South Side, Chicago
South Side | |
---|---|
District | |
CDT ) |
The South Side is one of the three major sections of the city of
Much of the South Side came from the city's annexation of townships such as
The South Side boasts a broad array of cultural and social offerings, such as professional sports teams, landmark buildings, museums, educational institutions, medical institutions, beaches, and major parts of Chicago's parks system. The South Side has numerous bus routes and
Boundaries
There is some debate as to the South Side's boundaries. Originally the sides were taken from the banks of the Chicago River. The city's
One definition has the South Side beginning at Roosevelt Road, at the Loop's southern boundary, with the community area known as the Near South Side immediately adjacent. Another definition, taking into account that much of the Near South Side is in effect part of the commercial district extending in an unbroken line from the South Loop, locates the boundary immediately south of 18th Street or Cermak Road, where Chinatown in the Armour Square community area begins.[4]
Lake Michigan and the Indiana state line provide eastern boundaries. The southern border changed over time because of Chicago's evolving city limits; the city limits are now at 138th Street (in Riverdale and Hegewisch).[16] The South Side is larger in area than the North and West Sides combined.
Neighborhoods
Out of 77 community areas in the city, the South Side of Chicago comprises a total of 42 neighborhoods, with some divided into different regions of the area or consolidated into Chicago as part of the annexation of various townships within Cook County.[17]
South Side
- Armour Square
- Bridgeport
- Douglas
- Englewood (half of Englewood on its far left is connected with the Southwest Side of Chicago)
- Fuller Park
- Grand Boulevard
- Greater Grand Crossing
- Hyde Park
- Kenwood
- Oakland
- South Shore
- Washington Park
- Woodlawn
Southwest Side
- Archer Heights
- Brighton Park
- Chicago Lawn
- Clearing
- Gage Park
- Garfield Ridge
- McKinley Park
- New City
- West Elsdon
- West Englewood
- West Lawn
Far Southwest Side
Far Southeast Side
- Avalon Park
- Burnside
- Calumet Heights
- Chatham
- East Side
- Hegewisch
- Pullman
- Riverdale
- Roseland
- South Chicago
- South Deering
- West Pullman
Subdivisions
The exact boundaries dividing the Southwest, South, and Southeast Sides vary by source.[15] If primarily racial lines are followed, the South Side can generally be divided into a White and Hispanic Southwest Side, a largely Black South Side and a smaller, more racially diverse Southeast Side centered on the East Side community area and including the adjacent community areas of South Chicago, South Deering and Hegewisch.[18]
The differing interpretations of the boundary between the South and Southwest Sides are due to a lack of a definite natural or artificial boundary.[15] One source states that the boundary is Western Avenue or the railroad tracks adjacent to Western Avenue.[6] This border extends further south to a former railroad right of way paralleling Beverly Avenue and then Interstate 57.
The Southwest Side of Chicago is a subsection of the South Side comprising mainly white, black, and Hispanic neighborhoods, usually dominated by one of these races. On the Southwest Side exclusively, the northern portion has a high concentration of Hispanics, the western portion has a high concentration of whites, and the eastern portion has a high concentration of blacks. Architecturally, the Southwest Side is distinguished by the tract of Chicago's Bungalow Belt, which runs through it.[19]
History
With its factories, steel mills and
The
After the
In the 20th century, the numbers expanded with the Great Migration, as blacks left the agrarian South seeking a better future in the industrial North, including the South Side. By 1910, the black population in Chicago reached 40,000, with 78% residing in the Black Belt.[24][25] Extending 30 blocks, mostly between 31st and 55th Streets,[26] along State Street, but only a few blocks wide,[24] it developed into a vibrant community dominated by black businesses, music, food and culture.[25] As more blacks moved into the South Side, descendants of earlier immigrants, such as ethnic Irish, began to move out. Later housing pressures and civic unrest caused more whites to leave the area and the city. Older residents of means moved to newer suburban housing as new migrants entered the city,[27][28] driving further demographic changes.
