South Park

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This article is about the television series. For the franchise, see South Park (franchise). For other uses, see South Park (disambiguation).

South Park
Title card featuring the four main characters: Stan, Kyle, Kenny and Cartman
Genre
Created by
Developed byBrian Graden
Voices of
Theme music composerPrimus
Composers
  • Adam Berry
  • Scott Nickoley
  • Jamie Dunlap
Country of originUnited States
Original languageEnglish
No. of seasons26
No. of episodes327 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producers
  • Trey Parker
  • Matt Stone
  • Brian Graden
  • Deborah Liebling
  • Frank C. Agnone II
  • Bruce Howell
  • Anne Garefino
Producers
CinematographyKenny Gioseffi
Running time22 minutes
Comedy Partners
Original release
NetworkComedy Central[nb 1]
ReleaseAugust 13, 1997 (1997-08-13) –
present (present)
Related
The Spirit of Christmas

South Park is an American

surreal humor that satirizes a large range of subject matter
.

Parker and Stone developed South Park from two animated short films, both titled

pilot episode was produced using cutout animation; the remainder of the series uses computer animation
recalling the prior technique. Since the fourth season, episodes are generally written and produced during the week preceding its broadcast, with Parker serving as the lead writer and director.

Since its debut on August 13, 1997,

HBO Max.[4] The series' twenty-sixth season premiered on February 8, 2023.[5]

South Park has received critical acclaim, and is included in various publications' lists of greatest television shows. It has received numerous accolades, including five

Academy Award nomination. In 2013, TV Guide ranked South Park the tenth Greatest TV Cartoon of All Time.[6]

Premise

Setting and characters

Main article: List of South Park characters

South Park centers around four boys:

various residents.[9] Prominent settings include South Park Elementary, various neighborhoods and the surrounding mountain range, actual Colorado landmarks, and the businesses along the town's main street, all of which are based on the appearance of similar locations in Fairplay, Colorado.[7][9] As one of the few television programs set in the Mountain West region that takes place outside the urban core of Denver, South Park frequently features the unique culture of the region, including cattle ranchers, Old West theme parks, snowy climates, mountaineering, Mormons, real-life Colorado locations such as Casa Bonita and Cave of the Winds
, and many other regionally specific characteristics.

Stan is portrayed as an average American boy; however, he has many mishaps throughout the series. In the first 22 seasons, Stan lived in South Park, however, in the episodes during and after 22nd season, Stan resided in Tegridy Farms. Kyle is

fourth season, they entered the fourth grade, where they have remained ever since.[13][14]

Plots are often set in motion by events, ranging from the fairly typical to the supernatural and extraordinary, which frequently happen in the town.[15] The boys often act as the voice of reason when these events cause panic or incongruous behavior among the adult populace, who are customarily depicted as irrational, gullible, and prone to overreaction.[7][16] They are frequently confused by the contradictory and hypocritical behavior of their parents and other adults, and often perceive them as having distorted views on morality and society.[9][17]

Themes and style

See also: Subject matter in South Park

Each episode opens with a tongue-in-cheek all persons fictitious disclaimer: "All characters and events in this show—even those based on real people—are entirely fictional. All celebrity voices are impersonated.....poorly. The following program contains coarse language and due to its content it should not be viewed by anyone."[18][19]

South Park was the first weekly program to be rated

TV-MA,[20] and is generally intended for adult audiences.[21][22][23] The boys and most other child characters use strong profanity, with only the most taboo words being bleeped during a typical broadcast.[9] Parker and Stone perceive this as the manner in which real-life small boys speak when they are alone.[24][25]

South Park commonly makes use of carnivalesque and absurdist techniques,[26] numerous running gags,[27][28] violence,[28][29] sexual content,[30][31] offhand pop-cultural references, and satirical portrayal of celebrities.[32]

