Solomon's Temple
Solomon's Temple First Temple | |
---|---|
בֵּית-הַמִּקְדָּשׁ הָרִאשׁוֹן | |
Religion | |
Affiliation | Yahwism |
Deity | Yahweh |
Leadership | High Priest of Israel |
Location | |
Location | Temple Mount, Jerusalem |
Country | Kingdom of Judah (at the time of destruction) |
Location within the Old City of Jerusalem Location within Jerusalem (modern municipal borders) Location within the State of Israel | |
Geographic coordinates | 31°46′41″N 35°14′07″E / 31.778013°N 35.235367°E |
Architecture | |
Founder | Unknown, but attributed to Solomon in the Hebrew Bible |
Completed | c. 10th–8th century BCE |
Destroyed | 587 BCE |
Solomon's Temple, also known as the First Temple (Hebrew: בֵּית-הַמִּקְדָּשׁ הָרִאשׁוֹן, Bēṯ hamMīqdāš hāRīʾšōn, transl. 'First House of the Sanctum'), was a biblical Temple in Jerusalem believed to have existed between the 10th and 6th centuries BCE. Its description is largely based on narratives in the Hebrew Bible, in which it was commissioned by biblical king Solomon before being destroyed during the Siege of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar II of the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 587 BCE.[1] Although no remains of the temple have ever been found, most modern scholars agree that the First Temple existed on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem by the time of the Babylonian siege, though there is significant debate over the date of its construction and the identity of its builder.
The Hebrew Bible, specifically within the Book of Kings, includes a detailed narrative about the construction's ordering by Solomon, the penultimate ruler of the United Kingdom of Israel. It further credits Solomon as the placer of the Ark of the Covenant in the Holy of Holies, a windowless inner sanctum within the structure.[2] Entry into the Holy of Holies was heavily restricted; the High Priest of Israel was the only authority permitted to enter the sanctuary, and only did so on Yom Kippur, carrying the blood of a sacrificial lamb and burning incense.[2] In addition to serving as a religious building for worship, the First Temple also functioned as a place of assembly for the Israelites.[3] The First Temple's destruction and the subsequent Babylonian captivity were both events that were seen as a fulfillment of biblical prophecies and thus affected Judaic religious beliefs, precipitating the Israelites' transition from either polytheism or monolatrism (as seen in Yahwism) to firm Jewish monotheism.[3]
Previously, many scholars accepted the biblical narrative of the First Temple's construction by Solomon as authentic; however, during the 1980s,
Location
According to the Bible, Solomon's Temple was built on Mount Moriah in Jerusalem, where an angel of God had appeared to David (2 Chronicles 3:1). The site was originally a threshing floor David had purchased from Araunah the Jebusite (2 Samuel 24:18–25; 2 Chronicles 3:1).
Schmid and Rupprecht are of the view that the site of the temple used to be a Jebusite shrine that Solomon chose in an attempt to unify the Jebusites and Israelites.[14]
The exact location of the Temple is unknown. It is believed to have been situated upon the hill that forms the site of the Second Temple and present-day Temple Mount, where the Dome of the Rock is situated.[15]
Biblical narrative
Construction
According to
The Hebrew Bible records that the
After the Temple and palace (taking an additional 13 years) is completed,
The
Transfer of the Ark of the Covenant
1 Kings 8:1–9 and 2 Chronicles 5:2–10 record that in the
Dedication
1 Kings 8:10–66 and 2 Chronicles 6:1–42 recount the events of the temple's dedication. When the priests emerged from the holy of holies after placing the Ark there, the Temple was filled with an overpowering cloud that interrupted the dedication ceremony,[26] "for the glory of the Lord had filled the house of the Lord [such that] the priests could not stand to minister" (1 Kings 8:10–11; 2 Chronicles 5:13, 14). Solomon interpreted the cloud as "[proof] that his pious work was accepted":[26]
"The Lord has said that he would dwell in thick darkness. I have built you an exalted house, a place for you to dwell in forever."
— 1 Kings 8:12–13
The allusion is to Leviticus 16:2:[27]
The Lord said to Moses: Tell your brother Aaron not to come just at any time into the sanctuary inside the curtain before the mercy seat that is upon the ark, or he will die; for I appear in the cloud upon the mercy seat.
