Somerled
Somerled | |
---|---|
Aonghas, Olaf, Bethóc | |
Father | GilleBride |
Somerled (died 1164), known in
Somerled was slain in 1164 at the Battle of Renfrew, amidst an invasion of mainland Scotland, commanding forces drawn from all over his kingdom. The reasons for his attack are unknown. He may have wished to nullify Scottish encroachment, but the scale of his venture suggests that he nursed greater ambitions. On his death, Somerled's vast kingdom disintegrated, although his sons retained much of the southern Hebridean portion. Compared to his immediate descendants, who associated themselves with reformed religious orders, Somerled may have been something of a religious traditionalist. In the last year of his life, he attempted to persuade the head of the Columban monastic community, Flaithbertach Ua Brolcháin, Abbot of Derry, to relocate from Ireland to Iona, a sacred island within Somerled's sphere of influence. Unfortunately for Somerled, his demise denied him the ecclesiastical reunification he sought, and decades later his descendants oversaw the obliteration of the island's Columban monastery. Iona's oldest surviving building, St Oran's Chapel, dates to the mid-12th century, and may have been built by Somerled or his family.
Traditionally considered a Celtic hero, who vanquished
Sources
Somerled's career is patchily documented in four main contemporary sources: the Chronicle of Holyrood, the Chronicle of Melrose, the
Origins
Somerled's origins are masked in obscurity and myth. Although no contemporary pedigree exists that outlines his ancestry,[12] there are over a dozen later medieval, early modern, and modern sources that purport to outline Somerled's patrilineal descent.[13] The names that these sources give for his father (GilleBride) and paternal grandfather (GilleAdamnan) appear to be corroborated in patronymic forms recorded in the Annals of Tigernach and the Annals of Ulster.[14][note 2] The names in preceding generations, however, become more unusual, and the more authoritative sources begin to contradict each other. In consequence, two or three generations may be the furthest that Somerled's patrilineal lineage can be traced with any degree of accuracy.[17][note 3] Somerled was almost certainly of Norse–Gaelic ancestry,[19] and nothing is known of his early life.[20] The History of the MacDonalds and the Book of Clanranald relate that his immediate ancestors were prominent in Argyll before being unjustly ejected by Scandinavians and Scots. Although these specific claims concerning his ancestors cannot be corroborated,[21] Somerled's eventual marriage to a daughter of a reigning King of the Isles, and the marriage of one of the former's immediate kinswomen to the son of a King of Scotland, suggests that Somerled belonged to a family of considerable status.[22]
Kinship with the Scottish royal house
The precise identity of Somerled's aforementioned kinswoman is uncertain. The following pedigrees illustrate three possible ways in which her marriage bound Somerled's family with a senior branch of the Scottish dynasty. According to the Chronicle of Holyrood, the sons of Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair (fl. 1134), son of Alexander I of Scotland (d. 1124), were Somerled's "nepotes".[23] This Latin term could be evidence that the mother of Malcolm's sons was either a sister, or a daughter of Somerled; or Somerled and Malcolm were maternal half-brothers.[24]
Malcolm III | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GilleBride | Alexander I | David I | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Somerled | unnamed | Máel Coluim | Henry | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
sons | Malcolm IV | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2. The sons of Malcolm as maternal grandsons of Somerled, descended from the latter's daughter.
GilleBride | Malcolm III | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Somerled | Alexander I | David I | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
unnamed | Malcolm | Henry | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
sons | Malcolm IV | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3. The sons of Malcolm as maternal half-nephews of Somerled, descended from the latter's mother.