Early episodes tended to be shock value-oriented and featured more slapstick-style humor.[33] While social satire had been used on the show occasionally earlier on, it became more prevalent as the series progressed, with the show retaining some of its focus on the boys' fondness of scatological humor in an attempt to remind adult viewers "what it was like to be eight years old".[10] Parker and Stone also began further developing other characters by giving them larger roles in certain storylines,[10] and began writing plots as parables based on religion, politics, and numerous other topics.[9] This provided the opportunity for the show to spoof both extreme sides of contentious issues,[34] while lampooning both liberal and conservative points of view.[9][16][35] Rebecca Raphael described the show as "an equal opportunity offender",[15] while Parker and Stone describe their main purpose as to "be funny" and "make people laugh",[36][37] while stating that no particular topic or group of people be exempt from mockery and satire.[16][32][38][39][40]

Parker and Stone insist that the show is still more about "kids being kids" and "what it's like to be in [elementary school] in America",[41] stating that the introduction of a more satirical element to the series was the result of the two adding more of a "moral center" to the show so that it would rely less on simply being crude and shocking in an attempt to maintain an audience.[36][37] While profane, Parker notes that there is still an "underlying sweetness" aspect to the child characters,[34] and Time described the boys as "sometimes cruel but with a core of innocence".[11] Usually, the boys or other characters pondered over what transpired during an episode and conveyed the important lesson taken from it with a short monologue. During earlier seasons, this speech commonly began with a variation of the phrase "You know, I've learned something today...".[42]

Development

Two adult males sitting in chairs with their left legs crossed.
South Park creators Trey Parker (left) and Matt Stone continue to do most of the writing, directing and voice acting on the show.

Parker and Stone met in film class at the

animated short entitled The Spirit of Christmas.[27] The film was created by animating construction paper cutouts with stop motion, and features prototypes of the main characters of South Park, including a character resembling Cartman but named "Kenny", an unnamed character resembling what is today Kenny, and two near-identical unnamed characters who resemble Stan and Kyle. Fox Broadcasting Company executive and mutual friend Brian Graden commissioned Parker and Stone to create a second short film as a video Christmas card. Created in 1995, the second The Spirit of Christmas short resembled the style of the later series more closely.[44] To differentiate between the two homonymous shorts, the first short is often referred to as Jesus vs. Frosty, and the second short as Jesus vs. Santa. Graden sent copies of the video to several of his friends, and from there it was copied and distributed, including on the internet, where it became one of the first viral videos.[27][11]

As Jesus vs. Santa became more popular, Parker and Stone began talks of developing the short into a television series about four children residing in the fictional

20th Century Fox Television (which was to produce the series) agreed with its then-sister network's stance on Mr. Hankey and repeatedly requested Parker and Stone to remove the character in order for the show to proceed. Refusing to meet their demands, the duo cut ties with Fox and its sister companies all together and began shopping the series somewhere else.[45][46][47]

The two then entered negotiations with both MTV and Comedy Central. Parker preferred the show be produced by Comedy Central, fearing that MTV would turn it into a kids show.[48] When Comedy Central executive Doug Herzog watched the short, he commissioned for it to be developed into a series.[27][49] Parker and Stone assembled a small staff and spent three months creating the pilot episode "Cartman Gets an Anal Probe".[50] South Park was in danger of being canceled before it even aired when the show fared poorly with test audiences, particularly with women. However, the shorts were still gaining more popularity over the Internet, and Comedy Central ordered a run of six episodes.[36][48] South Park debuted with "Cartman Gets an Anal Probe" on August 13, 1997.[51]

Production

Except for the pilot episode, which was produced using

Westwood, Los Angeles, California and are now part of South Park Studios in Culver City, California.[49][53] Parker and Stone have been the show's executive producers throughout its entire history.[58] Debbie Liebling, who was Senior Vice President of original programming and development for Comedy Central, also served as an executive producer during the show's first five seasons, coordinating the show's production efforts between South Park Studios and Comedy Central's headquarters in New York City.[59][60] During its early stages, finished episodes of South Park were hastily recorded to D-2 to be sent to Comedy Central for airing in just a few days' time.[61] Each episode used to cost $250,000.[62]

Writing

Montage: On top, an armored man with a rifle reaches for a scared young boy being held in the arms of an adult male in an open closet. On bottom, a frame from an animated show mimicking the picture above, with an adult female instead holding a young boy.
The Border Patrol raid during the Elián González affair is referenced in "Quintuplets 2000", which aired within the same week the event occurred.