The Pulpit Commentary notes that "Solomon had thus every warrant for connecting a
After the dedication, Solomon hears in a dream that God has heard his prayer, and God will continue to hear the prayers of the people of Israel if they adopt the four ways in which they could move God to action: humility, prayer, seeking his face, and turning from wicked ways.[35] Conversely, if they turn aside and forsake God's commandments and worship other gods, then God will abandon the temple: "this house which I have sanctified for My name I will cast out of My sight".[36]
Plunder
According to the biblical narrative, Solomon's Temple was plundered several times. In the fifth year of
Joash's restoration
2 Kings 12:1–17 and 2 Chronicles 24:1–14 recount that King Joash and the priests of the temple organised a restoration programme funded from popular donations. The temple was restored to its original condition and further reinforced.[37]
Destruction by the Babylonians
According to the Bible, the Temple was plundered by King Nebuchadnezzar II of the Neo-Babylonian Empire when the Babylonians attacked Jerusalem during the brief reign of Jehoiachin c. 598 BCE (2 Kings 24:13).
A decade later, Nebuchadnezzar again
Jewish tradition holds that the Temple was destroyed on Tisha B'Av, the 9th day of Av (Hebrew calendar),[38] the same date of the destruction of the Second Temple. Rabbinic sources state that the First Temple stood for 410 years and, based on the 2nd-century work Seder Olam Rabbah, place construction in 832 BCE and destruction in 422 BCE (3338 AM), 165 years later than secular estimates.[39][40] The Jewish historian Josephus says; "the temple was burnt four hundred and seventy years, six months, and ten days after it was built".[41][additional citation(s) needed]
Solomon's Temple was subsequently replaced with the Second Temple in 516 BCE.
Architecture
The description of Solomon's Temple given in
Archeologists categorize the biblical description of Solomon's Temple as a langbau building. That is, a rectangular building that is longer than it is wide. It is furthermore classified as a tripartite building, consisting of three units; the ulam (porch), the heikal (sanctuary), and the debir (the Holy of Holies). It is also categorized as being a straight-axis temple, meaning that there is a straight line from the entrance to the innermost shrine.[46]
Porch
The ulam, or porch, featured two bronze pillars
Sanctuary (main chamber)
The porch led to the heikal, main chamber, or sanctuary. It measured 40 cubits in length, 20 cubits in width, and 30 cubits in height and contained a candelabrum, a table and a gold-covered altar used for offerings.[47][49] In the sanctuary, loaves of Showbread were left as an offering to God.[49] At the far end of the sanctuary there was a wooden door, guarded by two cherubim, leading to the Holy of Holies.[48][49]
The walls of the sanctuary were lined with cedar, on which were carved figures of cherubim, palm trees, and open flowers that were overlaid with gold (1 Kings 6:29–30). Chains of gold further marked it off from the Holy of Holies. The floor of the Temple was of fir overlaid with gold. The doorposts, of olivewood, supported folding doors of fir. The doors of the Holy of Holies were of olivewood. On both sets of doors were carved cherubim, palm trees, and flowers, all being overlaid with gold (1 Kings 6:15 et seq.) This main building was between the outer altar, where most
Holy of Holies
The
The Holy of Holies was prepared to receive and house the Ark; and when the Temple was dedicated, the Ark, containing the original tablets of the Ten Commandments, was placed beneath the cherubim.[citation needed]
Surrounding chambers
Chambers were built around the Temple on the southern, western and northern sides (1 Kings 6:5–10). These formed a part of the building and were used for storage. They were probably one story high at first; two more may have been added later.[50]
Courts
According to the Bible, two courts surrounded the Temple. The Inner Court (1 Kings 6:36), or Court of the Priests (2 Chr. 4:9), was separated from the space beyond by a wall of three courses of hewn stone, surmounted by cedar beams (1 Kings 6:36). It contained the Altar of burnt-offering (2 Chr. 15:8), the Brazen Sea laver (4:2–5, 10) and ten other lavers (1 Kings 7:38, 39). A brazen altar stood before the Temple (2 Kings 16:14), its dimensions 20 cubits square and 10 cubits high (2 Chr. 4:1). The Great Court surrounded the whole Temple (2 Chr. 4:9). It was here that people assembled to worship. (Jeremiah 19:14; 26:2).