Malcolm III | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GilleBride | unnamed | Alexander I | David I | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Somerled | Malcolm | Henry | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
sons | Malcolm IV | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Emergence
Somerled's first appearance in contemporary sources occurs in 1153.[25][note 4] In May of that year, the reigning David I, King of Scotland died, and was succeeded by his twelve-year-old grandson, Malcolm IV, son of Henry, Earl of Northumberland (d. 1152).[28] Less than six months later Somerled emerges into recorded history: the Chronicle of Holyrood states that he rose in rebellion that November, allied with his aforementioned nepotes, against the recently inaugurated king.[29] A further account of this rising may also be preserved in the Carmen de Morte Sumerledi, which recounts Somerled's devastating sack of Glasgow, its cathedral, and surrounding countryside.[30] As noted above, the father of Somerled's nepotes was Malcolm, illegitimate son of Alexander. As a son of David's elder brother and royal predecessor, this Malcolm represented a lineally senior branch of the Scottish royal house.[31] Succession by primogeniture was not an established custom in 12th-century Scotland, and surviving sources reveal that Alexander's heirs received substantial support for their claims to the throne.[32] The remarkable haste with which Malcolm IV succeeded his grandfather further exemplifies the perceived risk that David's line faced from rival royal claimants.[33][note 5] Kinship with the sons of Malcolm, members of the royal derbfine, gave Somerled a serious stake in the contested royal succession, and his participation in the insurrection of 1153 was likely undertaken in this context.[35][note 6]
Contemporary sources reveal that, during the first third of the 12th century, Malcolm and David had bitterly struggled for control of the Scottish kingdom,
Evidence that Somerled or his father acknowledged David's dominance may exist in the capture of Malcolm itself, as Ailred's Relatio de Standardo indicates that treachery contributed to Malcolm's downfall.[44] Furthermore, this chronicle reveals that men from the Isles and Lorne or Argyll formed part of the Scottish army at the Battle of the Standard, when David was defeated by the English, near Northallerton in 1138.[46] This could also indicate that Somerled himself campaigned in David's service;[47] on the other hand, it could be evidence that Somerled merely provided mercenary forces for the Scots.[48] There may be further evidence that David regarded himself as overlord of Argyll. One charter, dating to between 1141 and 1147, records that David granted Holyrood Abbey half the teind of his portion of "cain" (see below) from Kintyre and Argyll.[49][50] This particular charter is the earliest Scottish administrative document concerning Argyll.[51] The word "cain" is ultimately derived from the Gaelic cáin,[52] and refers to a payment (although not every payment) of tribute due to a lord. It appears to concern a regular payment of produce or foodstuffs,[53] raised not only from a lord's personal possessions, but also from more remote regions that acknowledged his overlordship. Cain should not be confused with conveth or wayting, the rights of a lord to hospitality for himself and his retinue.[54] Another charter, dating from between 1145 and 1153, records that he granted Urquhart Priory the teind of his portion of cain from Argyll, and his pleas and revenues from there.[55] A later charter, dating from between 1150 and 1152, records that David granted the other half the teind of his cain from Argyll and Kintyre to Dunfermline Abbey. This latter charter includes the caveat "in whatever year I should receive it",[56] which may suggest that whatever control David had exerted in Argyll at the time of the first charter had eroded by the time of the latter. Thus, Somerled's rise to power may have taken place sometime between 1141 and 1152.[57] Although David may well have regarded Argyll as a Scottish tributary, the ensuing career of Somerled clearly reveals that the latter regarded himself a fully independent ruler.[58]
One consequence of David's westward consolidation appears to have been a series of marital alliances conducted by the rulers of Argyll, Galloway, and the Isles. By about 1140, not only had Somerled married Ragnhild, illegitimate daughter of
Conquest of the Isles
In 1154, war broke out in Ireland between
In the same year, Somerled is recorded to have participated in a coup d'état against his brother-in-law, as the Chronicle of Mann relates that, Thorfinn Ottarsson, one of the leading men of the Isles, produced Somerled's son Dugald (d. after 1175), as a replacement to Godred's rule.[78] As a grandson of Olaf, and the son of a man with the enterprise and power to confront Muirchertach, Dugald was evidently favoured by a significant number of leading Islesmen, disillusioned with Godred's rule; Somerled, therefore, appears to have taken full advantage of the situation to secure his eldest son a share in the kingdom.[63] Somerled's stratagem does not appear to have received unanimous support, since the chronicle relates that, as Dugald was conducted throughout the Isles, the leading Islesmen were made to render pledges and surrender hostages to him.[79] Following an inconclusive but bloody sea-battle, possibly fought off Mann the following January, the chronicle records that Somerled and Godred divided the kingdom between themselves.[78][note 9] According to the History of the MacDonalds, Somerled had previously aided Godred's father in military operations (otherwise unrecorded in contemporary sources) against the "ancient Danes north of Ardnamurchan".[82][note 10] Together with its claim that Olaf had also campaigned on North Uist, this source may be evidence that the partitioning of the Isles between Godred and Somerled can be viewed in the context of Somerled taking back territories that he had helped secure into Olaf's kingdom.[82] There is reason to suspect that portions of the Isles had previously fallen under the influence of the Earls of Orkney, before being reclaimed by the Kings of Isles during this period.[84]
At about the time of the partitioning of the Isles, Malcolm IV was reconciled with
Rule and ecclesiastical patronage
According to the Chronicle of Mann, Somerled and Ragnhild had four sons: Dugald (fl. 1175),
From about 1160 to 1164, Somerled disappears from the historical record, and little is known of his activities.
