South America

South America

Area	17,840,000 km2 (6,890,000 sq mi) (4th)
Population	434,254,119 (2021; 5th)[1][2]
Population density	21.4/km2 (56.0/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)	$7.61 trillion (2022 est; 5th)[3]
GDP (nominal)	$3.62 trillion (2022 est; 4th)[4]
GDP per capita	$8,340 (2022 est; 5th)[5]
Religions	Christianity (90.0%)[6] No religion (7.7%)[6] Other (2.3%)[6]
Demonym	South American
Countries	12–14  Argentina  Bolivia  Brazil  Chile  Colombia  Ecuador  Guyana  Panama[a]  Paraguay  Peru  Suriname  Trinidad and Tobago[b]  Uruguay  Venezuela
Dependencies	External (2–5)  Aruba[c] (Netherlands)  Bouvet Island[d] (Norway)  Curaçao[e] (Netherlands)  Falkland Islands (United Kingdom)  South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands[f] (United Kingdom) Internal (1–3)  Ascension Island[g] (United Kingdom)  Bonaire[b] (Netherlands)  French Guiana (France)
Languages	Spanish Portuguese English Dutch French Aymara Guaraní Mapudungun Quechua Wayuu Sranan Tongo Other languages
Time zones	UTC−02:00 to UTC−05:00
Largest cities	10 largest cities in South America (2015) São Paulo Lima Bogotá Rio de Janeiro Santiago Caracas Buenos Aires Salvador Brasília Fortaleza
UN M49 code	005 – South America 419 – Latin America and the Caribbean 019 – Americas 001 – World

South America is a continent^[h] entirely in the Western Hemisphere^[i] and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It can also be described as the southern subregion of the Americas.

South America is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest.

The continent includes twelve sovereign states:

The territories of the

may also be considered parts of South America.

South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers (6,890,000 sq mi). Its population as of 2021[update] has been estimated at more than 434 million.

Most of the population lives near the continent's western or eastern coasts while the interior and the far south are sparsely populated. The geography of western South America is dominated by the Andes mountains; in contrast, the eastern part contains both highland regions and vast lowlands where rivers such as the Amazon, Orinoco and Paraná flow. Most of the continent lies in the tropics, except for a large part of the Southern Cone located in the middle latitudes.

The continent's cultural and ethnic outlook has its origin with the interaction of Indigenous peoples with European conquerors and immigrants and, more locally, with African slaves. Given a long history of colonialism, the overwhelming majority of South Americans speak Spanish or Portuguese, and societies and states are rich in Western traditions. Relative to Europe, Asia and Africa, post-1900 South America has been a peaceful continent with few wars,^[9][10][l] although high rates of violent crime remain a concern in some countries.^[12][13]

South America occupies the southern portion of the Americas. The continent is generally delimited on the northwest by the

.

South America is home to several superlatives, including the world's highest uninterrupted waterfall, Angel Falls in Venezuela; the highest single-drop waterfall Kaieteur Falls in Guyana; the largest river by volume, the Amazon River; the longest mountain range, the Andes (whose highest mountain is Aconcagua at 6,962 m or 22,841 ft); the driest non-polar place on earth, the Atacama Desert;^[20][21][22] the wettest place on earth, López de Micay in Colombia; the largest rainforest, the Amazon rainforest; the highest capital city, La Paz, Bolivia; the highest commercially navigable lake in the world, Lake Titicaca; and, excluding research stations in Antarctica, the world's southernmost permanently inhabited community, Puerto Toro, Chile.

South America's major

Brazil is the largest country in South America, covering a little less than half of the continent's land area and encompassing around half of the continent's population.[24] The remaining countries and territories are divided among four subregions: the Andean states, Caribbean South America, The Guianas, and the Southern Cone.^[25]

Physiographically, South America also includes some of the nearby islands. The Dutch

Other islands often associated with geopolitical South America are the Chiloé Archipelago and Robinson Crusoe Island (both administered by Chile), Easter Island (culturally a part of Oceania, also administered by Chile),^[28] the Galápagos Islands (administered by Ecuador, sometimes considered part of Oceania),^[28][29][30] and Tierra del Fuego (split between Argentina and Chile). In the Atlantic Ocean, Brazil administers Fernando de Noronha, Trindade and Martim Vaz, and the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, while the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (biogeographically and hydrologically associated with Antarctica)^[31] have been administered as two British Overseas Territories under the Crown, whose sovereignty over the islands is disputed by Argentina.

An isolated volcanic island on the South American Plate, Ascension Island is geologically a part of South America.^[32] Administered as a dependency of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, the island is geopolitically a part of Africa.

All of the world's major climate zones are present in South America.^[34]

The distribution of the average temperatures in the region presents a constant regularity from the 30° of latitude south, when the isotherms tend, more and more, to be confused with the degrees of latitude.^[35]

In temperate latitudes, winters and summers are milder than in North America. This is because the most extensive part of the continent is in the equatorial zone (the region has more areas of equatorial plains than any other region),^[35] therefore giving the Southern Cone more oceanic influence, which moderates year round temperatures.

The average annual temperatures in the Amazon basin oscillate around 27 °C (81 °F), with low thermal amplitudes and high rainfall indices. Between the

The east-central Brazilian plateau has a humid and warm tropical climate. The northern and eastern parts of the Argentine pampas have a humid subtropical climate with dry winters and humid summers of the Chinese type, while the western and eastern ranges have a subtropical climate of the dinaric type. At the highest points of the Andean region, climates are colder than the ones occurring at the highest point of the Norwegian fjords. In the Andean plateaus, the warm climate prevails, although it is tempered by the altitude, while in the coastal strip, there is an equatorial climate of the Guinean type. From this point until the north of the Chilean coast appear, successively, Mediterranean oceanic climate, temperate of the Breton type and, already in Tierra del Fuego, cold climate of the Siberian type.^[35]

The distribution of rainfall is related to the regime of winds and air masses. In most of the

Important factors in the determination of climates are sea currents, such as the current Humboldt and

Fauna

South America is one of the most biodiverse continents on Earth. It is home to many unique species of animals including the

History

South America is thought to have been first inhabited by humans when people were crossing the

.

