy to virtually any location in Africa without the need for expensive large-scale grid-level infrastructural developments. The distribution of solar resources across Africa is fairly uniform, with more than 85% of the continent's landscape receiving at least 2,000 kWh/(m2 year). A study indicates that a solar generating facility covering just 0.3% of the area comprising North Africa could supply all of the energy required by the European Union.[16]
Algeria
Algeria has the highest technical and economical potential for solar power exploitation in the MENA region, with about 170 TWh per year. First industrial scale solar thermal power project has been initiated by inauguration of Hassi R'Mel power station in 2011. This new hybrid power plant combines a 25-megawatt (MW) concentrating solar power array in conjunction with a 130 MW combined cycle gas turbine plant. In addition, Algeria has launched in 2011 a national program to develop renewable energy based on photovoltaics (PV), concentrated solar power (CSP) and wind power, and to promote energy efficiency. The program consists of installing up to 12 GW of power generating capacity from renewable sources to meet the domestic electricity demand by 2030.
Egypt
Benban Solar Park is a Photovoltaic power station with a total capacity of 1650 MW nominal power which corresponds to an annual production of approximately 3.8 TWh. It is located in Benban (Aswan Governorate) in the western desert, approximately 650 km south of Cairo and 40 km northwest of Aswan. Benban is currently[when?] the 4th largest solar power plant in the world.[citation needed]
Morocco
Solar power in Morocco is enabled by the country having one of the highest rates of solar
Somalia
South Africa
South Africa had 1329 MW of PV installations and 100 MW of concentrating solar thermal at the end of 2016. It is expected to reach an installed capacity 8,400 MW by 2030, along with 8,400 MW of wind power.[19] The country's insolation greatly exceeds the average values in Europe, Russia, and most of North America.[20]
Asia
Armenia
Armenia due its geographical and climate properties is well-suited for the solar energy utilization. According to the Ministry of Energy Infrastructure and Natural Resources of Armenia the country is capable of producing 1850 kWh/m2 per year. For comparison European countries are capable of around 1000 kWh/m2 per year on average.[21] Two main panel types utilized in Armenia are the photovoltaic and thermal solar panels. The country is aiming to invest heavy in the segment of renewable energy, as that arises from the geopolitical situation in the region, where Armenia has tenuous relations with some competitive (due to distance) oil-reach suppliers of the region. Thus, besides the investment in the sector by the state - e.g. providing finance for solar energy utilization for rural areas, Armenia also prepared a suitable legislative base to help attract foreign investments of capital - e.g. the guarantee by the state to buy at least for 15 years the surplus energy that will be produced by the solar plants.[22] The country is aiming to developing its economy sustainably, through increase in the technological potential and productivity.
China
China is leading the world in solar PV generation, with the total installed capacity exceeding 200 GW by the end of 2019.
Georgia
India
Year | Cumulative Capacity (in MW) |
---|---|
2010 | 161
|
2011 | 461
|
2012 | 1,205
|
2013 | 2,319
|
2014 | 2,632
|
2015 | 3,744
|
2016 | 6,763
|
2017 | 12,289
|
2018 | 21,651
|
2019 | 28,181
|
2020 | 34,627
|
2021 | 40,085
|
2022 | 56,951
|
India has the world's third fastest expanding solar power program (next only to China & USA). In the year 2017 alone India added a record 9,255 MW of solar power with another 9,627 MW of solar projects under development.
To reach the goal of 100 GW of installed solar capacity by 2022, Modi's government has set a target to auction at least 77 gigawatts of additional solar power capacity by March 2020.
Solar power features prominently in Modi government's US$2.5 billion SAUBHAGYA scheme launched in July 2015 to electrify every Indian household by 2019 — a huge task considering around 300 million people were without electricity. The use of local mini-grids run on solar power is “a big part of the push, with 60 percent of new connections expected to be to renewable power", according to a report by the International Energy Agency.
