South African Police Service

South African Police Service
South African Police Service badge
South African Police Service flag
Abbreviation	SAPS
Agency overview
Formed	1995
Preceding agencies	South African Police Homeland police agencies
Employees	171,692 (2021/22)
Jurisdictional structure
National agency	South Africa
Operations jurisdiction	South Africa
Size	1,219,090 km2
Population	62,091,133 (2022 census)
Constituting instruments	Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996, Chapter 11, Section 205 South African Police Service Act 68 of 1995
General nature	Local civilian police
Operational structure
Officers	117,950 (2022/23)
Civilians	52,792 (2019/20)
Minister of Police responsible	Bheki Cele
Agency executive	General Sehlahle Fannie Masemola, National Police Commissioner
Divisions	6 Visible Policing Cluster Coordination Detective Service Crime Intelligence Criminal Record and Forensic Science Services Protection and Security Services
Provincials	9 Eastern Cape Free State Gauteng Kwazulu-Natal Mpumalanga Northern Cape Limpopo North West Western Cape
Facilities
Stations	1,138 (2014/15)
Website
www.saps.gov.za
[1]

The South African Police Service (SAPS) is the national police force of the

The Constitution of South Africa lays down that the South African Police Service has a responsibility to prevent, combat and investigate crime, maintain public order, protect and secure the inhabitants of the Republic and their property, uphold and enforce the law, create a safe and secure environment for all people in South Africa, prevent anything that may threaten the safety or security of any community, investigate any crimes that threaten the safety or security of any community, ensure criminals are brought to justice and participate in efforts to address the causes of crime.^[4]

Amnesty International and others have expressed serious concerns about South African police brutality, including torture and extrajudicial killings.^[5][6][7]

History

Colonial years

The South African Police Service traces its origin to the Dutch Watch, a paramilitary organisation formed by settlers in the Cape Province in 1655 to protect civilians and to maintain law and order. In 1795, British officials assumed control over the Dutch Watch, and in 1825 established the Cape Constabulary (which became the Cape Town Police Force in 1840). In 1854, a police force was established in Durban which would become the Durban Borough Police, and in 1935 the Durban City Police (DCP).^[8] Act 3 of 1855 established the Frontier Armed and Mounted Police Force in the Eastern Cape, restyled as the Cape Mounted Riflemen in 1878.^[9]

1913-1994

The

When the National Party (NP) edged out its more liberal opponents in nationwide elections in 1948, the new government enacted legislation that strengthened the relationship between the police and the military. Police subsequently became heavily armed, especially when facing unruly or hostile crowds. The Police Act (No. 7) of 1958 broadened the mission of the SAP beyond conventional police functions, and allowed police to quell civil unrest and conduct counterinsurgency operations. The Police Amendment Act (No. 70) of 1965 allowed police to detain any person, receptacle, vehicle, aircraft, or premises within one mile of any national border, and to seize anything found without a warrant. This search-and-seize zone was extended to within eight miles of any border in 1979 and to the entire country in 1983.

Post-apartheid (1994–present)

The new Minister of Safety and Security, Sydney Mufamadi, obtained police training assistance from Zimbabwe, the United Kingdom, and Canada and proclaimed that racial tolerance and human rights would be central to police training in the future. By the end of 1995, the SAPS had incorporated the ten police agencies of the former homelands, and had reorganised at both national and provincial level.

The Investigative Psychology Unit (IPU), also referred to as Investigative Psychology Section (IPS), was founded by forensic psychologist Micki Pistorius^[10] in 1996. Elmarie Myburgh was a founding member It was then a division of the Serious and Violent Crimes Unit, later being moved to the Detective Service, and from June 2008 to the Criminal Record and Forensic Science Service (CRFSS). At that time, it comprised only three members at national head office level, led by Gerard Labuschagne.^[11]

Organisation

South African Police Service headquarters in located in Pretoria.