The South Side was
In the early 1960s,[30] during the tenure of then Mayor Richard J. Daley, the construction of the Dan Ryan Expressway created controversy. Many perceived the highway's location as an intentional physical barrier between white and black neighborhoods,[31] particularly as the Dan Ryan divided Daley's own neighborhood, the traditionally Irish Bridgeport, from Bronzeville.[32]
The economic conditions that led to migration into the South Side were not sustained. Mid-century industrial restructuring in meat packing and the steel industry cost many jobs. Blacks who became educated and achieved middle-class jobs also left after the
Street gangs have been prominent in some South Side neighborhoods for over a century, beginning with those of Irish immigrants, who established the first territories in a struggle against other European and black migrants. Some other neighborhoods stayed relatively safe for a big city. By the 1960s, gangs such as the
Housing
By the 1930s, the city of Chicago boasted that over 25% of its residential structures were less than 10 years old, many of which were
The United States Congress passed the Housing Act of 1949 to fund and improve public housing. CHA produced a plan of citywide projects, which was rejected by the Chicago City Council's white aldermen who opposed public housing in their wards. This led to a CHA policy of construction of family housing only in black residential areas, concentrated on the South and West Sides.[38] Historian Arnold R. Hirsch said the CHA was "a bulwark of segregation that helped sustain Chicago's 'second ghetto'".[39]
Gentrification
Gentrification of parts of the
In the late 20th century, the South Side had some of the poorest housing conditions in the U.S., but the Chicago Housing Authority (CHA) began replacing the old high-rise public housing with mixed-income, lower-density developments, part of the city's Plan for Transformation.[43] Many of the CHA's massive public housing projects, which lined several miles of South State Street, have been demolished. Among the largest were the Robert Taylor Homes.[44]
Demographics
Some census tracts (4904 in Roseland, 7106 in Auburn Gresham) are 99% black.[45] The South Side covers over 50% of the city's land area alone. It has a higher ratio of single-family homes and larger sections zoned for industry than the North or West Sides.[citation needed]
Hyde Park is home to the
Ethnic parades
The
Economic development
Neighborhood rehabilitation (and, in some cases, gentrification) can be seen in parts of
Today's South Side is mostly a combination of the former Hyde Park and Lake Townships. Within these townships many had made speculative bets on future prosperity. Much of the South Side evolved from these speculative investments. Stephen A. Douglas, Paul Cornell, George Pullman and various business entities developed South Chicago real estate. The Pullman District, a former company town, Hyde Park Township, various platted communities and subdivisions were the results of such efforts.[54]
The Union Stock Yards, which were once located in the New City community area (#61), at one point employed 25,000 people and produced 82 percent of US domestic meat production.[55] They were so synonymous with the city that for over a century they were part of the lyrics of Frank Sinatra's "My Kind of Town", in the phrase: "The Union Stock Yard, Chicago is ..." The Union Stock Yard Gate marking the old entrance to stockyards was designated a Chicago Landmark on February 24, 1972,[56] and a National Historic Landmark on May 29, 1981.[57][58]
Other South Side regions have been known for great wealth, such as
The South Side accommodates much of the city's conference business with various convention centers. The current McCormick Place Convention Center is the largest convention center in the U.S. and the third largest in the world.[60] Previously, the South Side hosted conventions at the Chicago Coliseum and the International Amphitheatre.[6] The Ford City Mall and the surrounding shopping district includes several big-box retailers.
Political figures
The South Side has been home to some of the most significant figures in the history of American politics. These include
Education
Colleges and universities
The
Other four-year educational institutions there are the
Primary and secondary schools
Landmarks
The South Side is home to many official landmarks and other notable buildings and structures.