Molten Sea
This section needs additional citations for verification. (September 2021) |
According to the Hebrew Bible, the "Molten or Brazen Sea" (ים מוצק "cast metal sea") was a large basin in the Temple for ablution of the priests. It is described in 1 Kings 7:23–26 and 2 Chronicles 4:2–5.
According to the Bible, it stood in the south-eastern corner of the inner court. It was five cubits high, ten cubits in diameter from brim to brim, and thirty cubits in circumference. The brim was "like the calyx of a lily" and turned outward "about an hand breadth"; or about four inches. It was placed on the backs of twelve oxen, standing with their faces outward.
The
The water was originally supplied by the
Also outside the temple were 10 lavers, each of which held "forty baths" (1 Kings 7:38), resting on portable holders made of bronze, provided with wheels, and ornamented with figures of lions, cherubim, and palm-trees. The author of the books of the Kings describes their minute details with great interest (1 Kings 7:27–37). Josephus reported that the vessels in the Temple were composed of orichalcum covered in gold in Antiquities of the Jews.
Worship
During the United Monarchy the Temple was dedicated to Yahweh, the God of Israel. From the reign of King Manasseh of Judah until King Josiah, Baal and "the host of heaven" were also worshipped there.[51]
Until the reforms of Josiah, there was also a statue for the goddess Asherah (2 Kings 23:6) and priestesses wove ritual textiles for her (2 Kings 23:7). Next to the temple was a house for the temple prostitutes (2 Kings 23:7)[52] who performed sacred prostitution at the temple.[53] It is unclear whether the prostitutes included both male and female or just male prostitutes.[54]
According to the majority of biblical scholars, Asherah was Yahweh's consort, and she was worshipped alongside Yahweh.[55][56][57] This is disputed by a significant minority, who maintain that the asherah in the Temple was a wooden pole, rather than a statue. Although originally a symbol of the goddess, the asherah is argued to have been adopted as a symbol of Yahweh.[57] According to Richard Lowery, Yahweh and Asherah headed a pantheon of other Judean gods that were worshipped at the temple.[58]
The temple had
According to the Tanakh, the Temple housed the
During the Deuteronomic reform of King Josiah, the cult objects of the sun and Asherah were taken out of the temple and the practice of sacred prostitution, and the worship of Baal and the hosts of heaven were stopped.[69]
Sacrifice
A korban was a
Archaeological dating
Most scholars today agree that a temple had existed on the Temple Mount by the time of the Babylonian siege of Jerusalem (587 BCE), but the identity of its builder and its construction date are strongly debated. Because of the religious and political sensitivities involved, no archaeological excavations and only limited surface surveys of the Temple Mount have been conducted since Charles Warren's expedition of 1867–70.[75][76][77] As of today, there is no solid archaeological evidence for the existence of Solomon's Temple, and the building is not mentioned in surviving extra-biblical accounts,[78] save for perhaps a single fragmented ostracon that mentions a "house of Yahweh" without any further specification.[9] Artifacts previously believed to prove the existence of Solomon's Temple—an ivory pomegranate and a ninth century BCE stone tablet—are now highly contested as to their authenticity. Moreover, starting in the 1980s, biblical minimalists have doubted King Solomon's connection to the temple, sometimes describing him as little more than a hill country chieftain.[79]
On the other hand, William G. Dever argues that the biblical description of the Temple itself shows profound similarities with other temples of the time (Phoenician, Assyrian and Philistine), suggesting that this cult structure was actually built by Solomon (whom he sees as an actual king of Israel) in the 10th century BCE, although the biblical description is undoubtedly excessive.[80][81][82] These views are shared by the archaeologist Amihai Mazar, who underlines how the description of the Temple in the Bible, albeit exaggerated, is substantially in line with the architectural descriptions already present in the Levant in the second millennium BCE.[83][84]
