Sooty mangabey

Sooty mangabey [1]
Conservation status
Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1)[2]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Haplorhini
Infraorder:	Simiiformes
Family:	Cercopithecidae
Genus:	Cercocebus
Species:	C. atys
Binomial name
Cercocebus atys (Audebert, 1797)

The sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys) is an Old World monkey found in forests from Senegal in a margin along the coast down to the Ivory Coast.^[1]

Habitat and ecology

The sooty mangabey is native to tropical West Africa, being found in

• Cercocebus atys atys, now Cercocebus atys, is commonly known as the sooty mangabey and is situated west of the Sassandra River in the Ivory Coast up to Senegal.^[2]
• Cercocebus atys lunulatus, now Cercocebus lunulatus, is commonly known as the white-crowned,^[8] white-naped,^[9] or white-collared mangabey (leading to confusion with the collared mangabey).^[7] This now distinct species is considered to have a geographic range east of the Sassandra River to the west of the Volta River in Ghana; Cercocebus lunulatus is also recorded as inhabiting forests in southwestern Burkina Faso and northeastern Ivory Coast. Cercocebus lunulatus is considered Endangered by the IUCN.^[7]

Appearance

Sooty mangabeys are gray-colored

Sooty mangabeys are typically predated upon by leopards, eagles, chimpanzees, vipers, and humans.^[18] As a result of these selective pressures, sooty mangabeys have evolved acoustically distinct alarm calls for different predator types.^[12] These calls are not vocalized specifically in favor of kin or cooperation partners^[19] and in fact are used by other monkey species to avoid potential predators.^[20]

Sooty mangabeys also produce other vocalizations within their varied repertoire for a wide variety of social interactions.^[21] Sooty mangabeys are recorded most frequently producing grunts (typically in the context of foraging, socially embracing, or, between males, for asserting dominance), twitters (typically produced by adult females during foraging and social interactions such as grooming), and screams (emitted during agonistic interactions, typically by juveniles and adult females).^[18] Other notable vocalizations include copulation calls mainly emitted by females during intercourse and "whoop gobbles"—low frequency, extended calls emitted by males at a high volume during the morning, with a nearby group, or with sightings or attacks of predators.^[18]

When approaching other females with infants, females will use grunts and twitters to signal benign intent.^[22] This often leads to unreciprocated grooming from the approaching female—mothers, upon receiving grooming, will allow for the grooming female to handle their infants.^[23]

Sexual and reproductive behavior

Female sooty mangabeys have sexual swellings that are maximally tumescent near ovulation and typically have a gestation length of ~160–170 days;^[24] while typically, higher ranking males would be able to identify estrous females and monopolize mating opportunities, it is suggested that dominant males cannot entirely control access to estrous females,^[15] perhaps because swellings allow females to precipitate paternity confusion through polygynandry.^[25] However, despite these potential counterstrategies against infanticide through paternity confusion, cases of infanticide have been recorded, usually shortly after a change in alpha males or with the introduction of new, immigrant males.^[26][27]

In captivity, recently deposed alpha males have been observed carrying their infants (likely for protection) in the presence of newly ascended alpha males, typically following aggression by the new alpha male towards the infant.^[16] In habituated sooty mangabeys, immigrant males new to the group have been found to attack infants, who would be defend by their mothers.^[27] In this context, resident adult males who had mated with the mother (and potentially fathered the infant) were found to defend the mother and infant from the attacking immigrant male.^[27]

Females have thus developed behavioral counter-strategies to protect against attacks and infanticide. Females were found to mate with resident males during previous mating seasons and remain in close proximity to these resident males after birth.^[27] In addition, females have been found to respond differently to the vocalizations of members of their own group (as opposed to non-group members), suggesting an ability to recognize infanticide threats from strangers.^[28]

Disease

Sooty mangabeys are naturally infected with a strain of

Sooty mangabeys can also contract leprosy, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae.^[34] It is one of several species in which naturally acquired leprosy has been reported, the others being humans, the nine-banded armadillo, the common chimpanzee, and the crab-eating macaque; murine leprosy has also been reported in rats and mice, caused by Mycobacerium lepraemurium.^[34]

Conservation status

The sooty mangabey is believed to be decreasing in numbers as its forest habitat is degraded, with trees being felled for firewood and timber and forest habitats used for agriculture.^[35] Furthermore, sooty mangabeys are hunted for meat in some parts of its range, often at rates far exceeding the rate at which Sooty mangabeys can reproductively sustain themselves; this increase in hunting, especially with improved technology and an influx of human populations (and thus hunters), has become an increasing threat to the conservation of sooty mangabeys.^[36] The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed the conservation status of sooty mangabeys as Vulnerable.^[2]

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cercocebus atys.

Wikispecies has information related to Sooty Mangabey.

• Sooty Mangabey
• Photos and information about the Sooty Mangabey (Cercocebus atys). ARKive.
• Primate Info Net Cercocebus atys Factsheet