Soling
Brand | World Sailing |
---|---|
Builder(s) | over the years per country
|
Role | Open keelboat designed for Olympic/International regatta sailing. Also very suitable for recreational (regatta) sailing. |
Name | International Soling Former Olympic class |
] |
The Soling is an
The Soling is a strong boat designed for any wind and sea condition by
History
1961: IYRU seeks new classes as companion/complement for the Olympic classes
The search was for four classes:
- A companion class for the Finn
- A complementary class to the Star
- A complementary class to the 5.5 Metre and Dragon
- A catamaran
1963: Announcement from The Class Policy Committee of the IYRU
After the announcement, Yachting started to gather design sketches for a three persons keelboat to be used in a presentation at the November IYRU meeting. Specs were not explicitly given however the boat should be a "wholesome boat capable of being sailed from port to port in open water". What IYRU wants is a nice compromise between maximum speed and maximum seaworthiness stated Yachting. The design of the Soling was made.
1965: A prototype of the Soling was ready and tested
After Jan Herman Linge and Finn Ferner were satisfied with the prototype (in wood) it was transformed into a plug to create a mould for production in fiberglass. At the IYRU November meeting trials for a new 3 persons keelboat were scheduled for 1966. During the winter of 1965/66 the first five fiberglass Soling's were built by Linge.
1966: 1st Trials at Kiel
Spring was used to test the five Solings. The trials were set for Kiel specially to test and compare the entries in heavy weather. The most races were won by a wooden Shillalah. After the trials two entries were recommended by the judges, The Shillalah and, shorter than all other competitor, the Soling. In November the IYRU decided that further trials would be held in Travemünde the following year.
1967: 2nd Trials at Travemünde
Some sixty boats were produced, sold and sailed in
1968: Olympic class
The Olympic status for the Soling arrived after the 1968 Olympics. IYRU decided that the 5.5 Metre had to make place for the Soling in the 1972 Olympics. Meanwhile, over 300 Solings were built in Norway, Denmark, the United States and Canada and more countries would follow. The first Soling European Championship was held in Skovshoved, Denmark and won by the team of Per Spelling from Norway.[8] 75 sailors in 25 Solings did compete.
1969 – 1972: Solings first Olympiad
In this period the first
1973 – 1976: Solings 2nd Olympiad
Early 1972
1977 – 1980: Solings 3rd Olympiad
The Numbers of build Solings stayed high under the presidency of Geert Bakker, the Netherlands. Due to the high level of National and local competition the Battle for Olympic selection became more and more intense. This meant that rules were implemented for World and continental championships to keep the large fleet events fair. The introduction of gate starts, and black flag procedures were lined out, tested and implemented. Ken Berkeley introduced match racing in the Soling. Poul Richard Høj Jensen, Valdemar Bandolowski and Erik Hansen,[14] this time sailing under the flag of the IOC, became the 1980 Olympic Champions.[15] The 1980 Summer Olympics were heavily hit by the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott. The Soling was prolongated as the Olympic three persons boat for the 1984 Olympics.
1981 – 1984: Solings 4th Olympiad
Ken Berkeley, Australia took the role as ISA president in 1980. Most new boats were now built by Abbott Boats and Elvstrøm/Borresens Baadebyggeri with a few but fast exceptions from Bianchi & Cecchi and Bootswerft Leonard Mader. Major champions were held in North America, Europe and Australia. The level of competition remained very high. In 1983 Karl Haist from Germany became president of the ISA. The 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles,[16] United States were won by the team of Robbie Haines, Ed Trevelyan and Rod Davis[17] from the United States. This event was struck by the 1984 Summer Olympics boycott. Again, the Soling kept its Olympic status for the 1988 Olympics.
1985 – 1988: Solings 5th Olympiad
1989 – 1992: Solings 6th Olympiad
This period started with a failed World Championship. This was sailed in Balatonfüred, Hungary. On the first day there were heavy winds (up to 100 km/h), specially during the starting procedure. Out of 73 starters 43 made it to the first mark and only 29 boats made it to the finish! Many masts broke. NO BOATS SUNK!!!! in these extreme conditions. The next days there was hardly any wind. Only 4 races were completed, five are needed to constitute a championship.[21] Sam Merrick was elected president in 1987. He made sure that although Match racing was introduced for the 1992 Olympics Fleet racing remained paramount so the Fleet/Match race was introduced at the 1992 Olympics. Gold was won by the Danish team of Jesper Bank, Jesper Seier and Steen Secher.[22] This Fleet/Match race event was successful and so the Soling remained an Olympic class for another 4 years. Stuart Walker became president in 1991.
