Soul music

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Soul music is a popular

Civil Rights Movement. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music and the music of Africa.[4] It also had a resurgence in the mid-to late 1990s with the subgenre neo-soul,[5]
which added modern production elements and influence from hip-hop.

Catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a

chorus and an especially tense vocal sound.[6] The style also occasionally uses improvisational additions, twirls, and auxiliary sounds.[6] Soul music reflects the African-American identity, and it stresses the importance of an African-American culture. The new-found African-American consciousness led to new styles of music that boasted pride in being black,[7] and being such a creative genre of music, it emerged from the power struggle to increase black Americans' awareness of their African ancestry.[8] Soul music also combines different elements of music which includes gospel music, rhythm and blues and jazz.[9]

Soul music dominated the U.S.

R&B chart in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U.S., Britain, and elsewhere. By 1968, the soul music genre had begun to splinter. Some soul artists developed funk music, while other singers and groups developed slicker, more sophisticated, and in some cases more politically conscious varieties.[10] Many soul artists gained popularity due to the domination of soul music in the R&B charts. Among these artists were Ray Charles, James Brown and the soul group the Temptations.[11] By the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic and progressive rock, among other genres, leading to psychedelic and progressive soul. The United States saw the development of neo soul
around 1994. There are also several other subgenres and offshoots of soul music.

The key subgenres of soul include the

orchestral sound with doo-wop-inspired vocals; as well as psychedelic soul, a blend of psychedelic rock
and soul music.

History

Origins

Ray Charles pioneered the soul music genre during the 1950s by combining blues, rhythm and blues, and gospel styles

Soul music has its roots in

Barry Hansen,[13]

Though this hybrid produced a clutch of hits in the R&B market in the early 1950s, only the most adventurous white fans felt its impact at the time; the rest had to wait for the coming of soul music in the 1960s to feel the rush of rock and roll

sung gospel-style.

James Brown was known as the "Godfather of Soul"[14]

According to AllMusic, "Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the '60s."[15] The phrase "soul music" itself, referring to gospel-style music with secular lyrics, was first attested in 1961.[16] The term "soul" in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride and culture. Gospel groups in the 1940s and '50s occasionally used the term as part of their names. The jazz style that originated from gospel became known as soul jazz. As singers and arrangers began using techniques from both gospel and soul jazz in African-American popular music during the 1960s, soul music gradually functioned as an umbrella term for African-American popular music at the time.[17][18]

Sam Cooke is acknowledged as one of soul music's "forefathers".

According to the Acoustic Music organization, the "first clear evidence of soul music shows up with the "5" Royales, an ex-gospel group that turned to R&B and in Faye Adams, whose "Shake A Hand" becomes an R&B standard".[19]

Important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James.[13] Ray Charles is often cited as popularizing the soul music genre with his series of hits, starting with 1954's "I Got a Woman".[20] Singer Bobby Womack said, "Ray was the genius. He turned the world onto soul music."[10] Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of Pilgrim Travelers vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style.

Little Richard, who inspired Otis Redding,[21] and James Brown both were equally influential. Brown was nicknamed the "Godfather of Soul Music",[14] and Richard proclaimed himself as the "King of Rockin' and Rollin', Rhythm and Blues Soulin'", because his music embodied elements of all three, and since he inspired artists in all three genres.[22]

crossover success, especially with his 1957 hit "Reet Petite".[25] He even was particularly influential for his dramatic delivery and performances.[26]

1960s

Solomon Burke recorded for Atlantic in the 1960s

Husband-wife duo Ike & Tina Turner emerged as "leading exponents" of soul music in the 1960s.[27][28] Their debut single "A Fool in Love" crossed over to the pop charts in 1960. They earned a Grammy nomination for their song "It's Gonna Work Out Fine" in 1962.[29] Along with the Kings of Rhythm and the Ikettes, they toured the Chitlin Circuit as the Ike & Tina Turner Revue.[30]

Writer Peter Guralnick is among those to identify Solomon Burke as a key figure in the emergence of soul music, and Atlantic Records as the key record label. Burke's early 1960s songs, including "Cry to Me", "Just Out of Reach" and "Down in the Valley" are considered classics of the genre. Guralnick wrote:

Soul started, in a sense, with the 1961 success of Solomon Burke's "Just Out Of Reach". Ray Charles, of course, had already enjoyed enormous success (also on Atlantic), as had James Brown and Sam Cooke — primarily in a pop vein. Each of these singers, though, could be looked upon as an isolated phenomenon; it was only with the coming together of Burke and Atlantic Records that you could begin to see anything even resembling a movement.[31]

Aretha Franklin is widely known as the "Queen of Soul"

Ben E. King also achieved success in 1961 with "Stand By Me", a song directly based on a gospel hymn.[10] By the mid-1960s, the initial successes of Burke, King, and others had been surpassed by new soul singers, including Stax artists such as Otis Redding and Wilson Pickett, who mainly recorded in Memphis, Tennessee, and Muscle Shoals, Alabama. According to Jon Landau:

