Soul music
Soul | |
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Other topics | |
List of soul musicians |
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Gospel music |
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See also: |
Soul music is a popular
Catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a
Soul music dominated the U.S.
The key subgenres of soul include the
History
Origins
Soul music has its roots in
Though this hybrid produced a clutch of hits in the R&B market in the early 1950s, only the most adventurous white fans felt its impact at the time; the rest had to wait for the coming of soul music in the 1960s to feel the rush of rock and roll
According to AllMusic, "Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the '60s."[15] The phrase "soul music" itself, referring to gospel-style music with secular lyrics, was first attested in 1961.[16] The term "soul" in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride and culture. Gospel groups in the 1940s and '50s occasionally used the term as part of their names. The jazz style that originated from gospel became known as soul jazz. As singers and arrangers began using techniques from both gospel and soul jazz in African-American popular music during the 1960s, soul music gradually functioned as an umbrella term for African-American popular music at the time.[17][18]
According to the Acoustic Music organization, the "first clear evidence of soul music shows up with the "5" Royales, an ex-gospel group that turned to R&B and in Faye Adams, whose "Shake A Hand" becomes an R&B standard".[19]
Important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James.[13] Ray Charles is often cited as popularizing the soul music genre with his series of hits, starting with 1954's "I Got a Woman".[20] Singer Bobby Womack said, "Ray was the genius. He turned the world onto soul music."[10] Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of Pilgrim Travelers vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style.
Little Richard, who inspired Otis Redding,[21] and James Brown both were equally influential. Brown was nicknamed the "Godfather of Soul Music",[14] and Richard proclaimed himself as the "King of Rockin' and Rollin', Rhythm and Blues Soulin'", because his music embodied elements of all three, and since he inspired artists in all three genres.[22]
1960s
Husband-wife duo Ike & Tina Turner emerged as "leading exponents" of soul music in the 1960s.[27][28] Their debut single "A Fool in Love" crossed over to the pop charts in 1960. They earned a Grammy nomination for their song "It's Gonna Work Out Fine" in 1962.[29] Along with the Kings of Rhythm and the Ikettes, they toured the Chitlin Circuit as the Ike & Tina Turner Revue.[30]
Writer Peter Guralnick is among those to identify Solomon Burke as a key figure in the emergence of soul music, and Atlantic Records as the key record label. Burke's early 1960s songs, including "Cry to Me", "Just Out of Reach" and "Down in the Valley" are considered classics of the genre. Guralnick wrote:
Soul started, in a sense, with the 1961 success of Solomon Burke's "Just Out Of Reach". Ray Charles, of course, had already enjoyed enormous success (also on Atlantic), as had James Brown and Sam Cooke — primarily in a pop vein. Each of these singers, though, could be looked upon as an isolated phenomenon; it was only with the coming together of Burke and Atlantic Records that you could begin to see anything even resembling a movement.[31]
Ben E. King also achieved success in 1961 with "Stand By Me", a song directly based on a gospel hymn.[10] By the mid-1960s, the initial successes of Burke, King, and others had been surpassed by new soul singers, including Stax artists such as Otis Redding and Wilson Pickett, who mainly recorded in Memphis, Tennessee, and Muscle Shoals, Alabama. According to Jon Landau:
Between 1962 and 1964 Redding recorded a series of soul ballads characterized by unabashedly sentimental lyrics usually begging forgiveness or asking a girlfriend to come home... He soon became known as "Mr. Pitiful" and earned a reputation as the leading performer of soul ballads.[32]
The most important female soul singer to emerge was Aretha Franklin, originally a gospel singer who began to make secular recordings in 1960 but whose career was later revitalized by her recordings for Atlantic. Her 1967 recordings, such as "I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)", "Respect" (written and originally recorded by Otis Redding), and "Do Right Woman, Do Right Man" (written by Chips Moman and Dan Penn), were significant and commercially successful productions.[33][34][35][36]