Many landmark buildings are found in the Black Metropolis-Bronzeville District,
The South Side has several landmark districts including two in
The South Side is the residence of other prominent black leaders such as Jesse Jackson and Louis Farrakhan. It is also where U.S. Congressman Bobby Rush (a former Black Panther leader) serves.[63]
The South Side has been a place of political controversy. Although the locations of some of these notable controversies have not become official landmarks, they remain important parts of Chicago history. The
President Obama announced in 2015 that the Barack Obama Presidential Center would be built adjacent the University of Chicago campus.[88][89] Both Washington Park and Jackson Park were considered and it was announced in July 2016 that it would be built in Jackson Park.[90]
Transportation
The South Side is served by
Several
Arts
Chicago's African American community, concentrated on the South Side, experienced an artistic movement from the 1930s until the 1960s. The movement was concentrated in and around the
Other
Music in Chicago flourished, with musicians bringing blues and gospel influences up from the South and creating a Chicago sound in blues and jazz that the city is still renowned for. The South Side was known for its R&B acts and the city as a while had successful rock acts. Many major and independent record companies had a presence in Chicago.[97] In 1948, Blues was introduced by Aristocrat Records (later Chess Records). Muddy Waters and Chess Records quickly followed with Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Walter, Jimmy Rogers, and Howlin' Wolf.[24][98]
Many other artists have left their mark on Chicago's South Side. These include writers
Parks
The
Chicago Park District parks serving the South Side include Burnham Park,[106] Jackson Park,[107] Washington Park,[108] Midway Plaisance,[109] and Harold Washington Park.[110] Away from the Hyde Park area, large parks include the 69-acre (28 ha) McKinley Park,[111] 323-acre (131 ha) Marquette Park,[112] the 198-acre (80 ha) Calumet Park,[113] and the 173-acre (70 ha) Douglass Park.[114] The parks of Chicago foster and host tremendous amounts of athletic activities.
The South Side has the only
Various events cause the closure of parts of
Beginning in 1905, the
Sports
The South Side hosts three major professional athletic teams:
Two NBA teams also briefly played on the South Side. The Chicago Packers played at the Amphitheatre in their inaugural season of 1961–62. The following season, they changed their name to the Zephyrs and played at the Chicago Coliseum on the Near South Side. The team moved to Baltimore after that season and now plays in Washington, D.C., as the Washington Wizards.[129] Chicago's current NBA team, the Bulls, played at the Amphitheatre during their first season[130] before moving away from the South Side to Chicago Stadium and eventually to United Center.
The Chicago Sky of the WNBA moved to Wintrust Arena, which opened in 2017 at McCormick Place on the Near South Side, in 2018. The venue is also home to both the men's and women's basketball teams of DePaul University, with the men exclusively using Wintrust Arena and the women splitting home games between that venue and DePaul's North Side campus.[131]
The defunct Chicago Sting soccer club played at Soldier Field and Comiskey Park from 1974 to 1984.[132][133]
In NCAA Division I sports, the Chicago State Cougars represent the South Side, competing in the Western Athletic Conference. As noted above, DePaul began playing its home men's basketball games on the South Side in 2017, though most of its other sports (including part of the women's basketball home schedule) remain on or near its main North Side campus.
2016 Olympic bid
The South Side played a prominent role in Chicago's bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics. The Olympic Village was planned in the Douglas (#35) community area across Lake Shore Drive from Burnham Park.[134] In addition, the Olympic Stadium was expected to be located in the Chicago Park District's Washington Park located in the Washington Park (#40) community area.[135] Many Olympic events were planned for these community areas as well as other parts of the South Side.[136]
References in popular culture
The South Side's gritty reputation often makes its way into popular culture.
- The opening lines of Jim Croce's song "Bad, Bad Leroy Brown" state that the South Side is "the baddest part of town".[137]
- ISBN 978-0-06-083756-3) takes place on the South Side and focuses on the plight of African Americans in the ghetto, including the housing practices that created such slums.[138]
- ISBN 978-1-884365-30-0) was a revelation about the Union Stock Yards at the turn of the 20th century.[139]
- ISBN 978-0-451-18388-0) is a story of Lorraine Hansberry's youth growing up in the Woodlawn community area.[140]
- Barbershop and parts of The Blues Brothers take place on the South Side. David Auburn's play Proof takes place exclusively in the Hyde Park neighborhood; the film adaptation expands the setting.[141]
- CIA. The majority of the story takes place on the South Side of Chicago where the sole graduating black cadet is from.[142]
- The Boondocks, a comic strip and animated series, stars the Freeman family, who have recently moved from the South Side of Chicago to an affluent suburb.[143]
- James T. Farrell's novels, collectively called the Studs Lonigan Trilogy, are set in an Irish neighborhood on the South Side.[144]
- Iceberg Slim, the author of Pimp, was raised on the South Side of Chicago, which is the setting of most of his stories. He sold over six million books, which were translated, further disseminating his depiction of life of the South Side.[145]
- Chicago's South Side is the setting for the Chicago PD TV series produced by Dick Wolf.
