South African Army
South African Army | |
---|---|
Founded | 1912[a] |
Country | South Africa |
Branch | Army |
Role | Land warfare |
Size |
|
Part of | South African National Defence Force |
Headquarters | Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa |
Motto(s) | For The Motherland! |
Anniversaries | 10 May |
Engagements |
|
Commanders | |
Minister of Defence and Military Veterans | Thandi Modise |
Chief of the Army | Lt Gen Lawrence Mbatha |
Deputy Chief Army | Maj Gen Michael Ramantswana |
Sergeant Major of the Army | Senior Chief Warrant Officer P.T. Tladi |
Insignia | |
Seal |
The South African Army is the principal land warfare force of South Africa, a part of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF), along with the South African Air Force, South African Navy and South African Military Health Service. The Army is commanded by the Chief of the Army, who is subordinate to the Chief of the SANDF.
Formed in 1912, as the
The South African Army was fundamentally changed by the
During its history, the South African Army has fought in a number of major wars, including the
History
After the
Initially, the Permanent Force consisted of five regiments of the South African Mounted Riflemen (SAMR), each with a battery of artillery attached. Dorning says that '..the SAMR was in reality a military constabulary similar to the Cape Mounted Riflemen, tasked primarily with police work in their respective geographical areas.'[4]: 3 In 1913 and 1914, the new 23,400-member Citizen Force was called on to suppress several industrial strikes on the Witwatersrand.
In accordance with the 1912 Defence Act, the Active Citizen Force was established under Brig. Gen. C.F. Beyers on 1 July 1913.[5] The authorised strength of the ACF and Coast Garrison Force was 25,155 and by 31 December actual strength stood at 23,462.
First World War
Following the British
General
Later, the
The most costly action that the South African forces on the Western Front fought in was the
In addition, the war against the German and Askari forces in German East Africa also involved more than 20,000 South African troops; they fought under General Jan Smuts's command when he directed the British campaign against there in 1915. (During the war, the army was led by General Smuts, who had re-joined the army from his position as Minister of Defence on the outbreak of the war.)[11]
Coloured South Africans also saw notable action with the Cape Corps in Palestine.
With a population of roughly 6 million, between 1914 - 1918, over 250,000 South Africans of all races voluntarily served their country. Thousands more served in the
Interwar period
Wartime casualties and post-war demobilisation weakened the UDF. New legislation in 1922 re-established conscription for white males
Expenditure cuts saw the UDF as a whole reduced. The last remaining regiment of the South Africa Mounted Riflemen was disbanded on 31 March 1926 and the number of military districts was reduced from 16 to six on 1 April 1926. The Brigade HQ of the SA Field Artillery was also disbanded.[14] In 1933 the six military districts were redesignated Commands.[4]: 9 As a result of its conscription policies, the UDF increased its active-duty forces to 56,000 by the late 1930s; 100,000 men also belonged to the National Riflemen's Reserve, which provided weapons training and practice.
Second World War
During World War II, the South African Army fought in the East African,
With the declaration of war in September 1939, the South African Army numbered only 5,353 regulars,[16] with an additional 14,631 men of the Active Citizen Force (ACF) which gave peace time training to volunteers and in time of war would form the main body of the army. Pre-war plans did not anticipate that the army would fight outside southern Africa and it was trained and equipped only for bush warfare.
One of the problems to continuously face South Africa during the war was the shortage of available men. Due to its racial policies it would only consider arming men of European descent, which limited the available pool of men aged between 20 and 40 to around 320,000. In addition the declaration of war on Germany had the support of only a narrow majority in the South African parliament and was far from universally popular. Indeed, there was a significant minority actively opposed to the war and under these conditions conscription was never an option. The expansion of the army and its deployment overseas depended entirely on volunteers.
The
The
The 3rd South African Infantry Division never took an active part in any battles but instead organised and trained the South African home defence forces, performed garrison duties and supplied replacements for the South African 1st Infantry Division and the South African 2nd Infantry Division. However, one of this division's constituent brigades – 7th South African Infantry Battalion in Phalaborwa – did take part in the invasion of Madagascar in 1942.