Divisions

As of March 2023^[update], there were three Deputy National Commissioners, with each of these split into divisions as follows:^[12]

• Policing:
  • Visible Policing and Operations
  • Protection and Security Services
• Crime Detection:
  • Detective and Forensic Services
  • Crime Intelligence
• Support Services
  • Human Resource Management
  • Human Resource Development
  • Legal and Policy Services
  • Technology Management Services

Rank structure

A new ranking system of the South African Police Service was adopted in April 2010.^[13] The change caused some controversy as new ranks like "general" and "colonel" have a military connotation. Furthermore, the new rank system mirrors the system used by the South African Police during the apartheid era. In 2009, Deputy Minister of Police Fikile Mbalula spoke of making the police a paramilitary force by changing the SAPS ranking system so that it would closely mirror the military ranking system. This created a significant amount of controversy from people critical of what they called the "militarisation" of the police.^[14][15][16]

The ranking system was amended in 2016. The role of regional police commissioner was introduced, with the rank of lieutenant general. The major and lieutenant ranks were eliminated, with lieutenants assuming the rank of captain and majors assuming the rank of lieutenant colonel.^[17][18]

Current senior staff

As of 2024^[update] the National Commissioner is Lt. Gen. Sehlahle Fannie Masemola,^[19] who was appointed on 31 March 2022.^[20][21] Leon Mbangwa is Chief of Staff.^[22]

SAPS organisational profile

Police ranks of South Africa: Commissioned Officers

Group	Senior Management
Rank	General (Gen)	Lieutenant General (Lt Gen)	Major General (Maj Gen)	Brigadier
Role	Designation of National Commissioner	Actg. National Commissioner, Deputy National Commissioner, Regional Commissioner, Provincial Commissioner, Divisional Commissioner
Insignia

Police ranks of South Africa: Commissioned Officers

Group	Junior Management
Rank	Colonel (Col)	Lieutenant Colonel (Lt Col)	Captain
Insignia

Police ranks of South Africa : Non-commissioned Officers

Group	Other Ranks
Rank	Warrant Officer (WO)	Sergeant (Sgt)	Constable (Const)
Insignia

Resources

Vehicles

Through the early-1990s, the police were equipped with smoke and tear-gas dispensing vehicles, tank trucks with water cannons, vehicles that dispensed barbed wire or razor wire to cordon off areas, and a number of rotor and fixed wing aircraft for surveillance, ground force management, rapid deployment of Task Force and specialist teams to crime scenes and VIP personnel movements. The RG-12 'Nyala' is on the most commonly used armoured vehicle of the service. The Casspir Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected Vehicle is another notable vehicle used by the police.^{[citation needed]}

• 
  Ford Focus^[24]
• 
  BMW 3 Series Highway Patrol
• 
  Volkswagen Golf GTi
• 
  Mercedes-Benz Vito Explosives Section
• 
  Ford Ranger
• 
  RG-12
• 
  Eurocopter AS350
• 
  Pilatus PC-6/B2-H4

Aviation

As of October 2023^[update], with the arrival of a new helicopter, the SAPS Air Wing operates a fleet of 34 aeroplanes and helicopters. The Air Wing has about 50 pilots and 300 other personnel.^[25]

Fleet

The SAPS Air Wing fleet consists of:^[26]

Firearms

]