Between 1962 and 1964 Redding recorded a series of soul ballads characterized by unabashedly sentimental lyrics usually begging forgiveness or asking a girlfriend to come home... He soon became known as "Mr. Pitiful" and earned a reputation as the leading performer of soul ballads.[32]

The most important female soul singer to emerge was Aretha Franklin, originally a gospel singer who began to make secular recordings in 1960 but whose career was later revitalized by her recordings for Atlantic. Her 1967 recordings, such as "I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)", "Respect" (written and originally recorded by Otis Redding), and "Do Right Woman, Do Right Man" (written by Chips Moman and Dan Penn), were significant and commercially successful productions.[33][34][35][36]

Tamla
label to international fame.

Soul music dominated the U.S. African-American music charts in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U.S. Otis Redding was a huge success at the

Muscle Shoals Sound Studios) became noted for different subgenres of the music and recording styles.[15][40]

By 1968, while at its peak of popularity, soul began to fragment into different subgenres. Artists such as James Brown and Sly and the Family Stone evolved into funk music, while other singers such as Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, Curtis Mayfield and Al Green developed slicker, more sophisticated and in some cases more politically conscious varieties of the genre.[10] However, soul music continued to evolve, informing most subsequent forms of R&B from the 1970s-onward, with pockets of musicians continuing to perform in traditional soul style.[15]

1970s and 1980s

What's Going On
"

Mitchell's

O.V. Wright and Syl Johnson.[41] Bobby Womack, who recorded with Chips Moman in the late 1960s, continued to produce soul recordings in the 1970s and 1980s.[42][43]

In

Motown Records artists such as Marvin Gaye, Michael Jackson, Stevie Wonder and Smokey Robinson contributed to the evolution of soul music, although their recordings were considered more in a pop music vein than those of Redding, Franklin and Carr.[37] Although stylistically different from classic soul music, recordings by Chicago-based artists are often considered part of the genre.[46]

By the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by

The syndicated music/dance variety television series

Solar Records, itself a prominent soul music label throughout the 1980s.[53] The TV series continued to air until 2006, although other predominantly African-American music genres such as hip-hop began overshadowing soul on the show beginning in the 1980s.[54]

Beyond

As

adult contemporary. Some funk bands, such as EW&F, the Commodores and Con Funk Shun would have a few quiet storm tracks on their albums. Among the most successful acts in this era include Smokey Robinson, Jeffry Osbourne, Peabo Bryson, Chaka Khan, and Larry Graham
.

After the decline of disco and funk in the early 1980s, soul music became influenced by

neo-soul
around 1994.

Notable labels and producers

Motown Records

Levi Stubbs singing lead with the Four Tops in 1966

the Jackson Five
.

Hits were made using a quasi-industrial "production-line" approach. The producers and songwriters brought artistic sensitivity to the three-minute tunes. Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier and Eddie Holland were rarely out of the charts for their work as songwriters and record producers for the Supremes, the Four Tops and Martha and the Vandellas.[55] They allowed important elements to shine through the dense musical texture. The rhythm was emphasized by handclaps or tambourine. Smokey Robinson was another writer and record producer who added lyrics to "The Tracks of My Tears" by his group the Miracles, which was one of the most important songs of the decade.

Stax Records and Atlantic Records

Stax Records and Atlantic Records were independent labels that produced high-quality dance records featuring many well-known singers of the day. They tended to have smaller ensembles marked by expressive gospel-tinged vocals. Brass and saxophones were also used extensively.

backup vocals for his artist Big Joe Turner on the song, "Shake Rattle and Roll".[58]

Subgenres

Detroit (Motown)

Dominated by

crossover success.[59] Artists of this style included Diana Ross, the Jackson 5, Stevie Wonder, and Billy Preston.[59] Popular during the 1960s, the style became glossier during the 1970s and led to disco.[59] In the late 2000s, the style was revisited by contemporary soul singers such as Amy Winehouse,[60] Raphael Saadiq (specifically his 2008 album The Way I See It) and Solange Knowles (her 2008 album Sol-Angel and the Hadley St. Dreams).[61]

Deep and southern

Soul singer Otis Redding was an electrifying stage presence

The terms deep soul and southern soul generally refer to a driving, energetic soul style combining

Duck Dunn, and Al Jackson) and the Memphis Horns (the splinter horn section of the Mar-Keys, trumpeter Wayne Jackson and saxophonist Andrew Love
).

Memphis

Memphis soul is a shimmering, sultry style of soul music produced in the 1960s and 1970s at Stax Records and Hi Records in Memphis, Tennessee. It featured melancholic and melodic horns, Hammond organ, bass, and drums, as heard in recordings by Hi's Al Green and Stax's Booker T. & the M.G.'s. The latter group also sometimes played in the harder-edged Southern soul style. The Hi Records house band (Hi Rhythm Section) and producer Willie Mitchell developed a surging soul style heard in the label's 1970s hit recordings. Some Stax recordings fit into this style but had their own unique sound.