The
Of the 334,000 men volunteered for full time service in the South African Army during the war (including some 211,000 whites, 77,000 blacks and 46,000 Cape Coloureds and Asians), about 9,000 were killed in action, though the Commonwealth War Graves Commission has records of 11,023 known South African war dead during World War II.[17]
Post-war period
Wartime expansion was again followed by rapid demobilisation after World War II. By then, a century of Anglo-Boer clashes followed by decades of growing British influence in South Africa had fuelled Afrikaner resentment. Resurgent Afrikaner nationalism was an important factor in the growth of the National Party (NP) as the 1948 elections approached. After the narrow election victory by the NP in 1948, the government began the steady Afrikanerisation of the military; it expanded military service obligations and enforced conscription laws more strictly. Most UDF conscripts underwent three months of Citizen Force training in their first year of service, and an additional three weeks of training each year for four years after that.
In 1948, the new Minister of Defence, Frans Erasmus, aimed ' to level the playing-fields' within the Union Defence Force, which was strongly British-oriented in usages, structures, uniforms and nomenclature.[18] This developed from an attempt at affirmative action into a 'politically tinged purge'.
The various Commando units, previously 'Skietverenigings', were later classified as Type A, B or C independent Commandos and continued as single-battalion or small independent units. As part of the post-war reorganisation, the Defence Rifle Associations were disbanded in 1948 and replaced by a new Commando organisation with a strength of 90,000 men.[19] At the same time, the Afrikaans-oriented single-battalion regiments founded in 1934 underwent at least one change of name and sometimes more. An early victim was the renowned Middellandse Regiment, which became Regiment Gideon Scheepers in 1954.
It was also decided to establish and maintain two complete army divisions in the UDF: namely
The Defence Act (No. 44) of 1957 renamed the UDF the South African Defence Force (SADF) and established within it some quick-reaction units, or Commandos, to respond to localised threats. The SADF, numbering about 20,000 in 1958, would grow to almost 80,000 in the next two decades.
In 1960 there was another wave of regimental name-changing.[18] Regiment Gideon Scheepers became Regiment Groot Karoo, and three regiments named after famous Boer generals Regiment De La Rey (given its 13 World War 2 battle honours, the most celebrated of the 1934 battalions), Regiment Louw Wepener and Regiment De Wet were inexplicably renamed Regiment Wes-Transvaal, Regiment Oos-Vrystaat and Regiment Noord-Vrystaat. After strenuous efforts, Regiment Wes-Transvaal, Regiment Oos-Vrystaat and Regiment Noord-Vrystaat regained their honoured names.
Following the declaration of the Republic of South Africa in 1961, the "Royal" title was dropped from the names of army regiments like the
"Border War" (1966–1989)
In the early 1960s, the military threat by the
As far as conventional formations were concerned, 7 SA Division and 17, 18 and 19 Brigades were established on 1 April 1965.[4] Difficulties with manning levels saw the disestablishment of 7 SA Division on 1 November 1967 and its replacement by the Army Task Force (HQ) and 16 Brigade.
Also during the 1970s, the SADF began accepting "non-whites" and women into the military as career soldiers, not only as temporary volunteers or reservists; however, the former served mostly, if not exclusively, in segregated units while the latter were not assigned to combat roles. By the end of the 1970s, the South African military was increasingly called upon to confront external threats and internal unrest which started escalating to armed confrontation between the South African state and the liberation forces. Principal among these armed groups was that of the ANC's Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation), the AZAPO's Azanian People's Liberation Army and the PAC's Poqo.
In 1973 two new infantry units were established: 7 South African Infantry Battalion (Bourke's Luck) and 8 SA Infantry Battalion (Upington), as well as 11 Commando (Kimberley), which to a great extent took over the functions of the Danie Theron Combat School's training wing. In 1973 the SADF also took over responsibility for the defence of South West Africa (today Namibia) from the South African Police. During the succeeding months the Army became involved in combat operations for the first time since the Second World War, clashing with groups of SWAPO infiltrating into South West Africa.
7th and 8th Divisions, early 1980s[20]
- 7 SA Division (HQ Johannesburg)
- 71 Motorised Brigade (Cape Town)
- Cape Town Highlanders
Cape Town Rifles- Western Province Regiment
- 72 Motorised Brigade (Johannesburg)
- Johannesburg Regiment
- 1
Transvaal Scottish- 2 Transvaal Scottish
- 73 Motorised Brigade (once at Kensington?)