In January 2016, the Prime Minister of India,
At the World Future Energy Summit (WFES) held in Abu Dhabi in January 2018, the government of India announced the setting up of a $350 million solar development fund to enable financing of solar projects. Prime Minister Narendra Modi promoted solar energy during the plenary speech at World Economic Forum annual meet in Davos in 2018 and invited investments in the sector in India promising ease of doing business.[48] Modi's ambitious plan when announced in the leading up to the Paris COP21 climate summit received much skepticism and the government's strategy to scale-up the renewable energy by relying on competitive bidding to reduce the cost was regarded as infeasible. However, starting around 2016–2017, new renewable energy became cheaper to build than running existing coal-fired plants in India. As of January 2018, 65% of coal power generation in India is being sold at higher rates than new renewable energy bids in competitive power auctions.[49] India has scrapped tenders for coal-fired power stations and around 80% of new coal-fired power plants under planning have been halted or canceled.[50] In the month of May 2017 alone, plans for building coal power for nearly 14 GW – about the same as the total amount in the UK – were canceled on account of declining solar costs.[51] Analyst Tim Buckley said “Measures taken by the Indian Government to improve energy efficiency coupled with ambitious renewable energy targets and the plummeting cost of solar has had an impact on existing as well as proposed coal fired power plants, rendering an increasing number as financially unviable. India's solar tariffs have literally been free falling in recent months."[51][52] As reported by NYTimes in May 2017, "According to research released last week at a United Nations climate meeting in Germany, China and India should easily exceed the targets they set for themselves in the 2015 Paris Agreement..... India is now expected to obtain 40 percent of its electricity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2022, eight years ahead of schedule."[53][54]
Japan
Solar power in Japan has been expanding since the late 1990s. By the end of 2017, cumulative installed PV capacity reached over 50 GW with nearly 8 GW installed in the year 2017. The country is a leading manufacturer of solar panels and is in the top 4 ranking for countries with the most solar PV installed. Overall installed capacity is now estimated to be sufficient to supply 2.5% of the nation's annual electricity demand.
Japan was the world's second largest market for solar PV growth in 2013 and 2014, adding a record 6.9 GW and 9.6 GW of nominal nameplate capacity, respectively.
Myanmar
Pakistan
Pakistan has set up a solar power park, funded by the Chinese company TBEA, in the Cholistan desert near Yazman, about 30 kilometers from the eastern city of Bahawalpur. The solar project, which is set up on 5,000 acres, is producing 100 MW . Another Chinese company, Zonergy is setting up 900MW of Solar Power Plant in the same region.
The first unit was completed with a cost of 15 billion rupees in a short period of eleven months. The electricity generated by the project will be added to the national grid through grid stations and power supply transmission lines. Second phase of the park will comprise 900 MW which will be completed with the help of Chinese Government.[55][56][57]
Philippines
In 2019, the Philippines generated a modest 1,246 GWh of solar energy.[58] Given the country's geographic location advantage and the high potential for generating electricity from solar energy, its generation capacity is expected to increase from the current 1.2% of the total 23 GW to at least 3.5% of the total 43 GW generating capacity by 2040.[59]
South Korea
The
Taiwan
The government has a long-term plan to make the PV solar capacity become 6.5 GW by 2020 and 20 GW by 2025.[61] To give further incentives, the government has designated solar energy and LED industries as two industries to actively develop in the near future.
Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan has been working towards increasing its solar power capacity, with a goal of reaching 4 GW by 2026 and 5 GW by 2030. However, additional policies and support mechanisms may be needed to reach the country's maximum solar energy potential and continue to increase its use of solar energy in the coming years.[62]
Thailand
In 2015, Thailand has more solar power capacity than all the rest of Southeast Asia combined. Thailand's solar capacity will rise to 2,500-2,800 MW in the end of 2015 from about 1,300 MW in 2014. Thailand aims to increase its solar capacity to 6,000 MW by 2036. That would account for 9% of total electricity generation.[63]
Middle East
Cyprus
Israel
There is no oil on Israeli land and the country's tenuous relations with its oil-rich neighbors (see Arab–Israeli conflict) has made the search for a stable source of energy a national priority.[64][65] So Israel has embraced solar energy. Israeli innovation and research has advanced solar technology to a degree that it is almost cost-competitive with
Jordan
Lebanon
The ongoing economic crisis in Lebanon has led to a shortage in electricity, in response the Lebanese people are increasingly turning to solar power to provide electricity. The government is targeting to cover 30% of its energy consumption from renewables by 2030.[67] Years 2020 and 2021 saw a huge demand on residential solar systems. No given official numbers yet.