Either Somerled or Ranald could have founded
Death
In 1164, Somerled died in a seaborne invasion of Scotland, which culminated in the disastrous
It is uncertain why Somerled launched his attack upon the Scots.
Aftermath
In the wake of Somerled's demise, his once vast sea-kingdom fragmented, as various would-be successors vied for dominance.
Although the Scots may have originally welcomed the collapse and reordering[clarification needed] of Somerled's sea-kingdom,[144] his death triggered decades of instability in the region,[150] and the Norwegian intervention on Godred's behalf signalled that Scotland was not the only external power with interests in the region.[144] The void left by Somerled's death was soon seized upon by Walter and his succeeding son, Alan, who continued their family's westward expansion. Internal conflict wracked Somerled's descendants in the decades following his death. Locked in conflict with his brother Angus, Ranald appears to have forged an alliance with Alan to gain the upper hand. Either through this alliance, or through the exploitation of the internal conflict amongst Somerled's descendants, the steward's family appears to have secured Bute by about 1200.[151]
Descendants
Somerled is known to have had at least five sons and a daughter.
Since the early 2000s, several
Legacy
Over the years, there have been disparate interpretations of Somerled's life and career.
Until recently, modern scholarship, heavily influenced by 19th-century historiographical perceptions of ethnicity, has placed Somerled's conflicts with the Scots in the context of supposed native Celtic conservatism against the spread of foreign
Depictions in Fiction
•Somerled is the central figure in the novel Summer Warrior by Regan Walker that tells the story of how the Norse-Gael forged the Kingdom of the Isles.[182]
•Somerled is the protagonist in the novel Lord of the Isles by Nigel Tranter.
•Somerled is the protagonist in the novel The Winter Isles by Antonia Senior.
•Somerled is the protagonist in the novel Second Sons: Somerled - First Lord of the Isles by John Agar. [183]
See also
Notes
- ^ These particular pedigrees concern Somerled's great-great-great grandson, John MacDonald, Lord of the Isles (d. 1387), and trace his lineage back to Colla Uais.
- ^ The record in the latter source may refer to a lineal ancestor, rather than an actual father.[15] The historicity of GilleBride is further corroborated by the 17th and 18th century accounts of an inscription on the gravestone of Somerled's daughter.[16]
- ^ Many of the sources trace Somerled's lineage to Fergus Mór, a legendary king of Dál Riata; and more trace Somerled's line further back to Colla Uais, a legendary Irish king.[12] With the exception of these figures, and other somewhat legendary figures who are listed as Somerled's earliest ancestors, the historicity of the other men in the traditional lineage beyond his grandfather cannot be corroborated. Solam appears as Somerled's great-grandfather in the more authoritative sources, which suggests that his placement may well be accurate.[17] Solam's name is rather unusual, although not unattested for other individuals in other sources; as such, its occurrence in Somerled's traditional lineage could be evidence of its accuracy.[18]
- ^ A misplaced entry in the Annals of the Four Masters places Somerled's death in 1083, about 81 years too early.[26] This entry has led some historians to state that Somerled's father, GilleBride, was the son of GilleAdamnan, the son of another GilleBride, the son of another GilleAdamnan.[27]
- Carlisle to Dunfermline Abbey, a journey of almost 150 miles (240 km).[34]
- ^ The regular misidentification of this Malcolm with Malcolm MacHeth has plagued historians until recently.[36] In Gaelic society, a derbfine was a kin-group of men patrilineally descended from a common ancestor in[clarification needed] four generations.[37] Members of a royal derbfine appear to have been potential royal candidates, although the precise prerequisites for eligibility for kingship are uncertain.[38]
- Archbishop of Nidaros to the Bishop of the Isles.[68] The pictured piece, likely a warder, is armed with sword, helmet, and kite shield.[69]
- Godred Olafsson § King of Dublin?.