Fabio Porzia and Corinne Bonnet, reflecting on the archaeological parallels between the way Solomon's temple is described and comparable examples of similar temples from around the ancient Near East, demur and conclude that "a gap [...] exists between the biblical accounts which place the temple in the 10th century and the historical considerations which tend towards the 8th and 7th centuries."[85] They suggest that Solomon's temple corresponds more with the 8th-7th century temple architectural models associated with Aram or Assyria than with anything associated with temple architecture from the 10th century.[85] They suggest that the first temple most likely dates to the 8th century and "was retroactively attributed to the great ruler of the 10th century."[85]
Source materials
An
A thumb-sized
The historian Flavius Josephus, writing centuries later in 1st century CE, says that "Solomon began to build the temple in the fourth year of his reign, on the second month, which the Macedonians call Artemisius, and the Hebrews Jar, five hundred and ninety two years after the exodus out of Egypt, but after one thousand and twenty years from Abraham's coming out of Mesopotamia into Canaan and after the deluge one thousand four hundred and forty years; and from Adam, the first man who was created, until Solomon built the temple, there had past in all three thousand one hundred and two years."[90][non-primary source needed]
In Against Apion, Josephus mentions that according to the annals of the Phoenician city-state of Tyre, Solomon's Temple was built on the 12th year of Hiram I of Tyre and 143 years and 8 months before the Tyrians founded Carthage.[91][92] The foundation date of Carthage is usually dated to 814 BCE,[93][94] thus, according to Josephus, the construction of the Temple should be dated to circa 958/9 BCE,[92] a date that lies within the conventional dates of Solomon's reign between 970 and 931 BCE.[95]
Temple Mount Sifting Project
- By 2006, the Temple Mount Sifting Project had recovered numerous artifacts dating from the 8th to 7th centuries BCE from soil removed in 1999 by the Jerusalem Waqf from the Solomon's Stables area of the Temple Mount. These include stone weights for weighing silver and a First Temple period bulla, or seal impression.[96][dubious ]
Objects found next to the Temple Mount
- In 2018 and a few years previously, two First Temple period stone weights used for weighing half-shekel Temple donations were found during excavations under Robinson's Arch at the foot of the Temple Mount. The tiny artifacts, inscribed with the word beka, which is known from related contexts in the Hebrew Bible, were used to weigh silver pieces on a scale, possibly at the very spot where they were unearthed.[97][98]
Other
- Leen Ritmeyer has suggested that one of the steps leading to the Dome of the Rock is actually the top of a remaining stone course of the western wall of the pre-Herodian Temple Mount platform, which may be dated to the First Temple period.[99][100]
- In 2007, artifacts dating to the 8th to 6th centuries BCE were described as being possibly the first physical evidence of human activity at the Temple Mount during the First Temple period. The findings included animal bones,
Other contemporary temples
There is archaeological and written evidence of three Israelite temples, either contemporary or of very close date, dedicated to Yahweh (Elephantine temple, probably Arad too), either in the Land of Israel or in Egypt. Two of them have the same general outline as given by the Bible for the Jerusalem Temple.
- The Israelite temple at Tel Arad in Judah, 10th to 8th/7th century BCE[103] and possibly dedicated to Yahweh[104] and Asherah.[105]
- The Jewish temple at Elephantine in Egypt, already standing in 525 BCE[106]
- The Israelite temple at Tel Motza, c. 750 BCE discovered in 2012 a few kilometres west of Jerusalem.
- Several Iron Age temples have been found in the region that have striking similarities to the Temple of King Solomon. In particular the Ain Dara temple in northern Syria with a similar age, size, plan and decorations.[107]
Legacy
Freemasonry
Rituals in Freemasonry refer to King Solomon and the building of his Temple.[108] Masonic buildings, where lodges and their members meet, are sometimes called "temples"; an allegoric reference to King Solomon's Temple.[109]
Kabbalah
Islam
The Quran refers to Solomon's Temple in the seventh verse of Surah Al-Isrāʾ (The Night Journey, aka Bani Israil):[111]
If you [the Children of Israel] act rightly, it is for your own good, but if you do wrong, it is to your own loss. And when the second warning would come to pass, your enemies would ˹be left to˺ totally disgrace you and enter the Temple ˹of Jerusalem˺ as they entered it the first time, and utterly destroy whatever would fall into their hands.