Scripts are not written before a season begins.

season seven (2003) episodes "Cancelled" and "I'm a Little Bit Country".[63][66][67] During the 12th and 13th seasons, Saturday Night Live actor and writer Bill Hader served as a creative consultant and co-producer.[68][69][70]

After exchanging ideas, Parker will write a script, and from there the entire team of animators, editors, technicians, and sound engineers will each typically work 100–120 hours in the ensuing week.

fourth season (2000), Parker has assumed most of the show's directorial duties, while Stone relinquished his share of the directing to focus on handling the coordination and business aspects of the production.[27][71] On Wednesday, a completed episode is sent to Comedy Central's headquarters via satellite uplink, sometimes just a few hours before its air time of 10 PM Eastern Time.[27][72]

Parker and Stone state that subjecting themselves to a one-week deadline creates more spontaneity amongst themselves in the creative process, which they feel results in a funnier show.

season 12 (2008) episode "About Last Night..." revolves around Barack Obama's victory in the 2008 presidential election, and aired less than 24 hours after Obama was declared the winner, using segments of dialogue from Obama's real victory speech.[77]

On October 16, 2013, the show failed to meet their production deadline for the first time ever, after a power outage on October 15 at the production studio prevented the episode, season 17's "Goth Kids 3: Dawn of the Posers", from being finished in time. The episode was rescheduled to air a week later on October 23, 2013.[78]

Animation

Montage showing the stages of an animation process: On top, a simple black and white sketch of a male child in a rocket kiddie-ride, while another young child stands next to the ride and reluctantly holds the rider's hand. In the middle, stock animation characters reflecting the sketch shown at top, sans background characters. At bottom, a screenshot of a fully animated frame showing the same event, complete with characters and arcade games in the background
The various stages of production (from top to bottom): the storyboard sketch, the CorelDRAW props with stock character models, and a frame from the fully rendered episode, "Super Fun Time"

The show's style of animation is inspired by the paper cut-out cartoons made by Terry Gilliam for Monty Python's Flying Circus, of which Parker and Stone have been lifelong fans.[48][11][79] Construction paper and traditional stop motion cutout animation techniques were used in the original animated shorts and in the pilot episode. Subsequent episodes have been produced by computer animation, providing a similar look to the originals while requiring a fraction of the time to produce. Before computer artists begin animating an episode, a series of animatics drawn in Toon Boom are provided by the show's storyboard artists.[50][80]

The characters and objects are composed of simple geometrical shapes and primary and secondary colors. Most child characters are the same size and shape, and are distinguished by their clothing, hair and skin colors, and headwear.[17] Characters are mostly presented two-dimensionally and from only one angle. Their movements are animated in an intentionally jerky fashion, as they are purposely not offered the same free range of motion associated with hand-drawn characters.[10][53][81] Occasionally, some non-fictional characters are depicted with photographic cutouts of their actual head and face in lieu of a face reminiscent of the show's traditional style. Canadians on the show are often portrayed in an even more minimalist fashion; they have simple beady eyes, and the top halves of their heads simply flap up and down when the characters speak.[38]

When the show began using computers, the cardboard cutouts were scanned and re-drawn with

season five, the animators began using Maya instead of PowerAnimator.[82] As of 2012, the studio ran a 120-processor render farm that can produce 30 or more shots an hour.[50]

PowerAnimator and Maya are high-end programs mainly used for

Mac OS X operating system. The show's visual quality has improved in recent seasons,[10] though several other techniques are used to intentionally preserve the cheap cutout animation look.[27][54][83]

A few episodes feature sections of

season 12 episode "Major Boobage", a homage to the 1981 animated film Heavy Metal, implements scenes accomplished with rotoscoping.[85]

Voice cast

Main article: List of South Park cast members

Parker and Stone voice most of the male South Park characters.

seventh season (2003). She was replaced by April Stewart, who, along with Marshall, continues to voice most of the female characters. Bergman was originally listed in the credits under the alias Shannen Cassidy to protect her reputation as the voice of several Disney and other kid-friendly characters.[87] Stewart was originally credited under the name Gracie Lazar,[88] while Schneider was sometimes credited under her rock opera performance pseudonym Blue Girl.[89]

Other voice actors and members of South Park's production staff have voiced minor characters for various episodes, while a few staff members voice recurring characters. Supervising producer

Mr. Slave, the former gay lover of Mr. Garrison.[91] Throughout the show's run, the voices for toddler and kindergarten characters have been provided by various small children of the show's production staff.[92]

When voicing child characters, the voice actors speak within their normal vocal range while adding a childlike inflection. The recorded audio is then edited with Pro Tools, and the pitch is altered to make the voice sound more like that of a fourth grader.[72][93][94]

season 10 (2006) premiere "The Return of Chef
".