- ^ The Chronicle of Mann dates this conflict to the night of the Epiphany. The battle has been variously interpreted to have been fought in either January 1156,[80] or January 1157. The chronology presented in the article follows that latter interpretation.[73] Whatever the year, the weather conditions must have been particularly good to permit a naval battle in January.[81]
- ^ In the Book of Clanranald, the term "Danes" loosely refers to Scandinavians.[83]
- Arthurian romance largely set in southern Scotland,[92] tells the tale of a knight who may represent Fergus himself.[93] The name of the knight's father in this source is a form of the name Somerled, which has led to the supposition that this was also the name of Fergus' father.[94] On the other hand, this character's name may suggest that he instead represents Somerled himself, rather than Fergus' father.[95] Whatever the case, the character has no special role in the romance.[96]
- ^ In an entry outlining Somerled's final foray of 1164, years after he had acquired the kingship of the Isles, the Chronicle of Melrose styles Somerled in Latin "regulus Eregeithel".[102] The Latin regulus is also a title accorded to Fergus, and appears to betray a biased outlook from contemporary Scottish sources. The authors of these sources may well have wished to downplay the regal status of these peripheral rulers.[103]
- ^ Godred Crovan's place at the apex of the two dynasties who contested the kingship of the Isles in the 12th and 13th centuries suggests that he is the same Godred proclaimed as a significant ancestor in two 13th-century poems concerning descendants of Somerled. As such, Godred Crovan may be the basis of Godfrey MacFergus, a genealogical figure who appears in later sources outlining Somerled's patrilineal ancestry.[105]
- ^ It is also possible that St Oran's chapel was erected by members of the Crovan dynasty: either Somerled's brother-in-law Godred, who was buried on the island in 1188, or Godred's father (and Somerled's father-in-law) Olaf.[122]
- Lord of the Isles.[133]
- ^ According to the 14th century Scottish chronicler John of Fordun, Somerled was slain with a son named GilleCallum.[135] Fordun's GilleCallum may well be a mistake for GilleBride.[136]
- ^ The Orkneyinga saga gives a very confused account of Somerled, and appears to have conflated him with another man. The saga's narrative relates that he was slain by Sweyn Asleifsson in about 1156.[137]
- tressure flory counterflory Gules.[154] The galley appears to have been a symbol of the kings of the Crovan dynasty. Its later use in Scottish heraldry, as a totemic heraldic charge, likely alludes to the power of old Norse dynasties.[155]
- ^ Early modern tradition accords several more sons to Somerled, although the historicity of these late and unsupported claims is contentious.[157] The Book of Clanranald identifies one in Gaelic as "Gall mac Sgillin",[158] a name which is similar to that of MacScelling, the leader of Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn's aforementioned mercenarial fleet, routed near Inishowen in 1154.[159] Two other sons, "Sommerled" and "Gillies", are assigned to Somerled in the History of the MacDonalds.[160]
- ^ The five chiefs were: Macdonald of Macdonald, Macdonald of Sleat, Macdonald of Clanranald, MacDonell of Glengarry, and McAlester of Loup and Kennox. All five trace their patrilineal descent from Somerled's grandson, Donald.[165]
- ^ The sum was arrived at by estimating that there are about 2,000,000 male MacDonalds worldwide; so about 400,000 of these MacDonalds likely carry this particular genetic marker.[167] In regard to Somerled, the significant number of his genetic descendants illustrates the tendency for native families in a particular district to be displaced by younger branches of an unrelated chiefly lineage. After several generations, even these branches would tend to be displaced by more recent offshoots of the chiefly line. By this process, over time, many of the district's lower social class would be patrilineally descended from the chiefly line.[168] The vast territorial power of Clan Donald may explain the percentage disparity between the surnames MacAlister, MacDonald, and MacDougall.[169] Historically, the most powerful clans attracted smaller clans as dependants. As surnames came to be borne by Scots in the Late Middle Ages, many dependants adopted the surnames of powerful chiefs, whether they were related or not.[168] In contrast to Clan Donald, less powerful and expansive clans like Clan MacAlister would have attracted fewer unrelated men to adopt their chief's surname. Probably because of this, many more percentages of MacAlisters than MacDonalds are patrilineally descended from chiefly lineages.[169]
Citations
- ^ a b Munch; Goss 1874, pp. 60–61.