Criticism and controversies

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Marikana Massacre (2012) and Zuma Riots (2021) are highlighted.[27] Administration Since the departure of democratic South Africa's first National commissioner George Fivaz in January 2000, a number of successive commissioners have been unable to complete a single term in office, most implicated in and charged with misconduct.[28][29] The distribution of personnel has been controversial, with local legislators questioning why areas most in need of policing resources are being neglected.[30] The department was criticised by the Western Cape Government for providing the lowest number personnel (adjusted for population) with a shortage of 2,392 officers,[31] despite having the highest murder rate.[32][33] This was the subject of the Khayelitsha Commission in 2012. Brutality and repression Main article: Political repression in post-apartheid South Africa Delft, Cape Town, by suppression of freedom and ordering illegal curfews.[48][49][50] In 2011, 630 police officers from Gauteng Province were arrested for fraud and corruption, rape and murder.[51] An April 2012 editorial in The Times opined: "It seems torture and outright violation of human rights is becoming the order of the day for some of our police officers and experts warn that the line between criminals and our law enforcement officers is "blurred"."[52] In February 2013, police in Daveyton, Gauteng were caught on video brutalising Mido Macia, a Mozambican taxi driver accused of parking illegally. Macia was handcuffed to a police van and dragged through the streets, later succumbing to his injuries.[53] Eight police officers were arrested and later convicted of murder.[54] Three police officers were arrested for the controversial shooting of Nathaniel Julies, a 16 year-old boy with down syndrome, in Eldorado Park.[citation needed ] Marikana massacre Main article: Marikana miner strike The Sharpeville Massacre of 1960, and has been referred to as a turning-point in post-1994 South Africa.[61][62][63] Corruption On 10 September 2007 an arrest warrant was issued by the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) for National Police Commissioner Mail and Guardian claim to have solid information supporting the widespread suspicion that President Mbeki suspended Pikoli as part of a bid to shield Police Commissioner Selebi.[64] According to the Mail and Guardian on 5 October 2007 the NPA was investigating Selebi for corruption, fraud, racketeering and defeating the ends of justice.[64] Selebi was found guilty of corruption in July 2010, but not guilty of further charges of perverting the course of justice.[65] In February 2011 Bheki Cele was implicated in unlawful conduct and maladministration with a R500m lease agreement for the new police headquarters in Pretoria.[66] In October 2011, President Jacob Zuma announced that Cele had been suspended pending an investigation into the agreement.[67] After recommendation from a board of inquiry, Zuma dismissed Cele and announced that Riah Phiyega, the first female commissioner, would replace him.[68] In February 2018, SAPS Lieutenant-General Khomotso Phahlane, who was also former acting SAPS Commissioner, and his wife appeared in court on charges of fraud and corruption.[69][70][71] On 30 July 2020, Phahlane was dismissed from the police after three years on suspension.[72] The same day, he was found guilty of dishonest conduct.[72] On 12 July 2019, it was announced the five North West Province police officers were arrested during the week in three separate corruption cases.[73] On 4 June 2020, six senior Gauteng police officers where among 14 people arrested on corruption charges.[74] Two other senior officers, now retired, were arrested as well.[75] Among the Guateng-based SAPS officers charged with corruption included three brigadiers and a retired SAPS Lieutenant General.[75] On 12 October 2020, Lieutenant-General Bonang Mgwenya, the country's second-most senior police official, was arrested on charges of corruption, fraud, theft and money laundering involving about R200-million and afterwards appeared in Ridge Magistrates court.[76] At the time of Mgwenya's arrest, she and Phahlane were among 14 fellow officers who were charged with corruption.[76] Mgwenya was suspended on 15 October 2020 and was dismissed from SAPS on 13 November 2020.