Guest stars

Main article: List of South Park guest stars

Celebrities who are depicted on the show are usually impersonated, though some celebrities do their own voices for the show. Celebrities who have voiced themselves include Michael Buffer,[97][98] Brent Musburger,[99] Jay Leno,[100] Robert Smith,[101] and the bands Radiohead and Korn.[102][103] Comedy team

season four (2000) episode "Cherokee Hair Tampons", which was the duo's first collaborative effort in 20 years.[104] Malcolm McDowell appears in live-action sequences as the narrator of the season four episode "Pip".[105]

Starvin' Marvin", but declined to appear when he was only offered a role as "Turkey #2".[112]

Music

An adult male with sunglasses plays a piano under a spotlight on a darkened stage, 1973
Chef would often sing in a style reminiscent of that of his voice actor, Isaac Hayes.

Parker says that the varying uses of music are of utmost importance to South Park.[113] Several characters often play or sing songs in order to change or influence a group's behavior, or to educate, motivate, or indoctrinate others. The show also frequently features scenes in which its characters have disapproving reactions to the performances of certain popular musicians.[113]

sound synthesis to simulate a small orchestra, and frequently alluded to existing famous pieces of music. Berry also used signature acoustic guitar and mandolin cues as leitmotifs for the show's establishing shots.[113][114] After Berry left in 2001, Jamie Dunlap and Scott Nickoley of the Los Angeles-based Mad City Production Studios provided the show's original music for the next seven seasons.[93] Since 2008, Dunlap has been credited as the show's sole score composer.[115] Dunlap's contributions to the show are one of the few that are not achieved at the show's own production offices. Dunlap reads a script, creates a score using digital audio software, and then e-mails the audio file to South Park Studios, where it is edited to fit with the completed episode.[93]

In addition to singing in an effort to explain something to the children, Chef would also sing about things relevant to what had transpired in the plot. These songs were original compositions written by Parker, and they were performed by Hayes in the same sexually suggestive R&B style he had used during his own music career. The band DVDA, which consists of Parker and Stone, along with show staff members Bruce Howell and D.A. Young, performed the music for these compositions and, until the character's death on the show, were listed as "Chef's Band" in the closing credits.[53]

season three (1999) episode "Korn's Groovy Pirate Ghost Mystery".[103]

Main theme

The show's

theme song was a musical score performed by the band Primus, with the lyrics alternately sung by the band's lead singer, Les Claypool, and the show's four central characters during the opening title sequence. Kenny's muffled lines are altered after every few seasons. His lines are usually sexually explicit in nature, such as his original lines, "I like girls with big fat titties, I like girls with deep vaginas".[116]

The original unaired opening composition was originally slower and had a length of 40 seconds. It was deemed too long for the opening sequence. So Parker and Stone sped it up for the show's opening, having Claypool re-record his vocals. The

instrumental version of the original composition is often played during the show's closing credits.[117]

The opening song played in the first four seasons (and the end credits in all seasons) has a

electric guitars backed up by synthesized, groovy drumbeats.[93]

The opening theme song has been remixed three times during the course of the series, including a remix performed by Paul Robb.[118] In 2006, the theme music was remixed with the song "Whamola" by Colonel Les Claypool's Fearless Flying Frog Brigade, from the album Purple Onion.[119]