- ^ McPhee, Somerled, Hammer of the Norse, 2004
- ^ McPhee, Somerled, Hammer of the Norse, 2004, at p. 80, citing the Chronicle of Man
- ^ Clan Donald, USA: The Ancestry Of Somerled: Godfrey MacFergus, Colla Uais, Conn of the Hundred Battles and Neill of the Nine Hostages, https://clandonaldusa.org/index.php/dna-before-somerled
- ^ a b McDonald 1997, p. 40.
- ^ Anderson, AO 1922a, pp. xli–xlii, xliii–xlv.
- ^ McDonald 1997, pp. 40–41.
- ^ Anderson, AO 1922a, p. xliii.
- ^ a b McDonald 1997, p. 41.
- ^ Raven 2005, pp. 22–25; McDonald 1997, pp. 42–43, 47.
- ^ Woolf 2013, pp. 2, 4–5.
- ^ a b Sellar 2004.
- ^ Woolf 2005; McDonald 1997, p. 42; Sellar 1966: p. 124.
- ^ Woolf 2005; Sellar 1966: p. 129; Anderson, AO 1922b, p. 254; Mac Carthy 1898: pp. 144–147; Stokes 1897, p. 195.
- ^ Woolf 2005; Sellar 1966: p. 129.
- ^ Sellar 1966: p. 129.
- ^ a b c d Woolf 2005.
- ^ Sellar 1966: p. 130.
- ^ McDonald 1997, p. 44; McDonald 1995, pp. 239–240.
- ^ McDonald 1997, pp. 44–45.
- ^ Sellar 2004; McDonald 1997, p. 47, 47 n. 22.
- ^ Woolf 2013, p. 3, n. 9; Woolf 2004, pp. 102–103; McDonald 1997, pp. 44–45.
- ^ Woolf 2013, pp. 2–3; Ross 2003, p. 184; Bouterwek 1863, p. 36.
- ^ Woolf 2013, p. 3, 3 n. 9; Woolf 2004, p. 102.
- ^ Woolf 2013, pp. 1–3; Sellar 2004.
- ^ Woolf 2005; Sellar 1966, p. 134, 134 n. 2; Anderson, AO 1922b, p. 254 n. 3; O'Donovan 1856, pp. 920–921.
- ^ Sellar 1966, p. 134, 134 n. 2.
- ^ Oram 2011, pp. 108–110.
- ^ Woolf 2013, pp. 2–3; Oram 2011, p. 72; Sellar 2004; Ross 2003, p. 184; Anderson, AO 1922b, pp. 222–223; Bouterwek 1863, p. 36; Stevenson 1853, p. 73.
- ^ Woolf 2013, pp. 6–7.
- ^ Oram 2011, pp. 70–71.
- ^ Oram 2011, pp. 111–112.
- ^ Oram 2011, pp. 109–112.
- ^ Broun 2005, p. 80; Ross 2003, p. 184 n. 52.
- ^ Woolf 2013, p. 4; Oram 2011, pp. 111–112; Ross 2003, pp. 184–185; Oram 2001, pp. 929–930.
- ^ Woolf 2013, p. 3 n. 8; Oram 2011, pp. 66 n. 113, 111–112; Woolf 2002, pp. 232–233.
- ^ Ross 2003, pp. iv, 134, 149.
- ^ Warntjes 2004, pp. 377–381.
- ^ Oram 2011, pp. 66, 70-73; Ross 2003, pp. 174–183.
- ^ Oram 2011, p. 71; Ross 2003, p. 182; Anderson, AO 1922b, p. 183.
- ^ Oram 2011, p. 86.
- ^ Oram 2011, p. 88; Barrow 1999, pp. 62 (§ 17), 72–73 (§ 37); Lawrie 1905, pp. 69–70 (§§ 84, 85), 333–334 (§§ 84, 85).
- ^ a b Oram 2011, p. 88.
- ^ a b Oram 2011, pp. 71–72; Ross 2003, pp. 182, 183; Anderson, AO 1908, pp. 193–194; Howlett 1886, p. 193.
- ^ Oram 2011, pp. 71–72, 87–88.
- ^ Oram 2011, pp. 87–88; McDonald 1997, p. 48; Anderson, AO 1908, p. 200; Howlett 1886, p. 191.
- ^ McDonald 1997, p. 48; Duncan 1996, p. 166.
- ^ McDonald 2000, pp. 177–178; McDonald 1997, pp. 48–49.
- ^ MacDonald 2013, p. 37; Oram 2011, p. 88; Woolf 2004, p. 102; Lawrie 1905, pp. 116–119 (§ 153), 383–386 (§ 153).