New Orleans

The New Orleans soul scene directly came out of the rhythm and blues era, when such artists as

Huey Piano Smith made a huge impact on the pop and R&B charts and a huge direct influence on the birth of Funk music. The principal architect of Crescent City's soul was a songwriter, arranger, and producer Allen Toussaint. He worked with such artists as Irma Thomas ("the Soul Queen of New Orleans"), Jessie Hill, Chris Kenner, Benny Spellman, and Ernie K-Doe on the Minit/Instant label complex to produce a distinctive New Orleans soul sound that generated a passel of national hits. Other notable New Orleans hits came from Robert Parker, Betty Harris, and Aaron Neville. While record labels in New Orleans largely disappeared by the mid-1960s, producers in the city continued to record New Orleans soul artists for other mainly New York City and Los Angeles–based record labels—notably Lee Dorsey
for New York-based Amy Records and the Meters for New York–based Josie and then LA-based Reprise.

Chicago

Chicago soul generally had a light gospel-influenced sound, but the large number of record labels based in the city tended to produce a more diverse sound than other cities.

Jerry Butler, Betty Everett, Dee Clark, and Gene Chandler. Chess Records, mainly a blues and rock and roll label, produced several major soul artists, including the Dells and Billy Stewart. Curtis Mayfield not only scored many hits with his group, the Impressions, but wrote many hit songs for Chicago artists and produced hits on his own labels for the Fascinations, Major Lance, and the Five Stairsteps
.

Philadelphia

Based primarily in the

.

Progressive

Isaac Hayes performing in 1973

By the 1970s, African-American popular musicians had drawn from the conceptual album-oriented approach of the then-burgeoning

Walk on By" is considered a "classic" of prog-soul, according to City Pages journalist Jay Boller.[65] Later prog-soul music includes recordings by Prince,[66] Peter Gabriel,[67] Meshell Ndegeocello, Joi,[68] Bilal, Dwele, Anthony David,[69] Janelle Monáe,[70] and the Soulquarians, an experimental black-music collective active during the late 1990s and early 2000s.[71]

Psychedelic

Psychedelic soul, sometimes known as "black rock", was a blend of psychedelic rock and soul music in the late 1960s, which paved the way for the mainstream emergence of funk music a few years later.[72] Early pioneers of this subgenre of soul music include Jimi Hendrix, Sly and the Family Stone, Norman Whitfield, and Isaac Hayes.[73] While psychedelic rock began its decline, the influence of psychedelic soul continued on and remained prevalent through the 1970s.[74][failed verification]

British

Adele performing in 2016

In the early 1960s, small soul scenes began popping up around the UK. Liverpool in particular had an established

Third British Invasion" or "British Soul Invasion" in the 2000s and 2010s.[80][81]

Neo

Neo soul is a blend of 1970s soul-style vocals and instrumentation with

Wurlitzer electric piano
"pads" over a mellow, grooving interplay between the drums (usually with a rim shot snare sound) and a muted, deep funky bass. The Fender Rhodes piano sound gives the music a warm, organic character.

Northern

Northern soul is a music and dance movement that emerged in the late 1960s out of the British

uptempo beat, such as those on Motown and smaller labels, not necessarily from the Northern United States
.

Nu-jazz and other influenced electronica

Many artists in various genres of

drum n bass, UK garage, and downtempo
) are heavily influenced by soul, and have produced many soul-inspired compositions.

Non-black musicians

The impact of soul music was manifold; internationally, white and other non-black musicians were influenced by soul music. British soul and Northern soul, rare soul music played by DJs at nightclubs in Northern England, are examples.

Several terms were introduced, such as "

Motown Records and Stax Records.[33] The Righteous Brothers, the Rascals, Spencer Davis Group, Steve Winwood, Van Morrison & Them, and the Grass Roots were famous blue-eyed soul musicians in the 1960s. The term continued to be used in the 1970s and 1980s, particularly by the British media to refer to a new generation of singers who adopted elements of the Stax and Motown sounds. To a lesser extent, the term has been applied to singers in other music genres that are influenced by soul music. Artists like Hall & Oates, David Bowie, Teena Marie, Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds, Frankie Valli, Christina Aguilera, Amy Winehouse and Adele
are known as blue-eyed soul singers.

Another term is

frat rock and garage rock scenes. However, the large Hispanic population on the West Coast began gradually moving away from energetic R&B to romantic soul, and the results were "some of the sweetest soul music heard during the late 1960s and 1970s."[83]

See also

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Bibliography

Further reading

  • Garland, Phyl (1969). The Sound of Soul: the History of Black Music. New York: Pocket Books, 1971, cop. 1969. xii, 212 p. 300 p. + [32] p. of b&w photos.