Soul music dominated the U.S. African-American music charts in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U.S. Otis Redding was a huge success at the
By 1968, while at its peak of popularity, soul began to fragment into different subgenres. Artists such as James Brown and Sly and the Family Stone evolved into funk music, while other singers such as Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, Curtis Mayfield and Al Green developed slicker, more sophisticated and in some cases more politically conscious varieties of the genre.[10] However, soul music continued to evolve, informing most subsequent forms of R&B from the 1970s-onward, with pockets of musicians continuing to perform in traditional soul style.[15]
1970s and 1980s
Mitchell's
In
By the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by
The syndicated music/dance variety television series
Beyond
As
After the decline of disco and funk in the early 1980s, soul music became influenced by
Notable labels and producers
Motown Records
This section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2014) |
Hits were made using a quasi-industrial "production-line" approach. The producers and songwriters brought artistic sensitivity to the three-minute tunes. Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier and Eddie Holland were rarely out of the charts for their work as songwriters and record producers for the Supremes, the Four Tops and Martha and the Vandellas.[55] They allowed important elements to shine through the dense musical texture. The rhythm was emphasized by handclaps or tambourine. Smokey Robinson was another writer and record producer who added lyrics to "The Tracks of My Tears" by his group the Miracles, which was one of the most important songs of the decade.
Stax Records and Atlantic Records
Stax Records and Atlantic Records were independent labels that produced high-quality dance records featuring many well-known singers of the day. They tended to have smaller ensembles marked by expressive gospel-tinged vocals. Brass and saxophones were also used extensively.
Subgenres
Detroit (Motown)
Dominated by
Deep and southern
The terms deep soul and southern soul generally refer to a driving, energetic soul style combining
Memphis
Memphis soul is a shimmering, sultry style of soul music produced in the 1960s and 1970s at Stax Records and Hi Records in Memphis, Tennessee. It featured melancholic and melodic horns, Hammond organ, bass, and drums, as heard in recordings by Hi's Al Green and Stax's Booker T. & the M.G.'s. The latter group also sometimes played in the harder-edged Southern soul style. The Hi Records house band (Hi Rhythm Section) and producer Willie Mitchell developed a surging soul style heard in the label's 1970s hit recordings. Some Stax recordings fit into this style but had their own unique sound.
New Orleans
The New Orleans soul scene directly came out of the rhythm and blues era, when such artists as
Chicago
Chicago soul generally had a light gospel-influenced sound, but the large number of record labels based in the city tended to produce a more diverse sound than other cities.
Philadelphia
Based primarily in the
Progressive
By the 1970s, African-American popular musicians had drawn from the conceptual album-oriented approach of the then-burgeoning
Psychedelic
Psychedelic soul, sometimes known as "black rock", was a blend of psychedelic rock and soul music in the late 1960s, which paved the way for the mainstream emergence of funk music a few years later.[72] Early pioneers of this subgenre of soul music include Jimi Hendrix, Sly and the Family Stone, Norman Whitfield, and Isaac Hayes.[73] While psychedelic rock began its decline, the influence of psychedelic soul continued on and remained prevalent through the 1970s.[74][failed verification]
British
In the early 1960s, small soul scenes began popping up around the UK. Liverpool in particular had an established
Neo
Neo soul is a blend of 1970s soul-style vocals and instrumentation with
Northern
Northern soul is a music and dance movement that emerged in the late 1960s out of the British
Nu-jazz and other influenced electronica
Many artists in various genres of
) are heavily influenced by soul, and have produced many soul-inspired compositions.Non-black musicians
The impact of soul music was manifold; internationally, white and other non-black musicians were influenced by soul music. British soul and Northern soul, rare soul music played by DJs at nightclubs in Northern England, are examples.
Several terms were introduced, such as "
Another term is
See also
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Further reading
- Garland, Phyl (1969). The Sound of Soul: the History of Black Music. New York: Pocket Books, 1971, cop. 1969. xii, 212 p. 300 p. + [32] p. of b&w photos.