- The South Side is seen in Netflix's Sense8 series, in the scenes of Will.
- Kanye West was raised in Chicago's South Side and frequently mentions it in his music. His lyrical references are heard in the song "All Falls Down" where he can be heard saying "South Side, South Side, we gon' set this party off right". Other examples include "All Day" ("South, South, South Side"), "Feedback" (You borrow our motto, I'm a Chicago south sider) and Famous ("For all my Southside n***as that know me best).
- In the film Mean Girls, which takes place in Evanston, Illinois, Mr. Duvall responds to a school-wide fight with, "Oh hell no, I did not leave the South Side for this!"
- The TV series South Side was co-created and written by Bashir Salahuddin, who was born and raised on the South Side.
- Chief Keef was raised on the South Side of Chicago, in the Parkway Garden Homes. He references the South Side in his music, such as the song "South Side". He references the South Side in the song "Almighty Gnar", with Lil Gnar.
See also
Citations
- ^ a b Cain, Louis P. (2005). "Annexation". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008. Retrieved September 8, 2008.
- ^ "City Layout". Frommers.com. 2007. Archived from the original on October 12, 2000. Retrieved October 28, 2007.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8368-5196-0. Archivedfrom the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved October 28, 2007.
- ^ a b "Chicago (city, Illinois)". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. Microsoft Corporation. 2007. Archived from the original on August 13, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
- ^ "The Municipal Flag of Chicago". Chicago Public Library. Archived from the original on March 30, 2013. Retrieved October 28, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g Pacyga, Dominic A. (2005). "South Side". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. Retrieved August 10, 2007.
- The Huffington Post. Archivedfrom the original on September 15, 2016. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
- ^ Tough, Paul (August 15, 2012). "What Does Obama Really Believe In?". The New York Times Magazine. Archived from the original on September 28, 2012. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
- ^ "Housing, A Short History". You Are Here. The University of Chicago. 2007. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
- ^ "Cinéma vérité". The University of Chicago Magazine. 2007. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
- ^ "Chicago Demographics: Median Household Income (as of the 2000 Census)" (PDF). CityofChicago.org. Retrieved October 31, 2007.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "The RTA system" (PDF). The Regional Transportation Authority. February 21, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2007. Retrieved October 25, 2007.
- ^ "FHWA Route Log and Finder List: Table 1". Federal Highway Administration. March 22, 2007. Archived from the original on April 22, 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2007.
- ISBN 978-0-8294-0597-2
- ^ a b c Eric Zorn (May 30, 2005). "Sides Up in the Air". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 29, 2008. Retrieved October 25, 2007.
- ^ "Hegewisch". Field Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on January 21, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
- ^ Hyde Park Township, A Chicago Annexed Neighborhood (PDF). Living History of Illinois and Chicago®. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 9, 2023. Retrieved February 9, 2023.
- ^ "Chicago's Southeast Side". Northeastern Illinois University. 2007. Archived from the original on July 9, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
- Chicago Historical Society. Archivedfrom the original on October 10, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
- ^ "Chicago Demographics: Distribution of Black Residents Across City (as of the 2000 Census)" (PDF). CityofChicago.org. 2007. Retrieved October 31, 2007.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Chicago Historical Society. Archivedfrom the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
- ^ Keating, Ann Durkin (2005). "Townships". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on November 2, 2007. Retrieved October 23, 2007.
- ^ Keating, Ann Durkin (2005). "Annexations and Additions to the City of Chicago". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on April 23, 2007. Retrieved October 23, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e Manning, Christopher (2005). "blacks". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on January 23, 2009. Retrieved August 10, 2007.
- ^ a b Ralph 2006, p. 175
- ^ Ralph 2006, p. 174
- ^ Gurlacz, Betsy (2005). "Oak Lawn, IL". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on August 20, 2007. Retrieved August 10, 2007.
- S2CID 146381277.
- ^ a b Kamp, Allen R. (1986). "The History Behind Hansberry v. Lee" (PDF). U.C. Davis Law Review. 20: 481. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 21, 2013. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
- Chicago Historical Society. Archivedfrom the original on January 2, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
- ^ "Chicago history and rebuilding the Dan Ryan". Chicago Defender. Real Times. February 4, 2004. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013.