- Rand Light Infantry
- Regiment Louw Wepner (Ladybrand?)
- Kimberley Regiment (Kimberley)
- Division Troops
Light Horse Regiment(Johannesburg) Cape Field Artillery 7th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment- 14th Field Artillery (Potchefstroom)
8 SA Armoured Division (Durban)
- 81 Armoured Brigade (Pretoria)
Pretoria Regiment(armoured) (Pretoria)- Pretoria Highlanders
- Regiment Boland
- 82 Mechanized Brigade (Potchefstroom)
- 1
Regiment de la Rey- Regiment de Wet
- Witwatersrand Regiment (Germiston)
- 84 Motorised Brigade (Durban)
- 1 Durban Light Infantry (Durban)
- 2 Durban Light Infantry[dubious ]
Prince Alfred's Guard- Division Troops
- Umvoti Mounted Rifles (Armoured Cars)
Transvaalse Staatsartillerie Transvaal Horse Artillery
John Keegan, World Armies, p.639
From 1 September 1972 Army Task Force Headquarters was redesignated HQ 7 South African Infantry Division.[4] Two years later, it was decided to organise the Army's conventional force into two divisions under a corps headquarters. Both were primarily reserve (Citizen Force) formations, though the division and brigade HQs were Permanent Force. The headquarters of the two divisions were established on 1 August 1974, and 8th Armoured Division was active at its headquarters at Lord's Grounds, Durban, until at least 27 September 1992.[21] 1 SA Corps itself was established in August 1974 and was active until 30 January 1977.[22] It appears from Colonel Lionel Crook's book on 71 Brigade[23] that four of the six brigades were redesignations of 16, 17, 18, and 19 Brigades. 71 Motorised Brigade was the former 17 Brigade, 72 Brigade was the former 18 Brigade, 73 Brigade was a new formation, 81 Brigade was the former 16 Brigade, 82 Brigade was the former 19 Brigade, and 84 Brigade was new.[23]: 2
In the early 1980s, the Army was restructured in order to counter all forms of insurgency while at the same time maintaining a credible conventional force. To meet these requirements, the Army was subdivided into conventional and counterinsurgency forces. The counterinsurgency forces were further divided into nine territorial commands, each of which was responsible to the Chief of the Army. This force consisted of members of the Permanent Force, Commandos, and a few selected Citizen Force units. The Citizen Force, through the 7 and 8 Divisions, provided the conventional defence force. By July 1987 the number of territorial commands was expanded to ten, and the Walvis Bay military area was often counted as an eleventh.
During this same period, the Engineers and Signals were grouped into the first of the 'type' formations, the
In 1984 Northern Transvaal Command was subdivided and Eastern Transvaal Command (Nelspruit) and Far North Command (Pietersburg) formed. The two new Commands were regarded as theatres and as such also had responsibility for conventional operations (and units) within their areas.[26] For example, Far North Command had 73 Motorised Brigade within its area. Southern Cape Command may have been disbanded, and Northern Cape Command established, in 1986.[27] In 1989 the RLI became the conventional reserve for Far North Command. The area of responsibility of each commands followed the boundaries of the Economic Development Regions.[28] Before the dissolution of the territorial commands General Derrick Mgwebi is also reported to have headed Mpumalanga Command.
During the 1980s, the legal requirements for national service were to register for service at age sixteen and to report for duty when called up, which usually occurred at some time after a man's eighteenth birthday or on leaving school.[3] National service obligations could be fulfilled by active-duty military service for two years and by serving in the reserves, generally for ten or twelve years. Reservists generally underwent fifty days per year of active duty or training, after their initial period of service. The system was for the most part that the National Service requirement was for 720 days (two years) and subsequent reserve duty was a further 720 days. The reserve duty was broken up depending on the needs of the units and of the individual concerned. This generally worked out as a ninety-day "operational" commitment one year, followed the next year by a thirty-day commitment in addition to any courses, parades or admin evenings that might be required. Members of the Reserve were able to volunteer for further duty in addition to that mandated. This additional, voluntary, service was recognised with the award of the Emblem for Voluntary Service (EVS) (now the Badge for Reserve Voluntary Service (BRVS)) for five years of voluntary service over and above the mandated commitment. The requirements for national service changed several times during the 1980s and the early 1990s in response to national security needs, and they were suspended in 1993.