Episodes

Main article: List of South Park episodes
SeasonEpisodesOriginally released
First releasedLast releasedNetwork
113August 13, 1997 (1997-08-13)February 25, 1998 (1998-02-25)Comedy Central
218April 1, 1998 (1998-04-01)January 20, 1999 (1999-01-20)
317April 7, 1999 (1999-04-07)January 12, 2000 (2000-01-12)
417April 5, 2000 (2000-04-05)December 20, 2000 (2000-12-20)
514June 20, 2001 (2001-06-20)December 12, 2001 (2001-12-12)
617March 6, 2002 (2002-03-06)December 11, 2002 (2002-12-11)
715March 19, 2003 (2003-03-19)December 17, 2003 (2003-12-17)
814March 17, 2004 (2004-03-17)December 15, 2004 (2004-12-15)
914March 9, 2005 (2005-03-09)December 7, 2005 (2005-12-07)
1014March 22, 2006 (2006-03-22)November 15, 2006 (2006-11-15)
1114March 7, 2007 (2007-03-07)November 14, 2007 (2007-11-14)
1214March 12, 2008 (2008-03-12)November 19, 2008 (2008-11-19)
1314March 11, 2009 (2009-03-11)November 18, 2009 (2009-11-18)
1414March 17, 2010 (2010-03-17)November 17, 2010 (2010-11-17)
1514April 27, 2011 (2011-04-27)November 16, 2011 (2011-11-16)
1614March 14, 2012 (2012-03-14)November 7, 2012 (2012-11-07)
1710September 25, 2013 (2013-09-25)December 11, 2013 (2013-12-11)
1810September 24, 2014 (2014-09-24)December 10, 2014 (2014-12-10)
1910September 16, 2015 (2015-09-16)December 9, 2015 (2015-12-09)
2010September 14, 2016 (2016-09-14)December 7, 2016 (2016-12-07)
2110September 13, 2017 (2017-09-13)December 6, 2017 (2017-12-06)
2210September 26, 2018 (2018-09-26)December 12, 2018 (2018-12-12)
2310September 25, 2019 (2019-09-25)December 11, 2019 (2019-12-11)
242September 30, 2020 (2020-09-30)March 10, 2021 (2021-03-10)
Specials2November 25, 2021 (2021-11-25)December 16, 2021 (2021-12-16)Paramount+
256February 2, 2022 (2022-02-02)March 16, 2022 (2022-03-16)Comedy Central
Specials2June 1, 2022 (2022-06-01)July 13, 2022 (2022-07-13)Paramount+
266February 8, 2023 (2023-02-08)March 29, 2023 (2023-03-29)Comedy Central
Specials2October 27, 2023 (2023-10-27)December 20, 2023 (2023-12-20)Paramount+

Distribution

International

South Park is broadcast internationally in several countries and territories, including India, New Zealand, and several countries throughout Europe and Latin America on channels that are subsidiaries of Comedy Central and

VIVA and 5Star), B92 in Serbia,[126] and on Game One and NRJ 12 in France. In September 2020, SBS, which aired South Park in Australia since 1997, removed South Park from its television line-up, though reruns could air on SBS Viceland.[127][128]

Syndication

ViacomCBS, which allows the show to be renewed all the way up to season 30 and 14 additional films, enough to carry the show to at least 2027.[135][136]

Home media

Main article: List of South Park home video releases

Complete seasons of South Park have been regularly released in their entirety on DVD since 2002, with

season twelve.[141] Subsequent seasons have been released in this format alongside the longer-running DVD releases. The first eleven seasons were released on Blu-ray for the first time in December 2017.[142][143]

Streaming

In March 2008, Comedy Central made every episode of South Park available for free full-length on-demand legal streaming on the official South Park Studios website.[144] From March 2008 until December 2013, new episodes were added to the site the day following their debut, and an uncensored version was posted the following day. The episode stayed up for the remainder of the week, then taken down, and added to the site three weeks later.

Within a week, the site served more than a million streams of full episodes,[144] and the number grew to 55 million by October 2008.[145] Legal issues prevent the U.S. content from being accessible outside the U.S.,[146] so local servers have been set up in other countries.[147] In September 2009, a South Park Studios website with streaming episodes was launched in the UK and Ireland.[148] In Canada, episodes were available for streaming from The Comedy Network's website, though due to digital rights restrictions, they are no longer available.[149]

In April 2010, the season five episode "Super Best Friends" and the season fourteen episodes "200" and "201" were removed from the site; additionally, these episodes no longer air in reruns and are only available exclusively on DVD and Blu-ray. These episodes remain unavailable following the 2014 purchase by Hulu.