Amongst the oldest evidence for human presence in South America is the Monte Verde II site in Chile, suggested to date to around 14,500 years ago.^[41] From around 13,000 years ago, the Fishtail projectile point style became widespread across South America, with its disppearance around 11,000 years ago coincident with the disappearance of South America's megafauna.^[42] Maize was present in northern South America by around 6,000 years ago.^[43]

By 2000 BC, many agrarian communities had been settled throughout the Andes and the surrounding regions. Fishing became a widespread practice along the coast, helping establish fish as a primary source of food. Irrigation systems were also developed at this time, which aided in the rise of an agrarian society.^[44]

South American cultures began domesticating llamas, vicuñas, guanacos, and alpacas in the highlands of the Andes circa 3500 BC. Besides their use as sources of meat and wool, these animals were used for transportation of goods.^[44]

New Seven Wonders of the World

.

The rise of plant growing and the subsequent appearance of permanent human settlements allowed for the multiple and overlapping beginnings of civilizations in South America.

One of the earliest known South American civilizations was

in modern Peru at an elevation of 3,177 meters (10,423 ft). Chavín civilization spanned 900 BC to 300 BC.

In the central coast of Peru, around the beginning of the 1st millennium AD,

(100 BC – 1200 AD, Bolivia) managed a large commercial network based on religion.

Around the 7th century, both Tiahuanaco and Wari or Huari Empire (600–1200, Central and northern Peru) expanded its influence to all the Andean region, imposing the Huari urbanism and Tiahuanaco religious iconography.

The Muisca were the main indigenous civilization in what is now Colombia. They established the Muisca Confederation of many clans, or cacicazgos, that had a free trade network among themselves. Many were goldsmiths and farmers.

Other important Pre-Columbian cultures include: the

, and the Aymaran kingdoms (1000–1450, Western Bolivia and southern Peru). Holding their capital at the great city of was a useful form of agriculture.

The Mapuche in Central and Southern Chile resisted the European and Chilean settlers, waging the Arauco War for more than 300 years.

In 1494, Portugal and Spain, the two great maritime European powers of that time, on the expectation of new lands being discovered in the west, signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, by which they agreed, with the support of the Pope, that all the land outside Europe should be an exclusive duopoly between the two countries.^[46]

The treaty established an imaginary line along a north–south

across the meridian.

Beginning in the 1530s, the people and natural resources of South America were repeatedly exploited by foreign

conquistadors

, first from Spain and later from Portugal. These competing colonial nations claimed the land and resources as their own and divided it into colonies.

European infectious diseases (

enslaved Africans

, who had developed immunities to these diseases, were quickly brought in to replace them.

The Spaniards were committed to converting their native subjects to Christianity and were quick to purge any native cultural practices that hindered this end; however, many initial attempts at this were only partially successful, as native groups simply blended

actually contributed to the continuous use of these native languages albeit only in the oral form.

Eventually, the natives and the Spaniards interbred, forming a mestizo class. At the beginning, many mestizos of the Andean region were offspring of Amerindian mothers and Spanish fathers. After independence, most mestizos had native fathers and European or mestizo mothers.

Many native artworks were considered pagan idols and destroyed by Spanish explorers; this included many gold and silver sculptures and other artifacts found in South America, which were melted down before their transport to Spain or Portugal. Spaniards and Portuguese brought the western European architectural style to the continent, and helped to improve infrastructures like bridges, roads, and the sewer system of the cities they discovered or conquered. They also significantly increased economic and trade relations, not just between the old and new world but between the different South American regions and peoples. Finally, with the expansion of the Portuguese and Spanish languages, many cultures that were previously separated became united through that of Latin American.

Guyana was initially colonized by the Dutch before coming under British control, though there was a brief period during the Napoleonic Wars when it was occupied by the French. The region was initially partitioned between the Dutch, French and British before fully coming under the control of Britain.

Suriname was first explored by the Spanish in the 16th century and then settled by the English in the mid-17th century. It became a Dutch colony in 1667.^[47]

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The indigenous peoples of the Americas in various European colonies were forced to work in European plantations and mines; along with enslaved Africans who were also introduced in the proceeding centuries via the slave trade. European colonists were heavily dependent on indigenous labor during the initial phases of settlement to maintain the subsistence economy, and natives were often captured by expeditions. The importation of African slaves began midway through the 16th century, but the enslavement of indigenous peoples continued well into the 17th and 18th centuries. The Atlantic slave trade brought enslaved Africans primarily to South American colonies, beginning with the Portuguese since 1502.^[48] The main destinations of this phase were the Caribbean colonies and Brazil, as European nations built up economically slave-dependent colonies in the New World. Nearly 40% of all African slaves trafficked to the Americas went to Brazil. An estimated 4.9 million slaves from Africa came to Brazil during the period from 1501 to 1866.^[49][50]

In contrast to other European colonies in the Americas which mainly used the labor of African slaves, Spanish colonists mainly enslaved indigenous Americans. In 1750, the

Independence from Spain and Portugal

The European Peninsular War (1807–14), a theater of the Napoleonic Wars, changed the political situation of the Spanish and Portuguese colonies. First, Napoleon invaded Portugal, but the House of Braganza avoided capture by escaping to Brazil. Napoleon captured King Ferdinand VII of Spain, and appointed his own brother instead. This appointment provoked popular resistance, which created Juntas to rule in the name of the captured king.

Emperor of Brazil

Many cities in the Spanish colonies, however, considered themselves equally authorized to appoint local Juntas like those of Spain. This began the

, as the royalists got the upper hand in the conflict.

The independence of South America was secured by Simón Bolívar (Venezuela) and José de San Martín (Argentina), the two most important Libertadores. Bolívar led a great uprising in the north, then led his army south towards Lima, the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Meanwhile, San Martín led an army across the Andes Mountains, along with Chilean expatriates, and liberated Chile. He organized a fleet to reach Peru by sea, and sought the military support of various rebels from the Viceroyalty of Peru. In 1822 the two men met at the Guayaquil Conference in Ecuador, where they failed to agree on governance strategies for the liberated nations.^[53] Two years later Bolívar's forces beat the Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho, securing the independence of Peru and the rest of South America.^[53]

In the

, independence was diplomatically accepted by Portugal in 1825, on condition of a high compensation paid by Brazil mediated by the United Kingdom.