Post-1994
From the early 1990s (after 1992) to 1 April 1997, the SA Army maintained three 'small' divisions, the 7th (HQ Johannesburg), 8th (HQ Durban) and 9th (HQ Cape Town).[29] They consisted of a reconnaissance battalion, two anti-aircraft defence battalions (AA guns), two battalions of artillery (G-5s and G-6s), a battalion of 127 mm MRLs, an engineer battalion, two battalions of Olifant MBTs, two battalions mounted in Ratel ICVs, and finally two battalions mounted in Buffel APCs. They were all amalgamated into the 7th South African Division on 1 April 1997, and became the 73rd, 74th and 75th Brigades respectively.[30]
On 1 April 1997
7th Division was disbanded on 1 April 1999 and all army battalions were assigned to 'type' formations, in accordance with the recommendations of the
Though non-white personnel did serve as unarmed labourers with the army in both World Wars, a number of non-whites were employed in segregated units during the Border War, and a number of units were completely desegregated, it was not until 1994 – when South Africa achieved full democracy – that the army as a whole was made open to all races. Today the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) has racial quotas to make sure that White, Black, Coloured, and Indian South Africans are proportionately represented in the armed forces.[34]
During 2006 the Army released its ARMY VISION 2020 guidelines document, in a fresh attempt to reassess the 1998 structures which had proved wanting. The army planned a return to a division based structure, from the previous structure where units are simply provided as needed to the two active brigades. In many respects the plan was an attempt to undo the effects of the Deloitte and Touche-inspired force design that came into effect in 2001.[32] The new plan was to create two divisions and a special operations brigade to conduct mountain, jungle, airborne and amphibious operations. Specialised training would have had to be carried out, as and when funds become available. A works regiment was also to have been created, to help with the maintenance of army and Defence Force buildings and infrastructure. However the plan was not implemented, and appeared to stall until the issue of the 2014 South African Defence Review. With the release of that review in mid-2014 it appears possible that the 2006 planning may be reinvigorated.
Concerns have been raised as to the operational capabilities of the army given the high proportion of the army's budget spent on salaries (around 80%) and low amounts budgeted for capital (5%) and operational (15%) capacity.[35] In addition to the large ratio of officers to soldiers, critical skills shortages, high average age of service personnel (48 years), and low proportion that are medically fit enough to be readily deployable (about 10% of personnel).[35]
Peacekeeping and other operations
The post-1994 South African Army has been extensively involved in
Other operations that the Army was tasked with by government include: Operation Boleas (Lesotho), Operation Fibre (Burundi), Operation Triton (five times in the Comoros), Operation Amphibian (Rwanda), Operation Montego (Liberia), Operation Espresso (Ethiopia) , Operation Cordite (
The most notable UN deployments since 1994 have been
All
Structure
Since the Defence Act of 1912, the South African Army has been comprised, in general terms, of three groupings. The first is the standing army, also known since the 1970s as the Permanent Force. A
Due to the restructuring of the Reserves, the exact number of reserves is difficult to ascertain. However the 2011/12 planning target was 12,400 reserves.[38]
The third grouping was initially the Defence Rifle Associations, which later became the
South African military ranks are derived from that of the British Armed Forces, with Army ranks derived from the British Army.
The SA Army command structure is as follows:[40]
Directorates
- Chief of the SA Army Force Structure - To structure the SA Army in order to provide the SA Army component of the Landward Defence Capability.[41]
- Chief of the SA Army Force Preparation - Responsible for directing, orchestrating and controlling the combat readiness of SA Army Forces
- Chief of the SA Army Corporate Services - Directing corporate resources, services and advice directed towards operationalising the SA Army strategy.
- Inspector General - Provides an internal audit service within the Army strategy.