Total capacity was estimated at 90 MW by 2020, with further 100 MW installed in 2021 and another 500 MW installed in 2022, for a cumulative installed capacity of approximately 690 MW at the end of 2022.[68]
Saudi Arabia
The Saudi agency in charge of developing the nations renewable energy sector, Ka-care, announced in May 2012 that the nation would install 41 gigawatts of solar capacity by 2032, this plan was later revised to 9.5 GW installed capacity. At the time of this announcement, Saudi Arabia had only 0.003 gigawatts of installed solar energy capacity.[69]
In 2018 there has been a proposal for a total of 200 GW of solar power capacity by 2030. The newly announced project is estimated to cost $200 billion through 2030.[citation needed]
Turkey
Registered solar capacity of Turkey stood at 3,420 MW by the end of 2017,[70] although the actual installation can be lower. The increase in registrations mostly happened in December and was attributed to a reduction in feed-in tariffs starting from 2018 (from US$0.13 to US$0.10).
United Arab Emirates
In 2013, the
Yemen
Europe
Top-left: grid in 2005.
|
European deployment of photovoltaics has slowed down considerably since the record year of 2011. This is mainly due to the strong decline of new installations in some major markets such as Germany and Italy, while the United Kingdom and some smaller European countries are still expected to break new records in 2014.[72] Spain deployed about 350 MW (+18%) of concentrated solar power (CSP) in 2013, and remains a worldwide leader of this technology. European countries still account for about 60 percent of worldwide deployed capacity of solar power in 2013.[73][74]
Austria
Austria had 421.7 MW of photovoltaics at the end of 2012, 234.5 MW of which was installed that year. Most of it is grid connected.[75] Photovoltaic deployment in Austria had been rather modest for many years, while in other European countries, such as Germany, Italy or Spain installations were booming with new records year after year until 2011. The tide has turned in 2012. New PV installations jumped to more than 200 megawatt per year in Austria in an overall declining European solar market. The European Photovoltaic Industry Association forecasts, that Austria, together with other midsized countries, will contribute significantly to European PV deployment in the coming years.[76]
Belarus
Belgium
In October 2009, the city of
In December 2009, Katoen Natie announced that they would install 800,000 m2 of solar panels in various places, including Antwerp.[78] It is expected that the installed solar power in the Flemish region will be increased by 25% when finished,[78] resulting in the largest installation in Europe.,[78] the total cost being 166 million euros.[79]
Bulgaria
Bulgaria had seen a record year in 2012 when its PV capacity multiplied several times over to more than 1 GW. In 2013, however, further deployment came to a halt.
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Germany is among the top-4 ranked countries in terms of installed photovoltaic solar capacity. The overall capacity has reached 42.98
The current version of the
Large PV power plants in Germany include
Greece
By September 2013, the total installed photovoltaic capacity in Greece had reached 2,523.5 MWp from which the 987.2 MWp were installed in the period between January–September 2013 despite the unprecedented financial crisis.[84] Greece ranks fifth worldwide with regard to per capita installed PV capacity. It is expected that PV produced energy will cover up to 7% of the country's electricity demand in 2014.[85]
A large solar PV plant is planned for the island of Crete. Research continues into ways to make the actual solar collecting cells less expensive and more efficient. Smaller solar PV farms exist throughout the country.
Hungary
Italy
Italy added nearly 400 MW of solar PV capacity in the year 2017 reaching a total installed PV capacity of around 19.7 GW.[86]
At the end of 2010 there were 155,977 solar PV plants, with a total capacity of 3,469.9 MW.[87]: 24 The number of plants and the total capacity surged in 2009 and 2010 following high incentives from Conto Energia. The total power capacity installed tripled and plants installed doubled in 2010 compared to 2009, with an increase of plant's average dimensions.[87]: 24
Energy production from photovoltaics was 1,905.7 GWh in 2010. Annual growth rates were fast in recent years: 251% in 2009 and 182% in 2010.[87]: 30 More than a fifth of the total production in 2010 came from the southern region of Apulia.[87]: 30
In December 2012, solar PV in Italy provided employment to 100,000 people especially in design and installation.[88]
Lithuania
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
A large
The
Romania
Romania has an installed capacity of 1.2 GW as of 2014. Romania is located in an area with a good solar potential of 210 sunny days per year and with an annual solar energy flux between 1,000 kWh/m2/year and 1,300 kWh/m2/year. The most important solar regions of Romania are the Black Sea coast, Dobrogea and Oltenia.