Nation-building and fragmentation

Cisplatine Province

.

The newly independent nations began a process of fragmentation, with several civil and international wars. However, it was not as strong as in Central America. Some countries created from provinces of larger countries stayed as such up to modern times (such as Paraguay or Uruguay), while others were reconquered and reincorporated into their former countries (such as the Republic of Entre Ríos and the Riograndense Republic).

The first separatist attempt was in 1820 by the Argentine province of Entre Ríos, led by a caudillo.^[54] In spite of the "Republic" in its title, General Ramírez, its caudillo, never really intended to declare an independent Entre Rios. Rather, he was making a political statement in opposition to the monarchist and centralist ideas that back then permeated Buenos Aires politics. The "country" was reincorporated at the United Provinces in 1821.

In 1825, the

.

Later in 1836, while Brazil was experiencing the chaos of the regency,

Battle of Chorrillos

, 1883

The Peru–Bolivian Confederation, a short-lived union of Peru and Bolivia, was blocked by Chile in the War of the Confederation (1836–39) and again during the War of the Pacific (1879–83). Paraguay was virtually destroyed by Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay in the Paraguayan War.

Despite the Spanish American wars of independence and the Brazilian War of Independence, the new nations quickly began to suffer with internal conflicts and wars among themselves. Most of the 1810 borders countries had initially accepted on the uti possidetis iuris principle had by 1848 either been altered by war or were contested.^[57]

In 1825, the proclamation of independence of Cisplatina led to the

which Brazil won.

Between 1836 and 1839, the

and ended with a Confederate defeat and the dissolution of the Confederacy and annexation of many territories by Argentina.

Meanwhile, the

Peace lasted only a short time: in 1864, the Uruguayan factions faced each other again in the Uruguayan War. The Blancos supported by Paraguay started to attack Brazilian and Argentine farmers near the borders. The Empire made an initial attempt to settle the dispute between Blancos and Colorados without success. In 1864, after a Brazilian ultimatum was refused, the imperial government declared that Brazil's military would begin reprisals. Brazil declined to acknowledge a formal state of war, and, for most of its duration, the Uruguayan–Brazilian armed conflict was an undeclared war which led to the deposition of the Blancos and the rise of the pro-Brazilian Colorados to power again. This angered the Paraguayan government, which even before the end of the war invaded Brazil, beginning the longest and bloodiest inter-state war in Latin American history: the Paraguayan War.^[59]

The Paraguayan War began when the Paraguayan dictator Francisco Solano López ordered the invasion of the Brazilian provinces of Mato Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul. His attempt to cross Argentinian territory without Argentinian approval led the pro-Brazilian Argentine government into the war. The pro-Brazilian Uruguayan government showed its support by sending troops. In 1865 the three countries signed the Treaty of the Triple Alliance against Paraguay. At the beginning of the war, the Paraguayans took the lead with several victories, until the Triple Alliance organized to repel the invaders and fight effectively. This was the second total war experience in the world after the American Civil War. It was deemed the greatest war effort in the history of all participating countries, taking almost 6 years and ending with the complete devastation of Paraguay. The country lost 40% of its territory to Brazil and Argentina and lost 60% of its population, including 90% of the men. The dictator Lopez was killed in battle and a new government was instituted in alliance with Brazil, which maintained occupation forces in the country until 1876.^[60]

The last South American war in the 19th century was the

In the new century, as wars became less violent and less frequent, Brazil entered into a small conflict with Bolivia for the possession of the Acre, which was acquired by Brazil in 1902. In 1917 Brazil declared war on the

Also in this period, the first major naval battle of

A brief war was fought between Argentina and the UK in 1982, following an Argentine invasion of the Falkland Islands, which ended with an Argentine defeat. The last international war to be fought on South American soil was the 1995 Cenepa War between Ecuador and the Peru along their mutual border.

Wars became less frequent in the 20th century, with Bolivia-Paraguay and Peru-Ecuador fighting the last inter-state wars. Early in the 20th century, the three wealthiest South American countries engaged in a vastly expensive naval arms race which began after the introduction of a new warship type, the "dreadnought". At one point, the Argentine government was spending a fifth of its entire yearly budget for just two dreadnoughts, a price that did not include later in-service costs, which for the Brazilian dreadnoughts was sixty percent of the initial purchase.^[68][69]

The continent became a battlefield of the

.

In 1982, Argentina invaded the

Colombia has had an ongoing, though diminished internal conflict, which started in 1964 with the creation of

guerrillas

(FARC-EP) and then involved several illegal armed groups of leftist-leaning ideology as well as the private armies of powerful drug lords. Many of these are now defunct, and only a small portion of the ELN remains, along with the stronger, though also greatly reduced, FARC.

Revolutionary movements and right-wing military dictatorships became common after World War II, but since the 1980s, a wave of democratization passed through the continent, and democratic rule is widespread now.[71] Nonetheless, allegations of corruption are still very common, and several countries have developed crises which have forced the resignation of their governments, although, on most occasions, regular civilian succession has continued.

– the election of several leftist and center-left administrations in most countries, except the Guianas and Colombia.