- Chief of the SA Army Reserves - To give specialist advice to Chief of the SA Army and his staff in all Reserves related issues
- Sergeant Major of the Army - To enhance discipline in the SA Army and enforce standards of discipline.
Formations and units
The two standing army brigades are Headquarters 43 South African Brigade and Headquarters 46 South African Brigade.[40] Each of these two headquarters are organised to provide four headquarters groups. Two of these units should be available for deployment at any one time whilst the other two are on leave and in training.
In accordance with the Deloitte and Touche structure plan, the army was reorganised into single-branch 'formations':
- South African Armoured Corps
- South African Army Infantry Formation
- South African Army Artillery Formation
- South African Army Air Defence Artillery Formation
- South African Army Engineer Formation
- South African Army Signal Formation
- South African Army Support Formation
- South African Army Training Formation
- Army Combat Training Centre (Lohatla)
Existing and former administrative corps and branches of the South African Army can be seen at South African Army corps and branches.
Many Army units are routinely placed under the nine joint operational-tactical headquarters that the SANDF Chief of Joint Operations supervises directly through Joint Operations Division (IISS 2013). Brigadier-General McGill Alexander took over as General Officer Commanding RJTF South in 2002, but in 2003 he was tasked to close down all the RJTFs.
The South African Army is changing structure into "5 Modern Brigades". The first of which - The Mechanized brigade has already been established at Lohatlha in the Northern Cape.
Six brigades are taking part in a Division level exercise at Lohatla in 2023. - a Mechanized Brigade - a Motorized Brigade - an Airborne Brigade - a Light Brigade - a Reserve Brigade - a Medical Brigade - Divisional Artillery
This is merely a restructuring of existing units and the return of the Army to the more traditional brigade structure. More information is being awaited as to the numbering and permanency of these units. The restructuring also has to take place within the very limited existing budget. <refname="https://www.defenceweb.co.za/featured/ex-vukuhlome-ii-preparations-underway"/>
Bases
The South African Army maintains large bases in all 9 provinces of the country, mostly in or around major cities and towns:[42][43][44][45][46] The army has 10 general support bases, seemingly part of the South African Army Support Formation.
Eastern Cape
- The Grahamstown army base houses the 6 South African Infantry Battalion (Air Assault) and the Chief Makhanda Regiment(Air Assault).
- Port Elizabeth is home to Chief Maqoma Regiment(Air Assault).
- The Mthatha army base is home to the 14 South African Infantry Battalion (Motorised Infantry).
- Port Elizabeth is home to the Nelson Mandela Regiment(Light Infantry).
- East London is home to the Buffalo Volunteer Rifles(Light Infantry).
Free State
- One of the largest bases in the countryThaba Bosiu Armoured Regiment(Tank Regiment) as well as 3 Military Hospital.
- School of Engineers, and an Army Band.
Gauteng
- Army headquarters is located at Dequar Road, Pretoria, which also houses the Pretoria Armoured Regiment(Tank Regiment).
- Ukhosi Parachute Engineer Regiment, 1 Military Printing Regiment, 4 Survey and Map Regiment, and the Army Engineer Formation.[50]Reportedly it also houses the Technical Service Training Centre, and units from the SAMHS and the SAAF. The base, whose TEK appellation may be derived from "Tegnies Basis Werkswinkel", is located at Centurion, south of Pretoria. It has a housing complex for active members.
- Wallmannsthal is home to 43 SA BrigadeHeadquarters.
- Centurion is home to 3 Parachute Battalion.
- The Joint Support Base in Wonderboom houses the School of Signals, 1 Signal Regiment, 2 Signal Regiment, 3 Electronic Workshop, 4 Signal Regiment and 5 Signal Regiment.
- Several army bases in Johannesburg house 21 South African Infantry Battalion, 46 South African Brigade headquarters, 6th Field Engineers Regiment, 1 Construction Regiment, 35th Engineering Supply Regiment, the Rand Light Infantry (Motorised Infantry), The Johannesburg Regiment (Motorised Infantry), the Solomon Mahlangu Regiment (Motorised Infantry), OR Tambo Regiment (Motorised Infantry), the Andrew Mlangeni Regiment (Motorised Infantry), Lenong Regiment (Motorised Infantry), the Sandfontein Artillery Regiment (Artillery) and the Johannesburg Light Horse Regiment (Armoured Car Regiment).