In July 2014, it was announced that

player. As of September 2014, following the premiere of the eighteenth season, only 30 select episodes would be featured for free viewing at a time on a rotating basis on the website, with new episodes being available for an entire month starting the day following their original airings. The entire series was available on Hulu by this point.[150]

As of July 2015, all episodes of South Park are available for streaming in Canada on the service

CraveTV, which first consisted of seasons 1–18. Subsequent seasons were released the following July.[151]

In early October 2019, industry rumors suggested that the streaming rights for South Park were being offered to various services, creating an intense bidding war that was estimated to be as high as US$500 million. HBO and South Park Digital Studios announced that HBO had secured a multi-year deal for the exclusive streaming rights for South Park on their HBO Max service starting June 24, 2020.[152] While the terms of the deal were not disclosed, Variety reported the deal fell between US$500 million and US$550 million.[153] Beginning with season 25 in 2022, HBO Max posts new episodes the next day after their Comedy Central airing.[154] Once that deal expires in 2025, Paramount+ will become the exclusive streaming home. In addition, the season 27 episodes in 2024 would stream first on Paramount+ before hitting HBO Max.[155]

In February 2023, Warner Bros. Discovery filed a lawsuit which claimed that Paramount breached its exclusivity contract with HBO Max by airing South Park on its own streaming platform.[156]

Re-rendered episodes

From its debut in 1997 to the

thirteenth season.[157] Since this, all twelve seasons originally produced in standard definition have been remastered by South Park Studios, being fully re-rendered in high definition. The aspect ratio of these episodes were also converted from 4:3 to 16:9 as well.[157] The re-rendered versions were also released on Blu-ray. Several of the re-rendered episodes from the earlier seasons have their original uncensored audio tracks; they had previously been released in censored form.[157][158][159][160]

The fifth-season episode "Super Best Friends", which was pulled from syndication and online streams following the controversy surrounding episode "201", was not released alongside the rest of the season when it was released in HD on iTunes in 2011. The episode was later re-rendered and made available for the Blu-ray release of the season that was released on December 5, 2017.[142] The episode is presented in its original presentation, without Muhammad's image being obscured as in later episodes of the series.[161]

Reception

Ratings

When South Park debuted, it was a huge ratings success for Comedy Central and is seen as being largely responsible for the success of the channel, with Herzog crediting it for putting the network "on the map".[27][49][162]

The show's first episode, "

season two, "Cartman's Mom Is Still a Dirty Slut", which aired on April 22, 1998. The episode earned an 8.2 rating (6.2 million viewers) and, at the time, set a record as the highest-rated non-sports show in basic cable history.[29][37][162] During the spring of 1998, eight of the ten highest-rated shows on basic cable were South Park episodes.[22] South Park's second season would average a 5.8 rating (12.5 million viewers) which was a lower rating due to Comedy Central's households being much higher.[clarification needed
]

The success of South Park prompted more cable companies to carry Comedy Central and led it to its becoming one of the fastest-growing cable channels. The number of households that had Comedy Central jumped from 9.1 million in 1997 to 50 million in June 1998.[162] When the show debuted, the most Comedy Central had earned for a 30-second commercial was US$7,500.[21] Within a year, advertisers were paying an average of US$40,000 for 30 seconds of advertising time during airings of South Park in its second season, while some paid as much as US$80,000.[163]

By the third season (1999), the series' ratings began to decrease.

Facebook Likes found that "perhaps unsurprisingly, South Park ... is most popular in Colorado".[167] Subsequent seasons saw substantially lower ratings, with season 25 averaging 0.65 million viewers an episode.[citation needed
]

Recognitions and awards

In 2004,

Peabody Award for South Park's "stringent social commentary" and "undeniably fearless lampooning of all that is self-important and hypocritical in American life".[27][41][178][179] In 2013, the Writers Guild of America ranked South Park at number 63 among the "101 Best-Written Shows Ever".[180] Also in 2013, TV Guide listed the show at number 10 among the "60 Greatest Cartoons of All Time".[181] In 2019, the series was ranked 42nd on The Guardian newspaper's list of the 100 best TV shows of the 21st century.[182]

South Park won the

GLAAD Award for Outstanding TV – Individual Episode for "Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride".[32]