Contemporary issues

South America's political geography since the 1990s has been characterized by a desire to reduce foreign influence.[73] The nationalization of industries, by which the state controls entire economic sectors (as opposed of private companies doing it), has become a prominent political issue in the region.^[73] Some South American nations have nationalized their electricity industries.^[73]

Arms	Flag	Country / Territory	Area[m]	Population (2021)[1][2]	Population density	Capital	Name(s) in official language(s)
		Argentina	2,766,890 km2 (1,068,300 sq mi)	45,276,780	14.3/km2 (37/sq mi)	Buenos Aires	Argentina
		Bolivia	1,098,580 km2 (424,160 sq mi)	12,079,472	8.4/km2 (22/sq mi)	La Paz, Sucre[n]	Bolivia / Mborivia / Wuliwya / Puliwya
		Brazil	8,514,877 km2 (3,287,612 sq mi)	214,326,223	22/km2 (57/sq mi)	Brasília	Brasil
		Chile[o]	756,950 km2 (292,260 sq mi)	19,493,184	22/km2 (57/sq mi)	Santiago[p]	Chile
		Colombia	1,141,748 km2 (440,831 sq mi)	51,516,562	40/km2 (100/sq mi)	Bogotá	Colombia
		Ecuador	283,560 km2 (109,480 sq mi)	17,797,737	53.8/km2 (139/sq mi)	Quito	Ecuador / Ikwayur / Ekuatur
		Falkland Islands (United Kingdom)	12,173 km2 (4,700 sq mi)	3,764	0.26/km2 (0.67/sq mi)	Stanley	Falkland Islands
		French Guiana (France)[q]	91,000 km2 (35,000 sq mi)	297,449	2.1/km2 (5.4/sq mi)	Préfecture )	Guyane
		Guyana	214,999 km2 (83,012 sq mi)	804,567	3.5/km2 (9.1/sq mi)	Georgetown	Guyana
		Paraguay	406,750 km2 (157,050 sq mi)	6,703,799	15.6/km2 (40/sq mi)	Asunción	Paraguay/Paraguái
		Peru	1,285,220 km2 (496,230 sq mi)	33,715,471	22/km2 (57/sq mi)	Lima	Perú/Piruw/Piruw
		South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (United Kingdom)[r]	3,093 km2 (1,194 sq mi)	20	0/km2 (0/sq mi)	King Edward Point	South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
		Suriname	163,270 km2 (63,040 sq mi)	612,985	3/km2 (7.8/sq mi)	Paramaribo	Suriname
		Uruguay	176,220 km2 (68,040 sq mi)	3,426,260	19.4/km2 (50/sq mi)	Montevideo	Uruguay/Uruguai
		Venezuela	916,445 km2 (353,841 sq mi)	28,199,867	27.8/km2 (72/sq mi)	Caracas	Venezuela
Total			17,824,513 km2 (6,882,083 sq mi)	434,254,119	21.5/km2 (56/sq mi)

UNASUR in Quito, Ecuador

Historically, the Hispanic countries were founded as Republican dictatorships led by

All South American countries are

for 4 years after its independence.

Recently, an intergovernmental entity has been formed which aims to merge the two existing customs unions: Mercosur and the Andean Community, thus forming the third-largest trade bloc in the world.^[76] This new political organization, known as Union of South American Nations, seeks to establish free movement of people, economic development, a common defense policy and the elimination of tariffs.

South America has a population of over 428 million people. They are distributed as to form a "hollow continent" with most of the population concentrated around the margins of the continent.

. The two main languages are by far Spanish and Portuguese, followed by English, French and Dutch in smaller numbers.

Language

Spanish and Portuguese are the most spoken languages in South America, with approximately 200 million speakers each. Spanish is the official language of most countries, along with other native languages in some countries. Portuguese is the official language of Brazil. Dutch is the official language of Suriname; English is the official language of Guyana, although there are at least twelve other languages spoken in the country, including Portuguese, Chinese, Hindustani and several native languages.^[77] English is also spoken in the Falkland Islands. French is the official language of French Guiana and the second language in Amapá, Brazil.

is spoken in certain pockets of southern Chile. At least three South American indigenous languages (Quechua, Aymara, and Guarani) are recognized along with Spanish as national languages.

Other languages found in South America include

Religion

Las Lajas Sanctuary, Ipiales, Colombia

An estimated 90% of South Americans are Christians

), accounting for 19% of Christians worldwide.

African descendent and Indigenous religions are common throughout South America; some examples are

Jewish populations by urban area

.

Kardecist Spiritism

can be found in several countries.

Hindus form 25% of the Guyanese population and 22% of Suriname's.^[80][81]

Muslims account for 7% of the Guyanese population and 14% of the Surinamese population.^[80][81] Almost all Muslims in Suriname are either Indonesian or Indians and in Guyana, most are Indian.

Part of Religions in South America (2013):^[82]

Religion in South America

Countries	Christians	Roman Catholics	Other Christians	No religion (atheists and agnostics)
Argentina	88%	77%	11%	11%
Bolivia	96%	74%	22%	4%
Brazil	88%	64%	22%	8%
Chile	70%	57%	13%	25%
Colombia	92%	80%	12%	7%
Ecuador	93%	80%	13%	7%
Guyana	63%	7%	56%	3%
Paraguay	96%	87%	9%	2%
Peru	94%	81%	13%	3%
Suriname	51%	29%	22%	5%
Uruguay	58%	47%	11%	41%
Venezuela	88%	71%	17%	8%

Italian Brazilian community during the Grape Festival at Caxias do Sul

Peruvian

woman and her son

Amerindian

(indigenous people) 17–31% and sub-Saharan African 2–4%. In Colombia, the sub-Saharan African genetic background varied 1% to 89%, while the European genetic background varied from 20 to 79%, depending on the region. In Peru, European ancestries ranged from 1% to 31%, while the African contribution was only 1–3%.[83] The Genographic Project determined the average Peruvian from Lima had about 25% European ancestry, 68% Native American, 3% Southwest Asian ancestry and 2% sub-Saharan African.^[84]

Descendants of

In Ecuador, Amerindians comprise two-fifths of the population. The indigenous population is also a significant element in most other countries in South America.

People who identify as of primarily or totally European descent, or identify their phenotype as corresponding to such group, are a majority in Uruguay,^[88] Argentina^[89] and Chile (64.7%),^[90] and are 43.5% of the population in Brazil.^[91][92][93] In Venezuela, according to the census, 42% of the population is of primarily Spanish, Italian or Portuguese descendence.^[94] In Colombia, people who identify as from European descendants are about 37%.^[95][96] In Peru, European descendants are the third group in number (15%).^[97]

Mestizos (mixed European and Amerindian) are the largest ethnic group in Bolivia, Paraguay, Venezuela, Colombia^[95] and Ecuador and the second group in Peru, Chile and Argentina.

South America is home to one of the largest populations of

community.