- Benoni is home to IWombe Anti-Aircraft Regiment(Air Defence Artillery).
- Springs is home to Sekhukhune Anti-Aircraft Regiment(Air Defence Artillery).
- The Heidelberg Army Base is home to the SA Army Gymnasium.
- Germiston is home to the Bambatha Rifles (Mechanized Infantry).
- Vereeniging is home to Galeshewe Anti-Aircraft Regiment (Air Defence Artillery).
Western Cape
- Several army bases are located in Cape Town and are home to the 9th South African Infantry Battalion (Seaborne Infantry), The Army Band, the Gonnema Regiment (Mechanized Infantry), General Jan Smuts Regiment (Mechanized Infantry), the Chief Langalibalele Rifles (Motorised Infantry), Nelson Mandela Artillery Regiment (Artillery), Autshumato Anti-Aircraft Regiment (Air Defence Artillery), Blaauwberg Armoured Regiment (Armoured Car Regiment) and Ihawu Field Engineer Regiment.[51]
- The Oudtshoorn army base houses the South African Infantry School.
Northern Cape
- An Army base in Kimberley is home to the Air Defence Artillery School, 10 Anti-Aircraft Regiment (Air Defence Artillery), 3 South African Infantry Battalion (the basic training unit for the Army), the Kimberley Regiment (Motorised Infantry) and Madzhakandila Anti-Aircraft Regiment (Air Defence Artillery).
- The Lohatla training area is home to the SA Army Combat Training Centre where large army field exercises take place. It also houses 101 Field Workshop and 16 Maintenance Unit.
- An Army base in Upington is home to 8 South African Infantry Battalion (Mechanized Infantry).
North-West
- The Potchefstroom army base is home to the School of Artillery, 4 Artillery Regiment (Artillery), Artillery Mobile Regiment (Artillery), the School of Tactical Intelligence, 1 Tactical Intelligence Regiment, General de la Rey Regiment (Mechanized Infantry), Regiment Potchefstroom Universiteit (Artillery) and Molapo Armoured Regiment (Armoured Car Regiment).
- The MahikengArmy base is home to 10 South African Infantry Battalion (Motorised Infantry).
- Orkney is home to Regiment Skoonspruit(Motorised Infantry).
- The Zeerust Army Base is home to 2 South African Infantry Battalion (Motorised Infantry).[52]
KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban is home to an Army Band, the Durban Light Infantry (Mechanized Infantry), King Cetshwayo Artillery Regiment (Artillery), Queen Nandi Mounted Rifles (Tank Regiment), Umvoti Mounted Rifles (Armoured Car Regiment), the King Shaka Regiment (Motorised Infantry) and Umkhonto Field Engineer Regiment.
- Pietermaritzburg is home to the Ingobamakhosi Carbineers (Motorised Infantry).
- The Mtubatuba army base is home to 121 South African Infantry Battalion (Motorised Infantry).
- The Ladysmith army base is home to 5 South African Infantry Battalion (Motorized Infantry). [53]
Mpumalanga
- Middelburg Army base is home to 4 South African Infantry Battalion (Motorised Infantry).
- Barberton is home to General Botha Regiment(Motorised Infantry).
Limpopo
- The Polokwane army base is home to an Army Band and Mapungubwe Regiment (Motorised Infantry).
- The Phalaborwa army base is home to 7 South African Infantry Battalion (Motorised Infantry).
- The Thohoyandou army base is home to 15 South African Infantry Battalion (Motorised Infantry).
The main South African Army Headquarters are located in Salvokop, Pretoria in the Dequar Road Complex along with 102 Field Workshop SAOSC, 17 Maintenance Unit and the South African Military Health Service Military Health Department.
Budget
A budget of approximately R15.7 billion was allocated for fiscal year 2023.
The vast majority of army equipment is nearing the end of its service life, with some items (like the Olifant main battle tank) dating from decades ago.
The
Equipment
The South African Army maintains a wide variety of military equipment.
Future programmes
Source[55]
- Project AORTA: A scheme for a new main battle tank. The Strategic Defence Packagebut fell by the wayside for a variety of reasons.