- ^ Anderson, AO 1922a, p. xviii.
- ^ Woolf 2004, p. 102.
- ^ Barrow 1999, p. xiii.
- ^ Oram 2011, p. 226; Forte, Oram & Pedersen 2005, p. 97; Duncan 1996, pp. 152–154.
- ^ Oram 2011, p. 226.
- ^ MacDonald 2013, p. 37; Ross 2003, pp. 15–16; Barrow 1999, pp. 144–145 (§ 185); Lawrie 1905, pp. 167–171 (§ 209), pp. 417–419 (§ 209).
- ^ MacDonald 2013, p. 37; Woolf 2004, p. 102; Lawrie 1905, pp. 204–205 (§ 255), 442 (§ 255).
- ^ MacDonald 2013, p. 37; Woolf 2004, p. 102.
- ^ Oram 2011, p. 87–88.
- ^ a b Oram 2011, pp. 88–89.
- ^ Oram 2011, p. 88; Oram 2000, pp. 71, 98 n. 98.
- ^ Oram 2004.
- ^ Oram 2011, pp. 103–104, 113.
- ^ a b c Oram 2011, pp. 113–114.
- ^ Oram 2011, pp. 113–114; Duffy 2004.
- ^ Caldwell, Hall & Wilkinson 2009, pp. 197–198.
- ^ Caldwell, Hall & Wilkinson 2009, pp. 165, 197–198.
- ^ Caldwell, Hall & Wilkinson 2009, p. 155.
- ^ Caldwell, Hall & Wilkinson 2009, p. 178.
- ^ Caldwell, Hall & Wilkinson 2009, pp. 161 fig. g, 194 tab 7, 195–196.
- ^ Oram 2011, p. 120; Forte, Oram & Pedersen 2005, p. 242; Simms 2004.
- ^ a b Oram 2011, p. 120; McDonald 1997: p. 55; Anderson, AO 1922b, pp. 226–227; O'Donovan 1856, pp. 1110–1113.
- ^ McDonald 1997: p. 55.
- ^ a b Oram 2011, p. 120.
- ^ Oram 2011, p. 120; Duffy 1992, pp. 126–128.
- ^ Duffy 1992, pp. 126–128.
- ^ Oram 2011, pp. 119–120.
- ^ Oram 2011, pp. 113–114, 119–120.
- ^ a b c Woolf 2013, p. 3; Oram 2011, pp. 113–114, 120–121; Forte, Oram & Pedersen 2005, pp. 243–245; Woolf 2004, p. 104; Sellar 2004; Sellar 2000, p. 191; McDonald 1997: pp. 54–57; McDonald & McLean 1992: pp. 8–9; Duncan & Brown 1956–1957: p. 196; Anderson, AO 1922b, pp. 231–232, 239.
- ^ McDonald 1997: p. 58; McDonald & McLean 1992: p. 9; Duncan & Brown 1956–1957: p. 196; Anderson, AO 1922b, p. 231.
- ^ Woolf 2004, p. 104; McDonald 1997: p. 56; McDonald & McLean 1992: p. 9.
- ^ McDonald 1997: p. 56 n. 48.
- ^ a b Raven 2005, p. 55. See also Woolf 2004, p. 103; Macphail 1914, p. 7.
- ^ McDonald 1997: p. 47 n. 22.
- ^ a b Woolf 2004, p. 103.
- ^ Oram 2011, pp. 120–121, 223; Anderson, AO 1922b, p. 232.
- ^ Oram 2011, pp. 120–121.
- ^ Oram 2011, p. 121; Woolf 2004, p. 104.
- ^ Woolf 2004, p. 104.
- ^ Oram 2011, pp. 118–119; Anderson, MO 1938, p. 189; Anderson, AO 1922b, pp. 244–245; Bouterwek 1863, pp. 40–41; Stevenson 1853, pp. 74, 129; Stevenson 1835, p. 77.
- ^ Oram 2011, pp. 118–119.
- ^ Woolf 2013, p. 5; Woolf 2004, p. 103.
- ^ Wenthe 2012, pp. 28, 33, 35–36; Hunt 2005, pp. 55–56.
- ^ Hunt 2005, pp. 55, 61; McDonald 2002, p. 116 n. 53; Oram 1988, pp. 35–41.
- ^ Oram 1988, pp. 35–41.
- ^ Hunt 2005, p. 61 n. 26; McDonald 2003, p. 117.