[77] On 23 December 2020, four Cape Town police officers attached to the national border control unit at Cape Town International Airport were arrested for extorting money from Chinese businesses.[78] On 23 December 2020, Peter Ntsime, Acting Deputy General Secretary of the South African Policing Union (SAPU), reported that Colonel Kamelash Dalip Singh, a senior SAPU policeman from the KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Anti-Corruption Unit, was arrested, and then released on bail, on a bribe charge. Ntsime criticised the arrest, stating Singh was at the forefront of arresting crooked police officers and was onto a big syndicate. Directorate for Priority Crime Investigation (Hawks) spokesperson, Captain Simphiwe Mhlongo, said that undercover Hawks officers caught Singh red-handed accepting a R5,000 bribe.[79] On 28 December 2020, three law enforcement officers who were employed by the Emalahleni Municipality were arrested in Mpumalanga on corruption and bribery charges which involved allegations of not issuing standard fines to motorists who committed traffic violations, but instead extorting them for bribes.[80] In 2022, two criminal charges were lodged by the Independent Police Investigative Directorate against the National Police Commissioner Khehla Sitole for refusing to cooperate with its investigation into the murder of Charl Kinnear. Kinnear was a police intelligence officer investigating organised crime within the SAPS.[81] List of former National Commissioners National Commissioners From Commissioners of the South African Police To 1913 (1913) Colonel Sir KBE KPM[82][83] 1928 1928 Major General KStJ[84][85] : 8  1940 1940 Brigadier George Robson Carruthers Baston KPM [86][87] 1945[a] 1 August 1945 Major General Robert John Palmer DSO & two bars[88][89][90][91][92][b][93] 1951 1951 Major General Jan-Kamas Brink 1954 1954 Major General Corrie I. Rademeyer 1960 1960 Lieutenant General Hendrik Jacobus du Plooy MVO 1962 1962 Lieutenant General Johannes Martinus Keevy 1968 1968 General Johannes Petrus Gous 1971 1971 General G. J. Joubert SOO 1973 1973 General Theodorus J. Crous 1975 1975 General Gert L. Prinsloo 1978 1978 General Michiel Christian Wilhelm Geldenhuys SED SOO SOE SD 1983 1 June 1983 General SSA SED SOO SOE SD 1987 1987 General Hennie G. de Witt 1989 1990 General Johan Velde van der Merwe SSAS SOE 1996 From Commissioners of the South African Police Service To 29 January 1995 General John George Fivaz SSA SOE[94][95]: 17  31 December 1999 1 January 2000 General J. "Jackie" S. Selebi 2009 July 2009 General Bheki H. Cele[96][c] October 2011 2011 Lieutenant General Nhlanhla Sibusiso Mkhwanazi[97] 2012 2012 General Mangwashi Victoria Phiyega SOEG 2015 15 October 2015 Lieutenant General Khomotso Phahlane[d] 1 June 2017 1 June 2017 Lieutenant General Lesetja Mothiba[e] 22 November 2017 22 November 2017 General Khehla John Sitole SOE[98][f] 31 March 2022 31 March 2022 Lt General Sehlahle Fannie Masemola[99] present Battle honours See also: List of South African Battle Honours Police units earned battle honours in both world wars and in border wars with Rhodesia. First World War Battle Honours First World War Second World War Battle Honours Second World War Other Battle Honours Others Awarded Notes ^ Brig George CR Baston was acting Commissioner of the South African Police Force (1940 - 1945) whilst Maj Gen IP de Villiers served in the Union Defence Force ^ General Palmer was awarded the DSO and two bars, that is three awards of the DSO[89][92][91] as well as the American Bronze Star.[90] ^ Subsequently Minister of Police ^ Acting ^ Acting ^ Term ended by mutual agreement between him and the president References ^ "SAPS Profile". South African Police Service. Retrieved 7 August 2008. ^ "South Africa Yearbook 2019/20 | Government Communication and Information System (GCIS)". www.gcis.gov.za. Retrieved 20 January 2021. ^ "Contact Us ." South African Police Service. Retrieved on 21 November 2017. "SAPS Head Office Wachthuis Building 231 Pretorius Street Pretoria[...] GPS Coordinates: S25.74790 E28.18901" ^ "SAPS: PROFILE – Vision and Mission". Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2010. ^ No end in sight for police brutality in South Africa, Justice Malala, The Guardian, 21 February 2013 ^ Footsoliders in a social war: the police, crime and inequality in South Africa CHRISTOPHER MCMICHAEL, Open Democracy, 25 October 2013 ^ Amnesty International South Africa Report, 2012 ^ Newham, Gareth; Themba Masuku and Lulama Gomomo. "Metropolitan Police Services in South Africa, 2002". csvr.org.za. Retrieved 8 August 2009. ^ McCracken, Donal P (1991). "The Irish in South Africa – The Police, A Case Study (Part 20)". Irish Times. Retrieved 8 August 2009. ^ Labuschagne, Gérard. "The Profiler Diaries: From the case files of a police psychologist Penguin Random House South Africa". Penguin Random House South Africa. Retrieved 13 March 2024. ISSN 2413-3108. Retrieved 13 March 2024.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (link ) ISBN 978-0-621-51233-5 . ^ "New rank structure" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2010. ^ The professor and the police minister. Paul Trewhela, 25 October 2009 ^ Asmal: Militarisation of police is "craziness" Mail & Guardian, 19 October 2009 ^ Green Zone Nation: The South African government’s new growth path, Open Democracy, 19 March 2012 ^ "Police rank reform the best in years". IOL. 31 May 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2019. ^ "Police To Introduce New Regional Commissioner Rank". Eyewitness News. 31 May 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2019. ^ "South African Police Service (SAPS)". South African Government. Retrieved 13 March 2024. ^ Chabalala, Jeanette (31 March 2022). "Fannie Masemola named new national police commissioner". News24. Retrieved 13 March 2024. ^ "Services". SAPS (South African Police Service). 31 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2024. ^ "Department of Police (SAPS)". Management. Retrieved 13 March 2024. ^ Cite error: The named reference ar was invoked but never defined (see the help page). ^ "Services | SAPS (South African Police Service)". www.saps.gov.za. Retrieved 15 October 2022. ^ Helfrich, Kim (10 October 2023). "Two new helicopters for SAPS Air Wing". DefenceWeb. Retrieved 10 October 2023. ^ Martin, Guy (19 March 2024). "Armscor seeking troop carrying helicopter for the SAPS". defenceWeb. Retrieved 19 March 2024. ^ "Changing patterns of trust in the police in South Africa". HSRC. 23 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022. ^ Khaas, Tebogo (5 November 2017). "Black Monday: We are going backwards". News24. Retrieved 6 November 2017. ^ editorials (27 October 2017). "Top cop position is a poisoned chalice". The Citizen. Retrieved 6 November 2017. ^ VAN DER MERWE, Marelise (8 April 2016). "Beyond Khayelitsha: Just how unequal is distribution of police in South Africa?". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 10 October 2016. ^ "Western Cape's police shortage receiving 'lots of attention' – top cop". News24. Retrieved 10 October 2016. ^ "Public hearings to be held over police shortages in Western Cape". News24. Retrieved 10 October 2016. ^ Knoetze, Daneel (26 August 2014). "Highest crime areas have fewest cops - Khayelitsha commission". Ground Up. Retrieved 10 October 2016. ^ Amnesty red flag police brutality, Craig Dodds, 13 May 2011 ^ Amnesty International South Africa Report 2011 ^ See for instance this statement by Abahlali baseMjondolo ^ "Housing and Evictions at the N2 Gateway Project in Delft". Abahlali baseMjondolo. 8 May 2008. ^ "Video of Delft shootings on eTV". YouTube. 19 February 2008. ^ "Pictures of Delft evictions and police brutality". Anti-Eviction Campaign. 22 February 2008. ^ "Police training: Brutality exposed". 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Retrieved 26 October 2013. ^ Marikana inquiry updates 23 October 2012, Times Live, 23 October 2012 ^ The South African Police Service and the Public Order War, by Chris McMichael, Think Africa Press, 3 September 2012 ^ The Marikana Massacre: A turning point for South Africa, by Nigel Gibson, Truthout, 2 September 2012 ^ South Africa: Marikana is a turning point, by William Gumede, The Guardian, 29 August 2012 ^ a b The desperate bid to shield Selebi ^ "South Africa ex-police head Selebi guilty of corruption". BBC. 2 July 2010. Retrieved 2 July 2010. ^ "Cele must explain, says protector". News24. 4 March 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2013. ^ "Bheki Cele suspended over lease saga". News24. 24 October 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2013. ^ "Bheki Cele fired". News24. 