1993 – 1996: Solings 7th Olympiad
The Soling made the choice to introduce the "Pumping rule"
1997 – 2000: Solings 8th Olympiad
György Wossala, Hungary became ISA president in 1995. The 1997 Worlds in Rungsted, Denmark did not produce enough races to constitute a valid championship due to weather conditions. Thunderstorms and large periods with no wind at all made it for the race organization impossible to get five race in. The sail plan of the Soling was modified on two points. The tolerances of the mini spinnaker were enlarged so that a more useful spinnaker could be created. Also, the top batten of the mainsail was lengthened so that profile of the top in the main could be better controlled and the lifetime of the sail was improved. Both improvements were initiated by Paul Davis. ISAF wanted to make Match racing more and more important at the Olympics. So for the 2000 Olympics only 16 Solings were eligible to compete in the Fleet race phase and 12 of them would move on to the Match race phase. The spectacular, popular and many times viewed finals[25] were between the teams of Germany and Denmark. Both teams did barely make it into the Match race phase (resp. 10 and 12 place in the Fleet race phase). Finally the Danish team of Jesper Bank, Henrik Blakskjær and Thomas Jacobsen took the gold medal.[26] During the ISAF 2000 mid-year it was decided that the Fleet/Match race event was prolonged for another four years. However, during the ISAF 2000 November meeting, the Soling was NOT re-elected as an Olympic class. There was no match racing on the Olympic agenda anymore until 2012 Olympics. In 1999 Tony Clare, Great Britain became president of the ISA.
2001 – 2006: Post-Olympic
However, despite the publicity that was generated for the Olympic sailing event by the fleet/Match race event it disappeared from the Olympic agenda for 2004. And the Soling had to face the fact that many of her top sailors had disappeared to other Olympic disciplines or had quit sailing in general within a few months. Another setback of the class was that Tony Clare was severely injured during a horseback riding incident. Rose Hoeksema, United States took over as president and did a good job of holding the International and National Soling sailors within the class as well as possible. Worlds and continental events were organized as usual and with sufficient participation. The third disaster struck in 2006 when the Abbott Boats ltd. Sarnia, Canada went up in flames.[27] Borresens Baadebyggeri Denmark however started to build boats in a joint venture in Argentina to build Solings.
2007 – 2015: Solid International class
Johan Offermans, The Netherlands became president for an unprecedented 7 years. During his presidency he provided stimulation to pick up International travel again. Also, the preparations for the 50th anniversary of the class were started. Jan Herman Linge died at the age of 85 in Asker, Norway.[28] In 2014 Peter Hall took over the presidency. The 50th anniversary of the class was celebrated during the 2015 World Championship in Castiglione della Pescaia, Italy. Over 135 competitors were present from 14 countries and three continents.[29] The first production Soling "N 1" was on display at the harbor site. Soling production was renewed at the Petticrows Boatyard, United Kingdom.