Ethnic distribution in South America^{[99][100][101]}

Country	Amerindians	White people	Mestizos / Pardos	Mullatos	Black people	Zambos	Asian people
Argentina	1%	85%	14%	0%	0%	0%	0%
Bolivia	48%	12%	37%	2%	0%	<1%	0%
Brazil	<1%	43.5%	45.3%	0%	10.2%	0%	<1%
Chile	6%	69%	25%	0%	0%	0%	0%
Colombia	2%	37%	50%	8%	2%	0%	<1%
Ecuador	39%	10%	41%	5%	5%	0%	0%
Guyana	10.5%	0.36%	19.9%* noted in Guyana as mixed regardless of race combination	*see Pardo	29.2%	*see Pardo	39.98%
Paraguay	3%	20%	75%	4%	0%	0%	0%
Peru	45%	15%	35%	2%	0%	0%	3%
Suriname	3.8%	1%	13.4%* noted in Suriname as mixed, regardless of race combination	*see Pardo	37.4%	*see Pardo	48.3%
Uruguay	0%	88%	8%	4%	0%	0%	0%
Venezuela	2.7%	43.6%	51.6%	0.7%	2.8%	0.6%	0.6%

Indigenous people

In some places indigenous people still practice a traditional lifestyle, based on subsistence agriculture or as hunter-gatherers. There are still

While Brazil, Argentina, and Colombia maintain the largest populations, large city populations are not restricted to those nations. The top ten largest South American metropolitan areas by population as of 2015, based on national censuses:

Metro Area	Population	Area	Country
São Paulo	21,090,792	7,947 km2 (3,068 sq mi)	Brazil
Buenos Aires	13,693,657	3,830 km2 (1,480 sq mi)	Argentina
Rio de Janeiro	13,131,431	6,744 km2 (2,604 sq mi)	Brazil
Lima	9,904,727	2,819 km2 (1,088 sq mi)	Peru
Bogotá	9,800,225	4,200 km2 (1,600 sq mi)	Colombia
Santiago	6,683,852	15,403 km2 (5,947 sq mi)	Chile
Belo Horizonte	5,829,923	9,467 km2 (3,655 sq mi)	Brazil
Caracas	5,322,310	4,715 km2 (1,820 sq mi)	Venezuela
Porto Alegre	4,258,926	10,232 km2 (3,951 sq mi)	Brazil
Brasilia	4,201,737	56,433 km2 (21,789 sq mi)	Brazil

Five of the

, above 13 million.

South America has been witness to the growth of

. Colombia also has four megaregions which comprise 72% of its population, followed by Venezuela, Argentina and Peru which are also homes of megaregions.

Economy

Cristina Fernández, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Nicanor Duarte, and Hugo Chávez signed the founding charter of the Bank of the South

.

São Paulo Stock Exchange

is the second biggest in the Americas and 13th in the world.

Kourou Space Centre

in French Guiana

KC-390 is the largest military transport aircraft produced in South America by the Brazilian company Embraer

.

Country	GDP (nominal) $bn 2023 [103]	GDP (PPP) $bn 2023 [103][104]	GDP per capita $,000 2023 [103]	Merchandise exports $bn 2022 [105]	Human Development Index 2021 [106]	% with less than $2.15 per day 2021 [107]
Argentina	622	1,240	27	103	0.84	1
Bolivia	47	125	10	15	0.69	2
Brazil	2,130	4,100	20	380	0.75	6
Chile	344	600	30	107	0.86	0.7
Colombia	364	1,000	19	72	0.75	7
Ecuador	120	243	13	36	0.74	3
Falkland Islands[108]		0.2	71
French Guiana[109]	5		20
Guyana	16	49	61	5	0.71
Paraguay	44	117	16	15	0.72	1.3
Peru	265	550	16	71	0.76	3
Suriname	3.5	11	18	3	0.73
Uruguay	76	103	29	23	0.81	0.1
Venezuela	92	21	8	23	0.69
Total	4,100	8,200	19	850

Since 1930, the continent has experienced growth and diversification in most economic sectors. Most agricultural and livestock products are destined for the domestic market and local consumption. However, the export of agricultural products is essential for the balance of trade in most countries.^[110]

The main agrarian crops are export crops, such as

to exploit timber destined for export.

The Pacific coastal waters are the most important for commercial fishing. The anchovy catch reaches thousands of tonnes, and tuna is abundant, Peru is a major exporter. The capture of

Brazil and Argentina are part of the G20 industrial countries, while only Brazil is part of the G8+5 (the most powerful and influential nations in the world). In the tourism sector, negotiations began in 2005 to promote tourism and increase air connections within the region. Punta del Este, Florianópolis and Mar del Plata are among the largest resorts in South America.^[110]

The most industrialized countries in South America are Brazil, Argentina, Colombia and Chile respectively. These countries alone account for more than 80% of the region's economy. Industries in South America significantly developed from the 1930s, when the Great Depression in the United States and elsewhere, boosted industrial production on the continent. The region partially moved away from agriculture and began to achieve high rates of economic growth that remained until the early 1990s, when they slowed due to political instabilities and economic crises.^[110]

Since the end of the economic crisis in Brazil and Argentina between 1998 and 2002, which led to

The main industries are: electronics, textiles, food, automotive, metallurgy, aviation, naval, clothing, beverage, steel, tobacco, timber, chemical, among others.[110]

The

Agriculture

The four countries with the strongest agriculture are Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Colombia. Currently:

• Brazil is the world's largest producer of
  beans, coconut, watermelon, lemon and yerba mate; is one of the top 10 world producers of cocoa, cashew, avocado, tangerine, persimmon, mango, guava, rice, oat, sorghum and tomato; and is one of the top 15 world producers of grape, apple, melon, peanut, fig, peach, onion, palm oil and natural rubber
  ;
• Argentina is the world's largest producer of
  soy, maize, sunflower seed, lemon and pear, one of the 10 largest producers in the world of barley, grape, artichoke, tobacco and cotton, and one of the 15 largest producers in the world of wheat, oat, chickpea, sugarcane, sorghum and grapefruit
  ;
• Chile is one of the five largest world producers of cherry and cranberry, and one of the 10 largest world producers of grape, apple, kiwi, peach, plum and hazelnut, focusing on exporting high-value fruits;
• Colombia is one of the five largest producers in the world of coffee, avocado and palm oil, and one of the 10 largest producers in the world of sugarcane, banana, pineapple and cocoa;
• Peru is the world's largest producer of quinoa; is one of the five largest producers of avocado, blueberry, artichoke and asparagus; one of the 10 largest producers in the world of coffee and cocoa; one of the 15 largest producers in the world of potato and pineapple, and also has a considerable production of grape, sugarcane, rice, banana, maize and cassava; its agriculture is considerably diversified;
• soy in the world and entering the list of the 20 largest producers of maize and sugarcane.^[114]