- Project HOEFYSTER: Partial acquisition of a new generation infantry fighting vehicle. 244 Badger Infantry Combat Vehicles on order at a cost of R8.4 billion. Denel Land Systems awarded contract.
- Project MUSUKU: Development and partial acquisition of an advanced multi-role light artillery gun capability in the form of the 105 mm "Light Experimental Ordnance".
- Project OUTCOME (GBADS III): Planned acquisition of the Umkhonto all weather surface-to-air-missile (AWSAM). No dates as yet.
- Project PROTECTOR (GBADS II): Development and partial acquisition of a mobile ground-based air defence system. Possible R3bn budget for land-based Umkhonto IR missile.
- Project SEPULA: A new generation armoured personnel carrier for the SA Army to replace the 440+ Mamba and 370+ Casspir that remain in service. The thinking is the Sepula vehicle should have a high level of commonality with the Vistula choice and at least share the drive train to form a "family" of vehicles. Assuming about 90 vehicles a motorised infantry battalion and multiplying that with the number of regular units as well as "some" Reserve Force regiments, about 1000 will be required at a cost of about R3 to R4 million each.
- Project TLADI: "Zone 1" anti-tank. New generation portable infantry A/T rocket launcher to replace RPG7 and FT5.
- Project VISTULA: A drive to acquire up to 3000 new tactical 5t and 10t trucks for the SA Army and its sister Services. To replace the SAMIL series.
- Project WARRIOR: Dismounted soldier system. Acquisition study for low risk items completed 2006. Development plan for complex sub-systems underway.
Gallery
See also
Notes
- ^ From the law creating the Union Defence Force.
References
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From: South African Defence Force Review 1991
- ^ John Keegan, World Armies, p.639, cited in Lt Cdr Carl T. Orbann USN, 'South African Defense Policy,' Thesis for the Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA., June 1984.
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DURBAN: 13th August. Evening outing to visit 8 Armoured Divs. H.Q. at Lords Grounds. Old Fort Road. To be conducted by Brigadier Frank Bestbier SD
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- ^ See Jane's Defence Weekly 20 December 1992 and, earlier, 20 July 1991. The term 'small' is used here in comparison with the 'normal' strength of a division of nine manoeuvre battalions. Divisional HQ location source http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/asr/SADR13/Sass.html Archived 16 February 2003 at the Wayback Machine
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Further reading
Library resources about South African Army |
Library resources about South African Military History |
- Frankel, Philip (2000). Soldiers in a Storm: The Armed Forces in South Africa's Democratic Transition (paper). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. OL 6782707M.
- Garcia, Antonio (2018). South Africa and United Nations Peacekeeping Offensive Operations : Conceptual Models. Baltimore, Maryland: Project Muse. OCLC 1154841748.
- Hamann, Hilton (23 July 2007). Days of the Generals: The Untold Story of South Africa's Apartheid-era Military Generals (1st ed.). Struik Publishers. ISBN 978-1868723409.
- Nelson, H.D. (1981). South Africa: A Country Study. U.S. Department of the Army Pamphlet. Vol. 550–93. (also possibly is a 1971 edition)
- Siegfried, Stander (1985). Like the Wind, The Story of the SA Army. Cape Town: Saayman & Weber.
- Volker, W. Victor (2010). Army signals in South Africa: the story of the South African Corps of Signals and its antecedents. Pretoria: Veritas Books.
- Volker, W. Victor (2010). Signal units of the South African Corps of Signals and related signal services. Pretoria: Veritas Books. ISBN 978-0620453455.
- Volker, W. Victor (2010). 9c - Nine Charlie!: Army Signallers in the Field: The Story of the Men and Women of the South African Corps of Signals, and Their Equipment. Pretoria: Veritas Books. ISBN 978-0620453462.
- Vrdoljak, Mary Kathleen (1970). The history of South African regiments: A select bibliography (Thesis). Cape Town: University of Cape Town Libraries.
- Wessels, André (2013). "South Africa's Land Forces, 1912-2012". Journal for Contemporary History. 38 (1): 229–254.
External links
- Official South African Army Website
- This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Country Studies. Federal Research Division.