Quranic commentators such as Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur have postulated that this verse refers specifically to the Temple of Solomon.[112]
According to the narrative in Islam, the Temple in Jerusalem was originally a mosque commissioned by Solomon and built by jinn on the commandment of Allah, with the purpose of serving as the qibla of the Israelites. In the early years of Islam, Prophet Muhammad and his followers faced Jerusalem for prayers until the city of Mecca (specifically its Kaaba) superseded the former as the new qibla.[citation needed]
Architecture
Biblical descriptions of the temple have inspired modern replicas and influenced later structures around the world. El Escorial, a historical residence of the King of Spain built in the 16th century was constructed from a plan based on the descriptions of Solomon's temple.[113]
The same architectural layout of the temple was adopted in
Popular culture
Solomon's Temple appears in the film Solomon and Sheba (1959). It also appears in the Assassin's Creed video game series.[115][116][117][118]
See also
General
- Aish tamid, eternal flame on Temple altar
- List of Jewish Temples
- Solomonic column, spiraling column
- Solomon's shamir, worm or a substance that had the power to cut through or disintegrate stone, iron and diamond
- Temple denial, Palestinian theory
Persons
Places
- City of David
- Mount Moriah
- Old St. Peter's Basilica
- Siloam tunnel
- Siloam inscription
- Elephantine Temple
- Leontopolis Temple
- Samaritan Temple
Iron Age temples from the region
- 'Ain Dara temple[119]
- Ebla (Temple D)[119]
- Emar temple[119]
- Mumbaqat temple[119]
- Tell Tayinat temple (8th century BCE)[119]
Notes and references
References
- ^ Temple of Jerusalem: totally destroyed the building in 587/586
- ^ a b Britannica: Holy of Holies.
- ^ a b Temple of Jerusalem.
- ^ a b Garfinkel & Mumcuoglu 2019.
- ^ David Ussishkin In: A.G. Vaughn and A.E. Killebrew (eds.), Solomon's Jerusalem: The Text and the Facts on the Ground. Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology; The First Temple Period, Atlanta, 2003, pp. 103–115
- ^ Finkelstein & Silberman 2002, p. 128: Moreover, for all their reported wealth and power, neither David nor Solomon is mentioned in a single known Egyptian or Mesopotamian text. And the archaeological evidence in Jerusalem for the famous building projects of Solomon is nonexistent.
- ^ Lundquist 2008, p. 45: The single most important fact regarding the Temple of Solomon is that there are no physical remains of the structure. There is not a single object or artifact that can be indubitably connected with the Temple of Solomon
- ^ Finkelstein & Silberman 2002, p. 128
- ^ ISBN 978-0-521-22717-9.
- ^ a b Dever 2001, p. 212: it may refer to the temple in Jerusalem; Boardman, Edwards & Sollberger 1992, p. 400: 'house of Yahweh', probably the Temple at Jerusalem; King & Stager 2001, p. 314: There was a temple at Arad, but it may have been demolished about 700 BCE, well before the Arad Ostraca
- ^ Shapira, David (2018). "The Moza Temple and Solomon's Temple" (PDF). Bibliotheca Orientalis. 75 (1–2): 25–48.
- ^ Batiuk, S., Harrison, T E, and Pavlish, L., The Ta'yinat Survey, 1999-2002, in The Amuq Valley Regional Projects, Volume 1: Surveys in the Plain of Antioch and Orontes Delta, Turkey, 1995–2002, Oriental Institute Publications 131, pp. 171-192, Oriental Institute, 2005
- ISBN 978-0-8028-4426-2. Retrieved 15 February 2011.
- ISBN 978-3-11-017277-5.
- YouTubeInstitute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey
- ^ Tetley 2005, p. 105.
- ^ a b c Mendels 1987, p. 131.
- ^ Dever 2005, p. 97; Mendels 1987, p. 131; Brand & Mitchell 2015, p. 1538
- ^ a b c Kalimi 2018, p. 285.
- ^ Brand & Mitchell 2015, p. 1538.
- ^ Brand & Mitchell 2015, p. 622.
- ^ a b 1 Kings 9:13
- ^ Alter 2018, p. 1087.
- ^ Kalimi 2018, p. 286.