Brazil is the world's largest exporter of

In

• 
  Sugarcane plantation in São Paulo. In 2018, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with 746 million tonnes. South America produces half of the world's sugarcane.
• 
  Soy plantation in Mato Grosso. In 2020, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with 130 million tonnes. South America produces half of the world's soybeans.
• 
  Coffee in Minas Gerais. In 2018, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with 3.5 million tonnes. South America produces half of the world's coffee.
• 
  Orange in São Paulo. In 2018, Brazil was the world's largest producer, with 17 million tonnes. South America produces 25% of the world's orange.
• 
  Truck of a meat company in Brazil. South America produces 20% of the world's beef and chicken meat.

The World Bank annually lists the top manufacturing countries by total manufacturing value. According to the 2019 list, Brazil has the thirteenth most valuable industry in the world (US$174 billion), Venezuela the thirtieth largest (US$58.2 billion, however, it depends on oil to obtain this value), Argentina the 31st largest (US$57.7 billion), Colombia the 46th largest (US$35.4 billion), Peru the 50th largest (US$28.7 billion) and Chile the 51st largest (US$28.3 billion).^[122]

Brazil has the third-largest manufacturing sector in the Americas. Accounting for 29 percent of GDP, Brazil's industries range from automobiles, steel, and petrochemicals to computers, aircraft (

Mining

open pit mine in the world, near the city of Calama

in Chile.

Mining is one of the most important economic sectors in South America, especially for Chile, Peru and Bolivia, whose economies are highly dependent on this sector. The continent is a large producer of gold (mainly in Peru, Brazil and Argentina);[140] silver (mainly in Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina);^[141] copper (mainly in Chile, Peru and Brazil);^[142] iron ore (Brazil, Peru and Chile);^[143] zinc (Peru, Bolivia and Brazil);^[144] molybdenum (Chile and Peru);^[145] lithium (Chile, Argentina and Brazil);^[146] lead (Peru and Bolivia);^[147] bauxite (Brazil);^[148] tin (Peru, Bolivia and Brazil);^[149] manganese (Brazil);^[150] antimony (Bolivia and Ecuador);^[151] nickel (Brazil);^[152] niobium (Brazil);^[153] rhenium (Chile);^[154] iodine (Chile),^[155] among others.

Brazil stands out in the extraction of iron ore (where it is the second largest producer and exporter in the world – iron ore is usually one of the three export products that generate the greatest value in the country's trade balance), copper, gold,

Chile contributes about a third of the world copper production.[162] In addition to copper, Chile was, in 2019, the world's largest producer of iodine^[163] and rhenium,^[164] the second largest producer of lithium^[165] and molybdenum,^[145] the sixth largest producer of silver,^[166] the seventh largest producer of salt,^[167] the eighth largest producer of potash,^[168] the thirteenth producer of sulfur^[169] and the thirteenth producer of iron ore^[170] in the world.

In 2019, Peru was the 2nd largest world producer of copper^[171] and silver,^[166] 8th largest world producer of gold,^[172] 3rd largest world producer of lead,^[147] 2nd largest world producer of zinc,^[173] 4th largest world producer of tin,^[174] 5th largest world producer of boron^[175] and 4th largest world producer of molybdenum.^[145]

In 2019, Bolivia was the 8th largest world producer of silver;^[166] 4th largest world producer of boron;^[175] 5th largest world producer of antimony;^[176] 5th largest world producer of tin;^[174] 6th largest world producer of tungsten;^[177] 7th largest producer of zinc,^[178] and the 8th largest producer of lead.^{[147][179][180]}

In 2019, Argentina was the 4th largest world producer of lithium,^[165] the 9th largest world producer of silver,^[166] the 17th largest world producer of gold^[172] and the 7th largest world producer of boron.^[175]

In the production of oil, Brazil was the 10th largest oil producer in the world in 2019, with 2.8 million barrels / day. Venezuela was the 21st largest, with 877 thousand barrels / day and Colombia in 22nd with 886 thousand. As Venezuela and Ecuador consume little oil and export most of their production, they are part of OPEC. Venezuela had a big drop in production after 2015 (where it produced 2.5 million barrels / day), falling in 2018 to 1.4 million and in 2019 to 877 thousand, due to lack of investment.^[184]

For natural gas, in 2018, Argentina produced 1524 bcf (billion cubic feet), Venezuela 946, Brazil 877, Bolivia 617, Peru 451, Colombia 379.^[185]

In the beginning of 2020, in the production of

Tourism

Tourism has increasingly become a significant source of income for South American countries.[188]^[189]

Historic relics, architectural and natural wonders, a diverse range of foods and culture, colorful cities, and pretty landscapes attract millions of tourists every year to South America. Some of the most visited places in the region are

.

South Americans are culturally influenced by their indigenous peoples, the historic connection with the Iberian Peninsula and Africa, and waves of immigrants from around the globe.

South American nations have a rich variety of

Nueva Canción

movement which was founded in Argentina and Chile and quickly spread to the rest of the Latin America.

People on the Peruvian coast created the fine guitar and

are the most representative of the country, which were originated by European, Aymara and Quechua influences.

The

are widely regarded as the greatest Brazilian writers.

Food and drink

Main article:

Cuisine of South America

Because of South America's broad ethnic mix,

is a liquor distilled from grapes in Peru and Chile. Peruvian cuisine mixes elements from Chinese, Japanese, Spanish, Italian, African, Arab, Andean, and Amazonic food.