2016 – Now: Introduction on carbon spars
In 2017
Solings built
Over the years about 4500 Solings were built. About 3700 of them were registered. The growth in the late 1960s and early 1970s was high. Then it stabilized. Since 2000 hardly any boats were built.[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]
Over the years the following 36 boat builders in 21 countries were licensed to build Solings:
Australia |
Canada |
Denmark |
Spain |
Finland |
France |
West Germany |
Great Britain |
East Germany |
Hungary |
Italy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AUS
|
CAN
|
DEN
|
ESP
|
FIN
|
FRA
|
FRG
|
GBR
|
GDR
|
HUN
|
ITA
|
Japan |
Mexico |
Netherlands |
Norway |
New Zealand |
Poland |
South Africa |
Switzerland |
Soviet Union |
United States |
|
JPN
|
MEX
|
NED
|
NOR [47]
|
NZL
|
POL
|
RSA
|
SUI
|
URS
|
USA
|
Results of the major Soling regattas
Games
Olympic Games
Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Denmark (DEN) | 4 | 0 | 1 | 5 |
2 | United States (USA) | 2 | 3 | 1 | 6 |
3 | Germany (GER) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
4 | East Germany (GDR) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
5 | Brazil (BRA) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Russia (RUS) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
Soviet Union (URS) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
Sweden (SWE) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
9 | Canada (CAN) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
10 | Great Britain (GBR) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Greece (GRE) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
Norway (NOR) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
Totals (12 entries) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 24 |
Pan American Games[48]
Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
---|---|---|---|
1979 San Juan [49] | United States Dave Curtis David Barton Jamie McCreary |
Eduardo Ramos |
Canada Jim Beatty |
1983 Caracas [50] | Brazil Torben Grael |
Canada Bill Abbott Jr. |
United States Dave Perry |
1987 Indianapolis | United States | Canada | Brazil |
Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | United States (USA) | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
2 | Brazil (BRA) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
3 | Canada (CAN) | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
Totals (3 entries) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 9 |
Vintage Yachting Games
Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
---|---|---|---|
2008 Medemblik | NED Rudy den Outer Leo Determan Ronald den Arend |
Wildcard (NED) Steven Bakker Sven Coster Race 1–3 Dick Coster Race 4–6 Joost Houweling |
GER Holger Weichert Laurent Scheel Martin Setzkorn |
2012 Bellano | UKR Igor Yushko Serhiy Pichuhin Dmitriy Yarmolenka |
NED Rudy den Outer Gavin Lidlow Ramzi Souli |
AUT Peter Neumann Rudolf Rager Rudolf Hubauer |
2018 Hellerup | NED Rudy den Outer Theo de Lange Gabor Helmhout |
CAN Peter Hall Johan Offermans Gord de Vries |
UKR Igor Yushko Serhiy Pichuhin Serhiy Ivansits |
Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Netherlands (NED) | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 |
2 | Ukraine (UKR) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
3 | Canada (CAN) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
4 | Austria (AUT) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Germany (GER) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
Totals (5 entries) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 9 |
International ISA Trophies
World Championships
Fleet racing[51]
Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | United States (USA) | 9 | 10 | 9 | 28 |
2 | Canada (CAN) | 9 | 5 | 4 | 18 |
3 | Denmark (DEN) | 5 | 5 | 1 | 11 |
4 | Hungary (HUN) | 4 | 2 | 1 | 7 |
5 | Brazil (BRA) | 3 | 7 | 6 | 16 |
6 | Germany (GER) | 3 | 5 | 2 | 10 |
7 | Argentina (ARG) | 3 | 3 | 5 | 11 |
8 | Spain (ESP) | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
9 | Russia (RUS) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
10 | Sweden (SWE) | 1 | 2 | 5 | 8 |
11 | Australia (AUS) | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 |
12 | Ukraine (UKR) | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
13 | Greece (GRE) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Slovenia (SLO) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | |
15 | East Germany (GDR) | 1 | 0 | 3 | 4 |
16 | France (FRA) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
17 | Italy (ITA) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
18 | Soviet Union (URS) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
19 | Austria (AUT) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Finland (FIN) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
Great Britain (GBR) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
Netherlands (NED) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
Totals (22 entries) | 47 | 47 | 47 | 141 |
Match racing (Infanta Cristina)[52]
Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Sweden (SWE) | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
2 | United States (USA) | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
3 | Denmark (DEN) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
4 | Great Britain (GBR) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
5 | Germany (GER) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
6 | Norway (NOR) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
7 | France (FRA) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
8 | Australia (AUS) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Netherlands (NED) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
Totals (9 entries) | 8 | 5 | 5 | 18 |
Masters
Continental Championships[53]
Australian Championships
Gold | Silver | Bronze | |
---|---|---|---|
1969/70 Not documented | Australia C. Ryves Crew not documented |
Not documented |
Not documented |
1970/71 Not documented | Great Britain Rodney Pattisson Crew not documented |
Not documented |
Not documented |
1971/72 Not documented | Australia Robert Miller Crew not documented |
Not documented |
Not documented |
1972/73 Not documented | Australia John Bertrand Crew not documented |
Not documented |
Not documented |
1973/74 Not documented | United States John Coggan Crew not documented |
Not documented |
Not documented |
1974/75 Not documented | Australia Jim Hardy Crew not documented |
Not documented |
Not documented |
1975/76 Not documented | Australia David Forbes Crew not documented |
Not documented |
Not documented |
1976/77 City of Cockburn |
Australia KA 146 Noel Robins Crew not documented |
Australia KA 133 Phil Susans Crew not documented |
Australia KA 114 Tony Manford Crew not documented |
1977/78 Sydney harbour
|
Australia KA 147 Tony Manford Crew not documented |
Not documented |
Not documented |
1978/79 Port Lincoln |
Australia KA 150 John Bertrand Mark Fisher Tim Dorning |
Australia KA 144 Mark Bethwaite Crew not documented |
Australia KA 146 Noel Robins Crew not documented |
1979/80 City of Lake Macquarie |
Australia KA 150 John Bertrand Mark Fisher Tim Dorning |
Australia KA 144 Mark Bethwaite Ian MacDiarmid Garry Reid |
Australia KA 147 Tony Manford Crew not documented |
1980/81 Port Lincoln |
Australia KA 144 Mark Bethwaite Ian MacDiarmid Garry Reid |
Australia KA 148 Syd Corser Ian MacDiarmid Garry Reid |
Australia KA 146 Noel Robins Crew not documented |
1981/82 Perth |
Australia KA 144 Mark Bethwaite Ian McDiarmid Glen Read |
United States US 710 Dave Perry Brad Dellenbaugh Ed Travelyan |
Australia KA 143 Peter Gilmour Crew not documented |
1982/83 Adelaide |
Australia KA 144 Mark Bethwaite Ian McDiarmid Not documented |
Australia KA 143 Peter Gilmour Lloyd Lissiman Not documented |
Australia KA 152 John Savave Crew not documented |
1983/84 Adelaide |
Australia Peter Gilmour Crew not documented |
Australia Mark Bethwaite Crew not documented |
Australia Willy Packer Crew not documented |
1984/85 Port Lincoln |
Australia Peter Gilmour Crew not documented |
Australia Gary Sheard Crew not documented |
Australia Tony Manning Crew not documented |
1985/86 Melbourne |
Australia Glen Collings Crew not documented |
Australia Gary Sheard Crew not documented |
Australia Andy Allsep Crew not documented |
1986/87 Fremantle |
Australia KA 144 Glen Collings Crew not documented |
Australia KA 159 Barry Waller Crew not documented |
United States US 725 Stuart H. Walker Crew not documented |
1987/88 Melbourne |
United States US 736 John Kostecki Robert Billingham William Baylis |
Australia KA 170 Glen Collings Crew not documented |
Australia KA 168 Bobby Wilmot Crew not documented |
1988/89 Sydney |
Australia KA 45 Jamie Wilmot P. Gossing G. Crowie |
Australia KA 169 Jim Hardy Warwick Anderson D. Hardy |
Australia KA 142 Matt Hayes M. Wilson D. James |
1989/90 Port Lincoln |
Australia KA 166 Andy Allsep Crew not documented |
Australia KA 159 Murray Smith Crew not documented |
Australia KA 165 Gary Cassidy Crew not documented |
1990/91 Fremantle |
Australia Matt Hayes |
Not documented | Not documented |
1991/92 Manly Beach |
Australia Neville Wittey |
Not documented | Not documented |
1992/93 Not documented |
Australia Barry Waller |
Not documented | Not documented |
1993/94 Perth |
Australia Glen Tucker |
Not documented | Not documented |
1994/95 Melbourne |
Australia Cameron Miles |
Not documented | Not documented |
Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Australia (AUS) | 23 | 12 | 12 | 47 |
2 | United States (USA) | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
3 | Great Britain (GBR) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Totals (3 entries) | 26 | 13 | 13 | 52 |
European Championships
Fleet racing[54]
Medal table
Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Germany | 8 | 9 | 3 | 20 |
2 | Austria | 6 | 6 | 6 | 18 |
3 | Hungary | 6 | 6 | 5 | 17 |
4 | East Germany | 5 | 5 | 6 | 16 |
5 | Sweden | 4 | 4 | 3 | 11 |
6 | Denmark | 4 | 3 | 4 | 11 |
7 | Ukraine | 4 | 1 | 3 | 8 |
8 | Canada | 3 | 2 | 2 | 7 |
9 | Soviet Union | 2 | 4 | 2 | 8 |
10 | West Germany | 2 | 2 | 5 | 9 |