- ^ Hunt 2005, p. 61 n. 26.
- ^ Oram 2011, pp. 118–119; Anderson, AO 1922b, p. 245; Stevenson 1835, p. 77 n. m.
- ^ Woolf 2013, pp. 4–5; Oram 2011, pp. 118–119; Forte, Oram & Pedersen 2005, p. 245; Barrow 1994, pp. 222–223; McDonald & McLean 1992: p. 12; Innes 1864: pp. 2, 51–52.
- ^ McDonald 1997, p. 61; Barrow 1994, pp. 222–223.
- ^ MacDonald 2013, p. 30 n. 51; McDonald 1997, p. 61; Anderson, AO 1922b, p. 256; Arnold 1885, pp. 386–388; Skene 1871, pp. 449–451.
- ^ Woolf 2013, p. 5.
- ^ McDonald 2000, p. 177; Sellar 2000, p. 189; Anderson, AO 1922b, pp. 254–255; Stevenson 1853, p. 130; Stevenson 1835, p. 79.
- ^ McDonald 2000, p. 178–179; McDonald 1997, pp. 58–60.
- ^ McDonald 2007, p. 116; Anderson, AO 1922b, p. 137.
- ^ Beuermann 2010, p. 102 n. 9; Woolf 2005.
- ^ Sellar 2000, p. 198.
- ^ Sellar 2004; Sellar 2000, p. 198.
- ^ Oram 2011, p. 128; Forte, Oram & Pedersen 2005, p. 245; McDonald 1997, p. 67; Anderson, AO 1922b, p. 254; Mac Carthy 1898: pp. 144–147.
- ^ McDonald 1997, p. 67.
- ^ Oram 2011, p. 128; McDonald 1997, p. 61.
- ^ Oram 2011, p. 128; Beuermann 2011, p. 5; Power 2005, p. 28.
- ^ a b c Oram 2011, p. 128.
- ^ Beuermann 2011, pp. 2–3, 5; Power 2005, pp. 28–30.
- ^ a b Sellar 2000: p. 203; Brown 1969: pp. 130–133.
- ^ Power 2005: p. 31.
- ^ McDonald 1995: p. 209.
- ^ McDonald 1997: p. 220; Brown 1969: p. 132; Anderson, AO 1922b: p. 247; Birch 1870: p. 361.
- ^ Brown 1969: p. 132.
- ^ McDonald 1997: p. 221; McDonald 1995: pp. 210–213.
- ^ Sellar 2004; McDonald 1997, p. 62.
- ^ Power 2005: p. 28; McDonald 1997: pp. 62, 246. See also Ritchie 1997: pp. 100–101.
- ^ Power 2005: p. 28.
- ^ Laing 1850, p. 126 (§ 769).
- ^ a b McDonald 2000, p. 184; Woolf 2004, pp. 104–105; McDonald 1997, p. 66; Barrow 1981, p. 48.
- ^ Forte, Oram & Pedersen 2005, p. 245.
- ^ a b Forte, Oram & Pedersen 2005, p. 245; Anderson, AO 1922b, pp. 254–255; Stevenson 1853, p. 130; Stevenson 1835, p. 79.
- ^ a b McDonald 2007, p. 54; McDonald 2002, pp. 117–188 n. 76; Anderson, AO 1922b, p. 255 n. 1.
- ^ McDonald 2002, pp. 117–188 n. 76.
- ^ a b Oram 2011, p. 128; Sellar 2004; McDonald 2002, p. 103; McDonald 1997, pp. 61–62; Anderson, AO 1922b, pp. 256–258; Arnold 1885, pp. 386–388; Skene 1871, pp. 449–451.
- ^ a b McDonald 2000, p. 169; McDonald 1997, pp. 61–62; Macphail 1914, pp. 9–10; Macbain & Kennedy 1894, pp. 154–155.
- ^ McDonald 2000, p. 169; McDonald 1997, pp. 61–62.
- ^ Roberts 1999, p. 96.
- ^ McDonald 1997, p. 62 n. 67.
- ^ McDonald 1997, p. 62; Anderson, AO 1922b, p. 254; Stokes 1897, p. 195.
- ^ Sellar 2000, p. 195 n. 32; Skene 1871, pp. 256–257; Skene 1872, pp. 251–252; Stevenson 1835, p. 79 n. d.
- ^ a b Sellar 2000, p. 195 n. 32.