South Park has been nominated for the

Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program sixteen times (1998, 2000, 2002, 2004–2011, and 2013–2017). The show has won the award for Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming Less Than One Hour) four times, for the 2005 episode "Best Friends Forever",[178] the 2006 episode "Make Love, Not Warcraft",[184] the 2009 episode "Margaritaville", and the 2012 episode "Raising the Bar".[185] The "Imaginationland" trilogy of episodes won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming One Hour or More) in 2008.[186]

Criticism

The show's frequent depiction of

conservative sensibilities, negative depiction of liberal causes, and portrayal of religion for comic effect have generated controversy and debate over the course of its run.[187]

As the series became popular, students in two schools were barred from wearing South Park-related T-shirts,[18][22][32] and the headmaster of a UK public school asked parents not to let their children watch the programme after eight- and nine-year-old children voted the South Park character Cartman as their favorite personality in a 1999 poll.[188] Parker and Stone assert that the show is not meant to be viewed by young children, and the show is certified with TV ratings that indicate its intention for mature audiences.[22]

Parents Television Council founder L. Brent Bozell III and Action for Children's Television founder Peggy Charren have both condemned the show, with the latter claiming it is "dangerous to the democracy".[18][163][189][190] Several other activist groups have protested the show's parodies of Christianity and portrayal of Jesus Christ.[18][191] Stone has stated that parents who disapprove of South Park for its portrayal of how kids behave are upset because they "have an idyllic vision of what kids are like", adding "[kids] don't have any kind of social tact or etiquette, they're just complete little raging bastards".[32][188]

Controversies

Main article: South Park controversies

The show further lampooned the controversy surrounding its use of profanity, as well as the media attention surrounding the network show

NAACP praised the episode for its context and its comedic way of conveying other races' perceptions of how black people feel when hearing the word.[193][194]

Specific controversies regarding the show have included an

season 10 episode "Cartoon Wars Part II" in the wake of the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy[191] and consistent mockery of the concept of climate change by using climate change denialist talking points.[198][199][200]

The

season nine (2005) episode "Trapped in the Closet" denounces Scientology as nothing more than "a big fat global scam",[191] while freely divulging church information that Scientology normally only reveals to members who make significant monetary contributions to the church.[201] The episode also ambiguously parodies the rumors involving the sexual orientation of Scientologist Tom Cruise, who allegedly demanded any further reruns of the episode be canceled.[196][202] Isaac Hayes, a Scientologist, later quit South Park because of his objection to the episode.[203]

The season fourteen episodes "200" and "201" were mired in controversy for satirizing issues surrounding the depiction of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. The website for the organization Revolution Muslim, a New York-based radical Muslim organization, posted an entry that included a warning to creators Parker and Stone that they risk violent retribution for their depictions of Muhammad. It said that they "will probably wind up like Theo van Gogh for airing this show". The posting provided the addresses to Comedy Central in New York and the production company in Los Angeles. The author of the post, Zachary Adam Chesser (whose alias is Abu Talhah al-Amrikee),[204] said it was meant to serve as a warning to Parker and Stone, not a threat, and that providing the addresses was meant to give people the opportunity to protest.[205][206]

Despite Chesser's claims that the website entry was a warning, several media outlets and observers interpreted it as a threat.

the Buddha snorting cocaine, prompted the government of Sri Lanka to ban the series outright.[211]

Due to many taboo topics in China, such as

season 23 (2019) episode "Band in China", South Park was entirely banned in China after the episode's broadcast. The series' Baidu Baike article, Baidu Tieba forum, Douban page, Zhihu page and Bilibili videos have been deleted or inaccessible to the public, all related keywords and topics have been prohibited from being searched and discussed on China-based search engines and social media sites including Baidu, QQ, Weibo and on WeChat public platforms.[213][214][215] Parker and Stone issued a sarcastic apology in response.[216][217]

Legacy

Cultural

Commentary made in episodes has been interpreted as statements Parker and Stone are attempting to make to the viewing public,[218] and these opinions have been subject to much critical analysis in the media and literary world within the framework of popular philosophical, theological, social, and political concepts.[26][218][219] Since South Park debuted, college students have written term papers and doctoral theses analyzing the show,[55] while Brooklyn College offers a course called "South Park and Political Correctness".[220][221]

