Soundie
Development of the music video |
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A soundie is a three-minute
Technology
Filmed professionally on black-and-white 35 mm stock, like theatrical motion pictures, they were printed on the more portable and economical 16 mm film.[citation needed]
The Panoram "movie jukebox" was manufactured by the Mills Novelty Company of Chicago. Each Panoram housed a 16 mm RCA film projector, with eight Soundies films threaded in an endless-loop arrangement. A system of mirrors flashed the image from the lower half of the cabinet onto a front-facing screen in the top half. Because of the mirror arrangement, the films had to be printed with the image "flipped" (with the titles appearing backwards on the screen). Each film cost 10 cents to play, with no choice of song; the patron saw whatever film was next in the queue. Panorams could be found in public amusement centers, nightclubs, taverns, restaurants, and factory lounges, and the films were changed weekly. The completed Soundies were generally made available within a few weeks of their filming, by the Soundies Distributing Corporation of America.[2]
Several production companies filmed the Soundies shorts in New York City, Hollywood, and Chicago: James Roosevelt's Globe Productions (1940–41), Cinemasters (1940–41), Minoco Productions (owned by Mills Novelty, 1941–43),[3][4] RCM Productions (1941–46), LOL Productions (1943), Glamourettes (1943), Filmcraft Productions (1943–46), and Alexander Productions (1946) led by William D. Alexander).[5] The performers recorded the music in advance, and mimed to the soundtrack during filming.
Competition
The movie-jukebox idea developed several imitations and variations of the technical design; the most successful of these imitators were the Techniprocess company (managed by
Musical genres
Soundies emphasized variety from their beginning; the first three bandleaders who contracted for Soundies were boogie-woogie specialist
Many nightclub and recording artists also made Soundies, including
Beginning in 1941, Soundies experimented with expanding its format, and filmed comedy Soundies with
Some bandleaders recognized the promotional value of Soundies. Will Bradley, Vincent Lopez, and Ray Kinney were the first, as has been mentioned, and Ozzie Nelson, Cab Calloway, Louis Armstrong, Lawrence Welk, and Louis Jordan[8][9] followed. The most prolific Soundies bandleaders were Johnny Long (18 titles) and Stan Kenton (17 titles).[10]
More than 1,800 Soundies minimusicals were made, many of which have been released on home video.[11] The Soundies films were regularly described and reviewed in the entertainment and music trade publications, such as Billboard.
Wartime impact
During their first year, the Soundies made millions of dollars (in dimes).[12] However, in late 1941, the federal government restricted the use of rubber and precious metals, prioritizing these resources for military use during wartime. This meant that Mills Novelty could no longer build and sell Panoram machines, and had to confine its activities to keeping the existing projectors supplied with films.[13] Soundies became strictly a production company, dedicated to making its own musical shorts.
Eclipse
The Soundies Distributing Corporation of America remained active until 1947. With commercial television developing rapidly, the Soundies machines and films became obsolete. Almost all of the Panoram jukeboxes were either junked or modified into self-service "peepshow" machines. Most remaining Panorams are in the hands of collectors and are occasionally offered for sale. The library of 1,800 Soundies films was sold to home-movie companies Castle Films and Official Films, then to syndicated television, and ultimately to home video (via England's Charly Records).[citation needed]
In 1958, the original Soundies "jukebox" concept was revived by French company Cameca as Scopitone. Similar to Soundies, Scopitones are short musical films designed to be played on a specially designed coin-operated jukebox, but with new technical improvements - color and high-fidelity sound. Scopitones were printed on color 16 mm film with magnetic sound instead of Soundies' optical sound. By the mid-1960s, Scopitone jukeboxes had spread across England and the United States.
Documentaries
Three documentaries have been produced about Soundies. Don McGlynn produced and edited The Soundies in 1986, hosted by Cab Calloway; the film was broadcast nationally on PBS. Dewey Russell compiled an hourlong, direct-to-video history, "Soundies: Music Video from the '40s" in 1987, narrated by Michael Sollazzo. Chris Lamson produced "Soundies: A Musical History," hosted by Michael Feinstein, in 2007 for PBS.
Legacy
For today's filmmakers and archivists, Soundies are known for preserving rare performances of
Other later forms
The Soundies concept was revived in 1951 by producer
References
- ^ a b ""Soundies"". UCLA Library Film & Television Archive. UCLA. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
- ISBN 978-0-595-67969-0.
- ^ a b "Honeysuckle Rose" sung by Fats Waller in a 1941 Minoco Production Soundie (video)
- IMDb
- ^ MacGillivray and Okuda, pp. 382-384.
- ^ MacGillivray and Okuda, p. 393.
- ^ MacGillivray and Okuda, p. 28.
- ^ Caldonia, Louis Jordan
- ^ Louis Jordan and his Tympany Band: Films and Soundies
- ^ MacGillivray and Okuda, p. 387.
- ^ Anthony Slide, New Historical Dictionary of the American Film Industry Chicago & London: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1998 1-57958-056-4 p.191
- ^ MacGillivray and Okuda, p. 379.
- ^ MacGillivray and Okuda, p. 392.
- ^ MacGillivray and Okuda, p. 398.
Further reading
- ISBN 978-0-595-67969-0
- Susan Delson: Soundies and the Changing Image of Black Americans on Screen: One Dime at a Time. ISBN 978-0-253-05854-6
External links
- A film clip of Cocktails and Oo-La-La featuring Carolyn Grey is available for viewing at the Internet Archive