Plastic arts

Main article:

Art of South America

The artist Oswaldo Guayasamín (1919–1999) from Ecuador, represented with his painting style the feeling of the peoples of Latin America^[194] highlighting social injustices in various parts of the world. The Colombian Fernando Botero (1932–2023) was one of the greatest exponents of painting and sculpture was able to develop a recognizable style of his own.^[195] For his part, the Venezuelan Carlos Cruz-Diez has contributed significantly to contemporary art,^[196] with the presence of works around the world.

Currently several emerging South American artists are recognized by international art critics: Guillermo Lorca – Chilean painter,^[197][198] Teddy Cobeña – Ecuadorian sculptor and recipient of international sculpture award in France)^{[199][200][201]} and Argentine artist Adrián Villar Rojas^[202][203] – winner of the Zurich Museum Art Award among many others.

A wide range of sports are played in the continent of South America, with football being the most popular overall, while baseball is the most popular in Venezuela.

Other sports include basketball,

.

South America hosted its first Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2016, and has hosted the Youth Olympic Games in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 2018. A multi-sport event, the South American Games, are held every four years. The first edition was held in La Paz in 1978 and the most recent took place in Santiago in 2014.

South America shares, with Europe, supremacy over football: all winners in the FIFA World Cup and FIFA Club World Cup have come from these two continents. Brazil has won the FIFA World Cup a record five times; Argentina three times, Uruguay twice. Five South American nations have hosted the tournament including the first edition in Uruguay (1930). Two were in Brazil (1950, 2014), Chile (1962), and Argentina (1978). South America is home to the longest-running international football tournament, the Copa América, which has been contested since 1916. Argentina has won the Copa América 16 times, the most among all countries.

and certain other invited sides including teams from North America, currently played annually but until 2013 was usually played every two seasons.

Due to the diversity of topography and pluviometric precipitation conditions, the region's water resources vary enormously in different areas. In the Andes, navigation possibilities are limited, except for the Magdalena River, Lake Titicaca and the lakes of the southern regions of Chile and Argentina. Irrigation is an important factor for agriculture from northwestern Peru to Patagonia. Less than 10% of the known electrical potential of the Andes had been used until the mid-1960s.

The Brazilian Highlands have a much higher hydroelectric potential than the Andean region^{[citation needed]} and its possibilities of exploitation are greater due to the existence of several large rivers with high margins and the occurrence of great differences forming huge cataracts, such as those of Paulo Afonso, Iguaçu and others. The Amazon River system has about 13,000 km of waterways, but its possibilities for hydroelectric use are still unknown.

Most of the continent's energy is generated through

. In 1991 these countries signed a peaceful nuclear cooperation agreement.

The Brazilian government has undertaken an ambitious program to reduce dependence on imported petroleum. Imports previously accounted for more than 70% of the country's oil needs but Brazil became self-sufficient in oil in 2006–2007. Brazil was the 10th largest oil producer in the world in 2019, with 2.8 million barrels / day. Production manages to supply the country's demand.^[184] In the beginning of 2020, in the production of oil and natural gas, the country exceeded 4 million barrels of oil equivalent per day, for the first time. In January this year, 3.168 million barrels of oil per day and 138.753 million cubic meters of natural gas were extracted.^[186]

Brazil is one of the main world producers of

In 2013, the Southeast Region used about 50% of the load of the National Integrated System (SIN), being the main energy consuming region in the country. The region's installed electricity generation capacity totaled almost 42,500 MW, which represented about a third of Brazil's generation capacity. Hydroelectric generation represented 58% of the region's installed capacity, with the remaining 42% coming mostly from thermoelectric generation. São Paulo accounted for 40% of this capacity; Minas Gerais for about 25%; Rio de Janeiro for 13.3%; and Espírito Santo accounted for the rest. The South Region owns the Itaipu Dam, which was the largest hydroelectric plant in the world for several years, until the inauguration of Three Gorges Dam in China. It remains the second largest operating hydroelectric in the world. Brazil is the co-owner of the Itaipu Plant with Paraguay: the dam is located on the Paraná River, located on the border between countries. It has an installed generation capacity of 14 GW for 20 generating units of 700 MW each. North Region has large hydroelectric plants, such as Belo Monte Dam and Tucuruí Dam, which produce much of the national energy. Brazil's hydroelectric potential has not yet been fully exploited, so the country still has the capacity to build several renewable energy plants in its territory.^[207][208]

As of July 2022,^[ref] according to ONS, total installed capacity of wind power was 22 GW, with average capacity factor of 58%.^[209][210] While the world average wind production capacity factors is 24.7%, there are areas in Northern Brazil, specially in Bahia State, where some wind farms record with average capacity factors over 60%;^[211][212] the average capacity factor in the Northeast Region is 45% in the coast and 49% in the interior.^[213] In 2019, wind energy represented 9% of the energy generated in the country.^[214] In 2019, it was estimated that the country had an estimated wind power generation potential of around 522 GW (this, only onshore), enough energy to meet three times the country's current demand.^[215][216] In 2021 Brazil was the 7th country in the world in terms of installed wind power (21 GW),^[217][218] and the 4th largest producer of wind energy in the world (72 TWh), behind only China, United States and Germany.^[219][220]

Nuclear energy accounts for about 4% of Brazil's electricity.

As of October 2022,[ref] according to ONS, total installed capacity of

In 2020, Brazil was the 2nd largest country in the world in the production of energy through biomass (energy production from solid biofuels and renewable waste), with 15,2 GW installed.^[227]