11 | Netherlands | 2 | 2 | 4 | 8 |
12 | Norway | 2 | 1 | 4 | 7 |
13 | United States | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
14 | Slovenia | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
15 | Argentina | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
16 | Brazil | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Finland | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
France | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
19 | Great Britain | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Russia | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | |
21 | Australia | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
22 | Italy | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Totals (22 entries) | 54 | 52 | 53 | 159 |
Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Germany (GER) | 8 | 9 | 3 | 20 |
2 | Austria (AUT) | 5 | 6 | 5 | 16 |
Hungary (HUN) | 5 | 6 | 5 | 16 | |
4 | East Germany (GDR) | 5 | 5 | 6 | 16 |
5 | Sweden (SWE) | 4 | 4 | 3 | 11 |
6 | Denmark (DEN) | 4 | 3 | 4 | 11 |
7 | Ukraine (UKR) | 4 | 1 | 3 | 8 |
8 | Canada (CAN) | 3 | 2 | 2 | 7 |
9 | Soviet Union (URS) | 2 | 4 | 2 | 8 |
10 | West Germany (FRG) | 2 | 2 | 5 | 9 |
11 | Netherlands (NED) | 2 | 2 | 4 | 8 |
12 | Norway (NOR) | 2 | 1 | 4 | 7 |
13 | United States (USA) | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
14 | Slovenia (SLO) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
15 | Argentina (ARG) | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
16 | Brazil (BRA) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Finland (FIN) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
France (FRA) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
19 | Great Britain (GBR) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Russia (RUS) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | |
21 | Australia (AUS) | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
22 | Italy (ITA) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Totals (22 entries) | 52 | 52 | 52 | 156 |
Match racing[55]
Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
---|---|---|---|
1993 Kralingen | NOR Herman Horn Johannessen Paul Davis Espen Stokkeland |
Not documented | Not documented |
1994 Starnberg | GER Markus Wieser Maxl Koch Roman Koch |
Not documented | Not documented |
1995 Torbay | GBR Andy Beadsworth |
NOR Herman Horn Johannessen Paul Davis Espen Stokkeland |
GBR Stuart Childerley |
1996 Balaton Held September 1995 |
GER Jochen Schümann Thomas Flach Bernd Jäkel |
Not documented | Not documented |
1997 St. Gilgen | GER Jochen Schümann Gunnar Bahr Ingo Borkowski |
Sergey Timokhov
|
NOR Herman Horn Johannessen Paul Davis Espen Stokkeland |
1998 | GER Jochen Schümann Gunnar Bahr Ingo Borkowski |
ESP Luis Doreste Domingo Manrique David Vera |
Sergey Timokhov
|
1999 Input needed | Input needed | Input needed | Input needed |
2000 Input needed | Input needed | Input needed | Input needed |
Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Germany (GER) | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
2 | Norway (NOR) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
3 | Great Britain (GBR) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
4 | Ukraine (UKR) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
5 | Spain (ESP) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Totals (5 entries) | 6 | 3 | 3 | 12 |
North American Championship
Medal table
Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | United States | 27 | 25 | 28 | 80 |
2 | Canada | 22 | 21 | 19 | 62 |
3 | Australia | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
4 | Brazil | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Netherlands | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
6 | Germany | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
7 | Denmark | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
New Zealand | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
9 | Japan | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Totals (9 entries) | 52 | 51 | 51 | 154 |
South American Championship
Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Brazil (BRA) | 26 | 18 | 18 | 62 |
2 | Argentina (ARG) | 12 | 12 | 13 | 37 |
3 | United States (USA) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
4 | Uruguay (URU) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
5 | Netherlands (NED) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Spain (ESP) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
Totals (6 entries) | 39 | 33 | 33 | 105 |
Soling World Trophy
Country ranking (1985 - present)
The following table shows the countries in order of number of times winning the ranking list.
Ranking | Country | Winning |
---|---|---|
1 | Germany | 8 |
2 | Hungary | 7 |
3 | Austria | 4 |
East Germany | 4 | |
4 | Canada | 3 |
United States | 3 | |
7 | Sweden | 2 |
Ukraine | 2 | |
9 | Brazil | 1 |
Denmark | 1 | |
Netherlands | 1 | |
Russia | 1 | |
Soviet Union | 1 |
Winners of national championships
References
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