- ^ Barnes, W. E. (1899), Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on 2 Chronicles 5, accessed 17 April 2020
- ^ a b c Pulpit Commentary on 1 Kings 8, accessed 2 October 2017
- ^ Lumby, J. R. (1886), Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on 1 Kings 8, accessed 18 April 2020, although the reference quoted here is Leviticus 16:3
- ^ 1 Kings 8:63; 2 Chronicles 7:5
- ^ 2 Chronicles 7:7: dimensions are not stated in 1 Kings
- ^ 1 Kings 8:64; 2 Chronicles 7:7
- ^ Pulpit Commentary on 2 Chronicles 4, accessed 19 April 2020
- ^ 1 Kings 8:65; 2 Chronicles 7:8
- ^ Barnes, A., Barnes' Notes on 2 Chronicles 7, accessed 19 April 2020
- ^ 2 Chronicles 7:8
- ^ Mathys, H. P., 1 and 2 Chronicles in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary Archived 22 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, p. 287
- ^ 1 Kings 9:7; 2 Chronicles 7:20
- ^ 2 Chronicles 24:13
- ^ Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Ab, Ninth Day of". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
- ^ "Temple In Rabbinical Literature". JewishEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
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- ^ Josephus, Jew. Ant. 10.8.5
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- ^ JSTOR 43855892.
- Phoenicians.
- ^ Shalem, Yisrael (March 1997). "Jerusalem in the First Temple period (c. 1000–586 B.C.E.)". Archived from the original on 9 October 2020.
- ^ Lundquist 2008, p. 48.
- ^ a b c Garfinkel & Mumcuoglu 2019, p. 10.
- ^ a b Lundquist 2008, p. 49.
- ^ a b c Schwarzer 2001, p. 485.
- ^ a b De Vaux 1961.
- ^ "Josiah", Jewish Encyclopedia (1906).
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- ^ Jennifer Viegas. "Did God Have A Wife? Scholar says that he did". NBC News.
- ^ Dever 2005.
- ^ a b Smith 2002, p. 125.
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- ^ Achtemeier, Paul J.; Boraas, Roger S. (1996), The HarperCollins Bible Dictionary, San Francisco: HarperOne, p. 1096
- ^ Hackett 2001, pp. 156–158.
- ^ Stavrakopoulou 2021, p. 78.
- ^ Stavrakopoulou 2021, p. 494.
- ^ Sparks, K. L. (2005). "Ark of the Covenant". In Bill T. Arnold; H. G. M. Williamson (eds.). Dictionary of the Old Testament: Historical Book. InterVarsity Press. p. 91.
- ^ Ariel David (30 August 2017). "The Real Ark of the Covenant may have Housed Pagan Gods". Haaretz.
- ^ Elon Gilad (26 July 2018). "When the Jews Believed in Other Gods". Haaretz.
- ^ Straight Dope Science Advisory Board (17 April 2003). "Why do Jews no longer sacrifice animals?". The Straight Dope. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
- ^ Rabbi Michael Skobac. "Leviticus 17:11". Jews for Judaism. Archived from the original on 30 March 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
- ^ "בית המקדש – עבודות הקורבן". Archived from the original on 29 January 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ Morris Jastrow; et al. (1906). "Azazel". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
- ^ Tia Ghose (4 September 2013). "Animal sacrifice at temple powered ancient Jerusalem's economy".
- ^ Warren, Charles (1876). Underground Jerusalem: An Account of Some of the Principal Difficulties Encountered in Its Exploration and the Results Obtained. With a Narrative of an Expedition through the Jordan Valley and a Visit to the Samaritans. London: Richard Bentley.
- ISBN 978-1-57607-112-0.
solomon's temple.
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- ^ Finkelstein & Silberman 2002, pp. 128–129.
- ^ Finkelstein & Silberman 2002, p. 190.
- ^ Dever 2001.
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- ^ "The plan of Solomon's temple in Jerusalem asdescribed in 1 Kgs 8 recalls principles of temple architectural traditions alreadyknown in the Levant in the second millennium, that continue into the Iron Age in northern Syria. Of course, archaeology cannot determine whether Solomon was the builder of the temple, but we should recall that the Bible does not hint at any other king who may have founded such a temple. Though the description of the temple is much exaggerated, its initial foundation during the Solomonic era remains a conceivable historical memory" Amihai Mazar, "Archaeology and the Bible: Reflections on Historical Memory in the Deuteronomistic History", 2014
- ISBN 978-90-04-28122-6.