After Brazil, Colombia is the country in South America that most stands out in energy production. In 2020, the country was the 20th largest petroleum producer in the world, and in 2015 it was the 19th largest exporter. In natural gas, the country was, in 2015, the 40th largest producer in the world. Colombia's biggest highlight is in coal, where the country was, in 2018, the world's 12th largest producer and the 5th largest exporter. In renewable energies, in 2020, the country ranked 45th in the world in terms of installed wind energy (0.5 GW), 76th in the world in terms of installed solar energy (0.1 GW) and 20th in the world in terms of installed hydroelectric power (12.6 GW). Venezuela, which was one of the world's largest oil producers (about 2.5 million barrels/day in 2015) and one of the largest exporters, due to its political problems, has had its production drastically reduced in recent years: in 2016, it dropped to 2.2 million, in 2017 to 2 million, in 2018 to 1.4 million and in 2019 to 877 thousand, reaching only 300,000 barrels/day at a given point. The country also stands out in hydroelectricity, where it was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed capacity in 2020 (16,5 GW). Argentina was, in 2017, the 18th largest producer in the world, and the largest producer in Latin America, of natural gas, in addition to being the 28th largest oil producer; although the country has the Vaca Muerta field, which holds close to 16 billion barrels of technically recoverable shale oil, and is the second largest shale natural gas deposit in the world, the country lacks the capacity to exploit the deposit: it is necessary capital, technology and knowledge that can only come from offshore energy companies, who view Argentina and its erratic economic policies with considerable suspicion, not wanting to invest in the country. In renewable energies, in 2020, the country ranked 27th in the world in terms of installed wind energy (2.6 GW), 42nd in the world in terms of installed solar energy (0.7 GW) and 21st in the world in terms of installed hydroelectric power (11.3 GW). The country has great future potential for the production of wind energy in the Patagonia region. Chile, although currently not a major energy producer, has great future potential for solar energy production in the Atacama Desert region. Paraguay stands out today in hydroelectric production thanks to the Itaipu Power Plant. Bolivia stand out in the production of natural gas, where it was the 31st largest in the world in 2015. Ecuador, because it consumes little energy, is part of OPEC and was the 27th largest oil producer in the world in 2020, being the 22nd largest exporter in 2014.^{[228][229][230][220]}

Transport in South America is basically carried out using various modes including: roads,

sector, although having more robust contemporary potential, are still somewhat treated in a secondary way.

Due to the

).

Some of the most modern roads extend through northern and south-east Argentina; and south of Brazil, a vast road complex aims to link Brasília, the federal capital, to the South, Southeast, Northeast and Northern regions of Brazil.

Brazil has more than 1.7 million km of roads, of which 215,000 km are paved, and about 14,000 km are

These 4 countries are the ones with the best road infrastructure and with the largest number of double-lane highways.

In addition, there is a reputed Pan-American Highway, which crosses Argentina and the Andean countries from north to south, although various stretches are unfinished.^[234]

Rio de Janeiro International Airport

In South America,

(Santa Cruz de la Sierra), Recife, Salvador, Salgado Filho International Airport (Porto Alegre), Fortaleza, Manaus and Belém.

There are more than 2,000 airports in Brazil. The country has the second largest number of airports in the world, behind only the United States.

Seaports and harbors

The two main merchant fleets also belong to Brazil and Argentina. The following are those of Chile, Venezuela, Peru and Colombia. The largest ports in commercial movement are those of Buenos Aires, Santos, Rio de Janeiro, Bahía Blanca, Rosario, Valparaíso, Recife, Salvador, Montevideo, Paranaguá, Rio Grande, Fortaleza, Belém and Maracaibo.

About ports, Brazil has some of the busiest seaports in South America, such as

Rail

Two primary railroads are continental: the Transandina, which connects Buenos Aires, in Argentina to Valparaíso, in Chile, and the Brazil–Bolivia Railroad, which makes it the connection between the port of Santos in Brazil and the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, in Bolivia.

Two areas of greater density occur in the railway sector: the platinum network, which develops around the

.

The Argentine rail network, with 47,000 km of tracks, and at one stage was one of the largest in the world and continues to be the most extensive in Latin America. It came to have about 100,000 km of rails, but the lifting of tracks and the emphasis placed on motor transport gradually reduced it. It has four different trails and international connections with Paraguay, Bolivia, Chile, Brazil and Uruguay. The Brazilian railway network has an extension of about 30,000 kilometers. It is basically used for transporting ores.[237] Chile has almost 7,000 km of railways, with connections to Argentina, Bolivia and Peru. Colombia has about 3,500 km of railways.^[238]

South America has one of the largest bays of navigable inland waterways in the world, represented mainly by the

, the São Francisco and the Orinoco basins, Brazil having about 54,000 km navigable, while Argentina has 6,500 km and Venezuela, 1,200 km.

Among the main Brazilian waterways, two stand out: Hidrovia Tietê-Paraná (which has a length of 2,400 km, 1,600 on the Paraná River and 800 km on the Tietê River, draining agricultural production from the states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás and part of Rondônia, Tocantins and Minas Gerais) and Hidrovia do Solimões-Amazonas (it has two sections: Solimões, which extends from Tabatinga to Manaus, with approximately 1600 km, and Amazonas, which extends from Manaus to Belém, with 1650 km. Almost entirely passenger transport from the Amazon plain is done by this waterway, in addition to practically all cargo transportation that is directed to the major regional centers of Belém and Manaus). In Brazil, this transport is still underused: the most important waterway stretches, from an economic point of view, are found in the Southeast and South of the country. Its full use still depends on the construction of locks, major dredging works and, mainly, of ports that allow intermodal integration. In Argentina, the waterway network is made up of the La Plata, Paraná, Paraguay and Uruguay rivers. The main river ports are Zárate and Campana. The port of Buenos Aires is historically the first in individual importance, but the area known as Up-River, which stretches along 67 km of the Santa Fé portion of the Paraná River, brings together 17 ports that concentrate 50% of the total exports of the country.

The main public transport in major cities is the bus. Many cities have a diverse system of metro and subway trains, the first of which was the

(La Paz–El Alto Cable Car), is an aerial cable car urban transit system serving the La Paz–El Alto metropolitan area in Bolivia.

See also

• Flags of South America
• South American Games
• List of World Heritage Sites in South America

References

Citations

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General and cited references

• "South America". The Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online. New York: Columbia University Press. 2005. Archived from the original on 1 September 2006. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
• "Latin American Network Information Database". Archived from the original on 10 December 2009. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
• S2CID 150457372
  .
• Peck, Annie Smith (1922). Industrial and commercial South America. New York: E. P. Dutton & Company.

External links

• South America web resources provided by GovPubs at the
  University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
• South America at the Encyclopædia Britannica
• South America's Ancient Civilisations at the National Geographic Society
• South America at
  Curlie
• The Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online Columbia University Press
• "South America" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 485–489.