Russia
Current production of 5 MW is very modest, however there are plans for an expansion in capacity by 70 MW in 2012–13 in a $210 million joint project by Rosnano and Renova.[92] The development of renewable energy in Russia has been held back by the lack of a conducive framework and government policy.[93]
Spain
Spain was an early adopter in the development of solar energy, since it is one of the countries of Europe with more hours of sunshine. The Spanish government committed to achieving a target of 12 percent of primary energy from renewable energy by 2010 with an installed solar generating capacity of 3000
Through a ministerial ruling in March 2004, the Spanish government removed economic barriers to the connection of renewable energy technologies to the electricity grid. The Royal Decree 436/2004 equalized conditions for large-scale
Switzerland
Ukraine
United Kingdom
At the end of 2011, there were 230,000 solar power projects in the United Kingdom,
North America
Canada
Canada has many regions that are sparsely populated and difficult to access, but also does not have optimal access to sunlight given the high latitudes of much of the country. Photovoltaic cells are increasingly used as standalone units, mostly as off-grid distributed electricity generation to power remote homes, telecommunications equipment, oil and pipeline monitoring stations and navigational devices. The Canadian PV market has grown quickly and Canadian companies make solar modules, controls, specialized water pumps, high efficiency refrigerators and solar lighting systems.[108] Ontario has subsidized solar power energy to promote its growth.
One of the most important uses for PV cells is in northern communities, many of which depend on high-cost diesel fuel to generate electricity. Since the 1970s, the federal government and industry has encouraged the development of solar technologies for these communities. Some of these efforts have focused on the use of hybrid systems that provide power 24 hours a day, using solar power when sunlight is available, in combination with another energy source.[108]
Dominican Republic
In June 2021, the Girasol Solar Park was inaugurated as the largest solar PV farm in the country and the entire Antilles region. It has a total installed capacity of 120 megawatts and it is estimated that it will produce 240,000 MWh per year, enough to supply the electricity consumption of more than 100,000 Dominican homes. Girasol will avoid the emission into the atmosphere of 150,000 tons of CO2 annually and the import of 400,000 barrels of oil, which contributes to mitigate the effects of climate change and represents savings in foreign exchange, respectively.[109][110]
Before this, in the Dominican Republic, the Monte Plata Project was the largest operating solar plant in the Caribbean with an installed capacity of 69MW.[111][112]
Jamaica
In 2014, a 1.6 MW photovoltaic rooftop system at a seaside resort, located near the parish capital, Lucea in the parish of Hanover, was inaugurated.[113][114] It was developed by Sofos Jamaica,[115] and is the largest in Jamaica until a 20 MW utility-scale solar PV plant is constructed in the Parish of Clarendon in 2015.[116][117][118]
No central database yet exists with information on installed capacity but, web searches reveal media articles, press releases and vendor web pages that share some details. Based on these sources up to the middle of 2015, there was over 3.7 MW connected to the grid but, a sizeable portion of that total, including the 1.6 MW rooftop system of a seaside resort[114] and a commercial 500 kW-system in the country's capital, Kingston,[119] do not feed power back to the grid despite being interconnected.