- ^ S2CID 149472579. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
- ^ Myre, Greg (30 December 2004). "Israel Indicts 4 in 'Brother of Jesus' Hoax and Other Forgeries". The New York Times.
- ^ "Ivory pomegranate 'not Solomon's'". BBC News. 24 December 2004.
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- ISSN 0098-9444. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
- ^ The Complete Works of Flavius Josephus, pp. 199–200
- ^ Josephus Flavius, Against Apion 1:17 (108)
- ^ S2CID 163929972.
- ^ Serge Lancel (1995). Carthage. Translated by Antonia Nevill. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 20–23.
- ^ Picard, Life and Death of Carthage (1968, 1969) at 28–35.
- ^ E. Clarity, 2012, p. 305.
- ^ Shragai, Nadav (19 October 2006). "Temple Mount dirt uncovers First Temple artifacts". Haaretz. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
- ^ Ruth Schuster, Another First Temple Weight, This One With Mirror Writing, Found in Jerusalem Sifting Project, Haaretz, 21 November 2018, accessed 11 February 2019
- ^ "Straight from the Bible: Tiny First Temple stone weight unearthed in Jerusalem". The Times of Israel. 21 November 2018.
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To locate the Temple, Ritmeyer used Mazar's work, and the explorations of Captain Warren, and more evidence he found himself. A key clue: On the northwest corner of the platform where the Dome of the Rock stands, there's a set of stairs. The stairs are at an odd angle to the platform—because the bottom step, Ritmeyer discovered, is really a building stone marking a pre-Herodian wall. The wall, he found, was precisely parallel to the eastern wall of the Mount, and by one standard measure of a cubit, the two walls are five hundred cubits apart. Ritmeyer was beginning to map out the original Temple Mount, from before the time of Herod. Another clue: In the eastern wall, Warren had found just the slightest bend, marking the point where the wall once ended. That was the southeastern corner of the original Mount
- ^ Ritmeyer, Leen (24 August 2015). "Locating the Original Temple Mount". Biblical Archaeology Review. 18 (2) (published 1992).
Accordingly, the ashlar in this step/wall gave a strong impression of being pre-Herodian. It looked very much like the lowest masonry in the central section of the eastern wall of the Temple Mount, near the Golden Gate. I therefore proposed that this step was actually a section of a wall—part of the western wall of the pre-Herodian, perhaps First Temple-period, Temple Mount.
- ^ "Temple Mount First Temple Period Discoveries". The Friends of the Israel Antiquities Authority. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
- ^ Milstein, Mati (23 October 2007). "Solomon's Temple Artifacts Found by Muslim Workers". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 25 October 2007.
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- ^ "Extremely Rare Pottery Shard Hid an Even Rarer Surprise". Haaretz. 15 June 2017.
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- ^ "Ancient Sudan~ Nubia: Investigating the Origin of the Ancient Jewish Community at Elephantine: A Review". www.ancientsudan.org. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
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- ^ "Surah Al-Isra – 7". Quran.com. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
- ^ Ibn Ashur, Muhammad al-Tahir. "al-Tahrir wa'l-tanwir". Al-Dar Al-Tunasia Publication. Tunisia. 1984. vol. 15, p. 13
- ISBN 90-6550-822-8.
- ^ Meir Ben-Dov, The Golden Age: Synagogues of Spain in History and Architecture, 2009: "Among Ashkenazic Jewry, even though these two were the main foci of the synagogue, the terms used for them were different. The hekhal (literally, "the Temple") was known as the aron ha-kodesh (literally, ..."
- ISBN 978-0-14-196671-7.
- ISBN 978-2-924006-03-0.
- ^ Worley, Seth. "Assassin's Creed Unity (Video Game Review)". BioGamer Girl Magazine. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ISBN 978-1-4059-1885-5.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8028-4426-2. Retrieved 15 February 2011.
Sources
Books
- Alter, Robert (2018). The Hebrew Bible: A Translation with Commentary (Vol. Three-Volume Set). W. W. Norton. pp. 1087–. ISBN 978-0-393-29250-3.
- Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S.; Sollberger, E. (1992). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 400–. ISBN 978-0-521-22717-9.
- Brand, Chad; Mitchell, Eric (2015). Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary. B&H Publishing Group. pp. 622–. ISBN 978-0-8054-9935-3.