Soon after one of Kenny's trademark deaths on the show, other characters would typically shout "Oh my God, they killed Kenny!", followed by another yelling out "You bastard(s)!"—these lines were usually said by the characters Stan and Kyle, respectively. The exclamation quickly became a popular catchphrase,[11] while the running gag of Kenny's recurring deaths is one of the more recognized hallmarks among viewers of modern television.[222][223] Cartman's exclamations of "Respect my authori-tah!" and "Screw you guys ...I'm going home!" became catchphrases as well, and during the show's earlier seasons, were highly popular in the lexicon of viewers.[224] Cartman's eccentric intonation of "Hey!" was included in the 2002 edition of The Oxford Dictionary of Catchphrases.[225]

In the

season two episode "Chef Aid", attorney Johnnie Cochran uses what's called in the show the Chewbacca defense, which is a legal strategy that involves addressing plot holes related to Chewbacca in the film Return of the Jedi rather than discussing the trial at hand during a closing argument in a deliberate attempt to confuse jurors into thinking there is reasonable doubt. The term "Chewbacca defense" has been documented as being used by criminologists, forensic scientists, and political commentators in their various discussions of similar methods used in legal cases and public forums.[226][227]

Another season two episode, "Gnomes", revolves around a group of "underpants gnomes" who, as their name suggests, run a corporation stealing people's underpants. When asked about their business model, various gnomes reply that theirs is a three-step process: Phase 1 is "collect underpants". Phase 3 is "profit". However, the gnomes are unable to explain what is to occur between the first and final steps, and "Phase 2" is accompanied by a large question mark on their corporate flow chart. Using "????" and "PROFIT!" as the last two steps in a process (usually jokingly) has become a widely popular Internet meme because of this. Especially in the context of politics and economics, "underpants gnomes" has been used by some commentators to characterize a conspicuous gap of logic or planning.[228][229]

When Sophie Rutschmann of the University of Strasbourg discovered a mutated gene that causes an adult fruit fly to die within two days after it is infected with certain bacteria, she named the gene kep1 in honor of Kenny.[230][231][232]

Political

While some conservatives have condemned South Park for its vulgarity, a growing population of people who hold center-right political beliefs, including teenagers and young adults, have embraced the show for its tendency to mock liberal viewpoints and lampoon liberal celebrities and icons.[233] Political commentator Andrew Sullivan dubbed the group South Park Republicans, or South Park conservatives.[40][234][235] Sullivan averred that members of the group are "extremely skeptical of political correctness but also are socially liberal on many issues", though he says the phrase applied to them is meant to be more of a casual indication of beliefs than a strong partisan label.[16][40] Brian C. Anderson describes the group as "generally characterized by holding strong libertarian beliefs and rejecting more conservative social policy", and notes that although the show makes "wicked fun of conservatives", it is "at the forefront of a conservative revolt against liberal media" and Hollywood's "liberal hegemony".[233][236]

Parker and Stone reject the idea that the show has any underlying political position, and deny having a political agenda when creating an episode.[36][235][237] The two claim the show's higher proportion of instances lampooning liberal rather than conservative orthodoxies stems simply from their preference for making fun of liberals.[16][73] While Stone has been quoted saying, "I hate conservatives, but I really fucking hate liberals", Stone and Parker have explained that their drive to lampoon a given target comes first from the target's insistence on telling other people how to behave.[192] The duo explain that they regard liberals as having both delusions of entitlement to remain free from satire, and a propensity to enforce political correctness while patronizing the citizens of Middle America.[39][40] Parker and Stone are uncomfortable with the idea of themselves or South Park being assigned any kind of partisan classification.[36][235] Parker said he rejects the "South Park Republican" and "South Park conservative" labels, feeling that either tag implies that one only adheres to strictly conservative or liberal viewpoints.[35][233] The duo has in the past reluctantly labeled themselves libertarians and fans of government gridlock. In 2006, they said that they were "rooting for Hillary Clinton in 2008 simply because it would be weird to have her as president".[236]

Franchise

For more information about films, shorts, music and merchandising, see South Park (franchise). For more information about video games, see List of South Park video games.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Since 2021, television specials have been released on Paramount+.
  2. ^ Formerly Token Black; retconned in "The Big Fix".

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Further reading

External links
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