12 June 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2013. ^ Bateman, Barry (8 February 2018). "Former Top Cop Phahlane to Appear in Court on Fraud, Corruption Charges". Eyewitness News. ^ Serrao, Angelique (25 January 2018). "Top cop's luxury car fleet comes under the spotlight". News24. ^ Serrao, Angelique (8 February 2018). "A look back into the case against Phahlane". News24. ^ a b Thamm, Marianne (30 July 2020). "Former acting national police commissioner Khomotso Phahlane sacked". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 24 December 2020. ^ Mabuza, Ernest (12 July 2019). "Five cops arrested for corruption and bribery in North West". Sunday Times. Retrieved 25 December 2020. ^ Richardson, Paul (4 June 2020). "Top South African Police Officers Arrested in Graft Crackdown". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 25 December 2020. ^ a b "SAPS arrests police officers over fraud, corruption". SABC News. 4 June 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2020. ^ a b Thamm, Marianne (12 October 2020). "SA's second most senior cop, Lieutenant-General Bonang Mgwenya, appears on corruption charges for dodgy tenders". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 24 December 2020. ^ Grobler, Riaan (13 November 2020). "Deputy police commissioner Bonang Mgwenya fired following corruption charges". News 24. Retrieved 24 December 2020. ^ Nombemde, Philani (23 December 2020). "Cape Town border control police officers arrested for 'business robbery'". Sunday Times. Retrieved 25 December 2020. IOL . 23 December 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2020. ^ Chothia, Andrea (28 December 2020). "Three law enforcement officers arrested for bribery and corruption". The South African. Retrieved 4 January 2020. ^ Thamm, Marianne (30 January 2022). "SAPS in Crisis: Game on: Ipid lays second criminal charge against National Police Commissioner Sitole". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 1 February 2022. ^ 1918 New Year Honours#Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) ^ "No. 30451". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 December 1917. p. 82. Note: Chancery of the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, Downing Street, 1st January, 1918.: To be Ordinary Members of the Third Class, or Companions, of the said Most Distinguished Order ^ "South African Army Officers 1939-1945". World War II unit histories. Retrieved 14 October 2022. ^ Heymans, Hennie (May 2016). "The Fighting Police of South Africa". Nongqai. 7 (8). Pretoria: 8. Retrieved 15 October 2022 – via issuu.com. ^ "Dutch awards to South African nationals for World War II". ^ "Brigadier GRC Baston". South African Mirror. Retrieved 12 October 2022. ^ "Maj General Robert "Bobbie" Palmer". South African Mirror. Retrieved 12 October 2022. ^ a b "No. 35473". The London Gazette (Supplement). 27 February 1942. p. 997. Note: Award of the first DSO ^ a b "No. 38288". The London Gazette (Supplement). 11 May 1948. p. 2919. Note: Award of the Bronze Star while a Brigadier ^ a b "No. 37235". The London Gazette (Supplement). 21 August 1945. p. 2919. Note: Award of the Second Bar to the Distinguished Service Order. (Third Award of the DSO) ^ a b "No. 37039". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 April 1945. p. 2072. Note: Award of the First Bar to the Distinguished Service Order. (Second award of the DSO) ^ Houterman, Hans. "Palmer, Robert John Biography" (PDF). World War II unit histories. Retrieved 14 October 2022. ^ South African Government. "1999 National Orders awards". www.gov.za. Retrieved 16 October 2022. ^ Heymans, Hennie Brig (Rtd) (21 May 2018). "Nongqai". issuu.com. 9 (6): 17. Retrieved 16 October 2022 – via Issuu. ^ South African Government. "Bheki Cele, Gen". www.gov.za. Retrieved 16 October 2022. ^ Mbatha, Major General: Nonkululeko (25 October 2011). "Maj. Gen. Lucky Mkhwanazi: The SAPS CV - POLITICS". Politicsweb. Retrieved 16 October 2022. ^ "Curriculum Vitae of General KJ Sitole" (PDF). SAPS. Retrieved 15 October 2022. ^ South African Government. "Sehlahle Fannie Masemola, Lt Gen". www.gov.za. Retrieved 15 October 2022. See also South African Police Service Occult-related Crimes Unit Hawks ( Directorate for Priority Crime Investigation / SAPS) South African Police Service Special Task Force Political repression in post-apartheid South Africa External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to South African Police Service. South African Police Service South African Police Officers Memorial Directory of police stations in South Africa Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_African_Police_Service&oldid=1220254158"