- ^ Power 2005, p. 24; McDonald 1997, p. 71; Oram 1988, pp. 39–40; Anderson, AO 1922b, p. 255 n. 1.
- ^ Oram 2011, p. 128; Forte, Oram & Pedersen 2005, p. 245; Sellar 2004; Woolf 2004, pp. 104–105.
- ^ a b Oram 2011, p. 127.
- ^ a b Oram 2011, p. 127; McDonald 2000: pp. 183–184.
- ^ Oram 2011, p. 128; Forte, Oram & Pedersen 2005, p. 245; McDonald 2004, p. 183; Woolf 2004, pp. 104–105.
- ^ Oram 2011, p. 127; Forte, Oram & Pedersen 2005, p. 245.
- ^ Oram 2011, pp. 128–129; Forte, Oram & Pedersen 2005, pp. 245–246.
- ^ a b c Oram 2011, pp. 128–129.
- ^ Oram 2011, pp. 128–129; Anderson, AO 1922b, pp. 258–259; Munch; Goss 1874, pp. 74–75.
- ^ Forte, Oram & Pedersen 2005, p. 246; Sellar 2004; Duncan & Brown 1956–1957, p. 197.
- ^ Sellar 2000, p. 195.
- ^ Duncan & Brown 1956–1957, p. 198.
- ^ Forte, Oram & Pedersen 2005, p. 246; Duncan & Brown 1956–1957, p. 198.
- ^ Forte, Oram & Pedersen 2005, pp. 246–248.
- ^ Forte, Oram & Pedersen 2005, pp. 246–247.
- ^ a b McAndrew 2006, p. 66; McAndrew 1999, p. 693.
- ^ McAndrew 2006, p. 66; McAndrew, Bruce A., Some ancient Scottish Arms, The Heraldry Society, retrieved 8 April 2013.
- ^ McAndrew 2006, p. 67.
- The Heraldry Society of Scotland, retrieved 7 April 2013.
- ^ Sellar 2000, pp. 193–195; McDonald 1997, p. 69.
- ^ McDonald 1997, p. 69 n. 5; Woolf 2002, p. 232; Duncan & Brown 1956–1957, pp. 197 n. 6.
- ^ McDonald 1997, p. 69 n. 5; Macbain & Kennedy 1894, p. 157.
- ^ Duffy 1999, p. 356 n. 68; Anderson, AO 1922b, pp. 226–227; O'Donovan 1856, pp. 1110–1113.
- ^ McDonald 1997, p. 69 n. 5; Macphail 1914, p. 11.
- ^ Sellar 2004; Sellar 2000, p. 195 n. 32.
- ^ Sellar 2000, p. 195; Duncan & Brown 1956–1957, pp. 197–198.
- ^ Sellar 2000, p. 203.
- ^ Sellar 2011, p. 92; Sellar 2004.
- ^ a b Sykes 2004, pp. 220–221.
- ^ Sykes 2004, p. 222.
- ^ a b Sykes 2004, p. 224.
- ^ a b Sellar 2011, p. 93.
- ^ a b Sykes 2004, pp. 223–224.
- ^ Moffat & Wilson 2011, p. 192.
- ^ Moffat & Wilson 2011, p. 239.
- ^ Heald 2011, p. 24; Moffat & Wilson 2011, p. 192; Sykes 2004, p. 225.
- ^ McDonald 1997, pp. 42–43.
- ^ Sellar 2004; Woolf 2002, pp. 232–233; McDonald 1997, pp. 43–44, 57–58.
- ^ Woolf 2002, pp. 232–233; McDonald 1997, pp. 43–44, 57–58.
- ^ Sellar 2004; Woolf 2002, pp. 232–233; McDonald 1997, pp. 57–58.
- ^ Oram 2011, pp. 112–113, 213–214, 312; Hammond 2006, p. 23; Oram 2001, p. 930.
- ^ Hammond 2006.
- ^ Oram 2011, p. 368.
- ^ Oram 2011, pp. 112–113; Oram 2001, pp. 929–930.
- ^ Oram 2001, pp. 929–930.
- ^ Schairer, Sandy (10 October 2020). "Summer Warrior by Regan Walker-Dual Review & Interview". The Reading Cafe.
- ^ "Second Sons: Somerled - First Lord of the Isles eBook : Agar, John: Amazon.co.uk: Kindle Store". www.amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
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