- De Vaux, Roland(1961). John McHugh (ed.). Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions. NY: McGraw-Hill.
- ISBN 978-0-8028-2852-1. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
- Dever, William G. (2001). What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What Archeology Can Tell Us About the Reality of Ancient Israel. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-2126-3.
- Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002). The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-2338-6.
- ISBN 978-0-19-513937-2.
- Kalimi, I. (2018). Writing and Rewriting the Story of Solomon in Ancient Israel. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-47126-8. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- King, Philip J.; Stager, Lawrence E. (2001). Life in Biblical Israel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22148-5.
- Lundquist, John M. (2008). The Temple of Jerusalem: Past, Present, and Future. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 45–. ISBN 978-0-275-98339-0.
- Mendels, D. (1987). The Land of Israel as a Political Concept in Hasmonean Literature: Recourse to History in Second Century B.C. Claims to the Holy Land. Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum. J.C.B. Mohr. ISBN 978-3-16-145147-8. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ISBN 978-0-8028-3972-5.
- ISBN 978-1-5098-6734-9.
- Tetley, M. Christine (2005). The Reconstructed Chronology of the Divided Kingdom. Eisenbrauns. pp. 105–. ISBN 978-1-57506-072-9.
- Van Keulen, P. S. F. (2005). Two Versions Of The Solomon Narrative: An Inquiry Into The Relationship Between MT 1kgs. 2-11 And LXX 3 Reg. 2-11. Brill. pp. 183–. ISBN 90-04-13895-1.
Journal articles
- Garfinkel, Yosef; Mumcuoglu, Madeleine (2019). "The Temple of Solomon in Iron Age Context". Religions. 10 (3): 198. ISSN 2077-1444.
- Schwarzer, Mitchell (1 December 2001). "The Architecture of Talmud". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 60 (4): 474–487. JSTOR 991731. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
- Jonker, Louis (6 January 1990). "The Chronicler's portrayal of Solomon as the King of Peace within the context of the international peace discourses of the Persian era". Old Testament Essays. 21 (3): 653–669. ISSN 1010-9919. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
Other
- Draper, Robert (December 2010). "Kings of Controversy". National Geographic: 66–91. ISSN 0027-9358. Archived from the originalon 7 February 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2010.
- Finkelstein, Israel; Neil Asher Silberman (2006). David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition. Free Press. ISBN 978-0-7432-4362-9.
- Finkelstein, Israel; Neil Asher Silberman (2001). The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision. Free Press.
- Glueck, Nelson (February 1944). "On the Trail of King Solomon's Mines". National Geographic. 85 (2): 233–56. ISSN 0027-9358.
- Goldman, Bernard (1966). The Sacred Portal: a primary symbol in ancient Judaic art. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
It has a detailed account and treatment of Solomon's Temple and its significance.
- ISBN 978-0-500-25133-1.
- ISBN 978-0-385-04843-9.
- Young, Mike. "Temple Measurements and Photo recreations". Archived from the original on 7 August 2010. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
- Stefon, Matt (30 April 2020). "Solomon". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
- "Holy of Holies". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
- "Temple of Jerusalem". Encyclopedia Britannica. 17 September 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
- Pruitt, Sarah (10 January 2014). "Fate of the Lost Ark Revealed?". HISTORY. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
- Lovett, Richard A.; Hoffman, Scot (21 January 2017). "Ark of the Covenant". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
- Shabi, Rachel (20 January 2005). "Faking it". the Guardian. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Easton, Matthew George (1897). "Temple, Solomon's". Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Temple of Solomon". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
Further reading
- 21st century resources
- Barker, Margaret (2004), Temple Theology, an introduction, London: The Society For Promoting Christian Knowledge, ISBN 978-0-281-05634-7.
- Vaughn, Andrew G.; Killebrew, Ann E., eds. (2003), Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period, Society of Biblical Literature, ISBN 978-1-58983-066-0.
- Stevens, Marty E. (2006), Temples, tithes, and taxes: the temple and the economic life of ancient Israel, Hendrickson Publishers, ISBN 978-1-56563-934-8.
- Jones, Floyd Nolen (1993–2004), The Chronology Of The Old Testament, New Leaf Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-89051-416-0.
External links
- Media related to Temple of Solomon at Wikimedia Commons