Mexico
Mexico was the greatest solar energy producer in Latin America before being overtaken by Brazil. Currently, it is the second largest Latin American producer, with an installed capacity of over 9 GW (in 2022).[120]
United States
Solar power in the United States includes utility-scale
Electrical generation has been rising in tandem with capacity as U.S. Energy Information Administration data show that utility-scale solar power generated 1.8% of total U.S. electricity in 2019, up from <0.1% in 2005.[123][124] This figure is even higher in certain states, already reaching over 10% of generation in five states (California, Hawaii, Nevada, Massachusetts, and Vermont).[125]
The United States conducted much early research in photovoltaics and concentrated solar power and is among the top countries in the world in deploying the technology, being home to 4 of the 10 largest utility-scale photovoltaic power stations in the world as of 2017. The energy resource continues to be encouraged through official policy with 29 states having set mandatory renewable energy targets as of October 2015, solar power being specifically included in 20 of them.[126][127] Aside from utility projects, roughly 784,000 homes and businesses in the nation have installed solar systems through the second quarter of 2015.[128]
Oceania
A number of Pacific island states have committed to high percentages of renewable energy use, both to serve as an example to other countries and to cut the high costs of imported fuels. A number of solar installations have been financed and assisted by Australia, Japan, New Zealand and the United Arab Emirates.[129] Solar farms have gone online in Tuvalu, Fiji and Kiribati.[130] UAE-Pacific Partnership Fund solar projects completed by Masdar in 2016 included: 1MW in the Solomon Islands, 500 kW in Nauru, 600 kW in the Marshall Islands, 600 kW in Micronesia and a 450 kW solar-diesel hybrid plant in Palau.[131][132] American Samoa has 2 MW of solar installed at Pago Pago Airport.[133]
Australia
Australia had over 23,466 megawatts (MW) of installed photovoltaic (PV) solar power by September 2021 making it a leader in solar power deployment on a watts per capita basis.
A 9 MWe (megawatts, electrical) solar thermal `coal saver' system was constructed at Liddell power station. The system used `compact linear Fresnel reflector' technology developed in Australia. It provided solar-powered steam to the 600 MW black coal power station's boiler feedwater heater. By 2016, it was "effectively" closed and an effort to build a similar 40 MW solar boost at Kogan Creek coal power station was stopped.[135]
The planned
New Zealand
Solar power in New Zealand currently only generates 0.1 percent of New Zealand's electricity since more emphasis has been placed on hydroelectric, geothermal, and wind power in New Zealand's push for renewable energy. Solar power systems were installed in 42 schools in New Zealand in the Schoolgen program, a program developed by Genesis Energy to educate students in solar power. Each participating school has a 2 kW solar panel. Between February 2007 and 29 December 29, 2012, 395.714 MWh were produced.[136]
In 2010, New Zealand's largest thin film solar array was the 20 kW array installed at Hubbard Foods[137] A 21.6 kW photovoltaic array was installed in Queenstown in 2009.[138] In April 2012, New Zealand's largest solar power plant was the 68.4 kW array installed to meet 70% of the electricity needs of South Auckland Forging Engineering Ltd, which is expected to pay for itself in eight to nine years.[139][140]
South America
Argentina
Argentina reached a milestone of 1 GW of solar power in 2021.[citation needed]
Brazil
Brazil began to install solar energy on a massive scale starting in 2017, quickly becoming the Latin American country with the most solar energy installed. The total installed solar power in Brazil was estimated at 21 GW at October 2022, generating approximately 2.48% of the country's electricity demand. In 2023 Brazil will be among the 10 largest countries in the world in terms of installed solar power.[141] In 2020, Brazil was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed solar power (7.8 GW).[142]
In 2022, Brazil entered, for the first time, the list of the ten countries with the highest accumulated installed power from photovoltaic solar source. The country ended 2022 with 24 gigawatts (GW) of solar operating power. With this result, Brazil took eighth place in the international ranking.[143]
Chile
Chile is currently the third Latin American country (and second in South America) with the most installed solar energy, 4.4 GW in 2021.
The 246MW El Romero solar photovoltaic plant open in November 2016 at Vallenar in the Atacama region[147] It was the largest solar farm in Latin America when it opened.
By the first half of 2015 Chile reached 546 MW of PV installed capacity, and 1,647 MW are under construction.[148]
See also
- Wind power by country
- Growth of photovoltaics
- International Solar Alliance
- List of photovoltaic power stations
- List of solar thermal power stations
- Renewable energy
- Renewable energy commercialization
- Solar energy
- Solar thermal energy
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