- ^ Royalty, Doug (May 29, 2000). "The Czar of Chicago". businessweek.com. Bloomberg Business Week. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
- ^ Diamond, Andrew J. (2005). "Gangs". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on August 10, 2007. Retrieved August 10, 2007.
- ^ Bigott, Joseph C. (2005). "Bungalows". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on August 27, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
- ^ Keating, Ann Durkin (2005). "Bungalow Belt". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on August 16, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
- ^ Plotkin, Wendy (2005). "Kitchenettes". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on August 24, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
- ^ Bowly Jr., Devereux (2005). "Subsidized Housing". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on November 8, 2009. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
- ^ Choldin, Harvey M. (2005). "Chicago Housing Authority". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on August 20, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
- JSTOR 2082185.
- ^ Bennett, Larry (2005). "Gentrification". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on September 7, 2007. Retrieved August 10, 2007.
- ^ Seligman, Amanda (2005). "North Lawndale". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved August 10, 2007.
- ^ a b Steffes, Tracy (2005). "Condominiums and Cooperatives". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on August 20, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
- ^ "The CHA's Plan for Transformation". Chicago Housing Authority. 2007. Archived from the original on August 9, 2007.
- Chicago Historical Society. Archivedfrom the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved April 25, 2008.
- ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
- ^ a b "K.A.M. Isaiah Israel Temple". City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development, Landmarks Division. 2003. Archived from the original on April 14, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
- ^ "Kontakt ZP". zppa.org. Archived from the original on June 30, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
- Chicago Historical Society. Archivedfrom the original on October 13, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
- ^ "South Side Irish Parade Expected To Draw Record Crowd". Market Wire. FindArticles. March 2002. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved September 27, 2007.
- ^ Puccinelli, Mike. "Pray, Parade and Party At South Side Irish Parade". CBS Broadcasting, Inc. Archived from the original on March 17, 2007. Retrieved September 27, 2007.
- ^ a b The South Side Irish St. Patrick's Day Parade Committee (March 25, 2009). "Céad Míle Fáílte". South Side Irish Saint Patrick's Day Parade. Archived from the original on March 29, 2009. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
- The Huffington Post. November 1, 2012. Archivedfrom the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved November 17, 2012.
- ^ "ABC 7 Chicago Presents Live Broadcast Of The Bud Billiken Parade". ABC Inc., WLS-TV Chicago. 2006. Archived from the original on March 21, 2007. Retrieved September 28, 2007.
- ^ deVise, Pierre (2005). "Real Estate". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on August 12, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
- ^ "Meatpacking Technology". Chicago Historical Society. 2001. Archived from the original on April 4, 2007. Retrieved March 9, 2007.
- ^ "Chicago Landmarks: Union Stock Yard Gate". City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development, Landmarks Division. 2003. Archived from the original on February 3, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
- ^ "National Historic Landmarks Survey: Listing of National Historic Landmarks by State: Illinois" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 28, 2011. Retrieved March 7, 2007.
- ^ "Old Stone Gate, Chicago Union Stockyards". National Park Service. Archived from the original on May 28, 2008. Retrieved March 30, 2007.
- ^ Reiff, Janice L. (2005). "The Worlds of Prairie Avenue". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on December 3, 2007. Retrieved October 18, 2007.
- ^ "Ramada Lake Shore Chicago". ramada-Chicago.com. Archived from the original on October 15, 2007. Retrieved October 22, 2007.
- Boston Globe. Archivedfrom the original on April 28, 2009. Retrieved March 18, 2009.
- ^ "Nobel Prizes". www.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on October 22, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022.
- ^ a b Apple, R. W. Jr. (March 31, 2000). "ON THE ROAD; Big Shoulders, Buffed for Action". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 30, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
- ^ a b "America's Best Colleges 2008: National Universities: Top Schools". U.S. News & World Report, L.P. Archived from the original on July 30, 2008. Retrieved October 17, 2007.
- ^ "Chicago Demographics:Distribution of Residents Whose Highest Education is a Master's Degree or Ph.D. (as of the 2000 Census)" (PDF). City of Chicago.org. 2007. Retrieved October 31, 2007.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Goldstein, Tom. "New York's Administrative Judge; Herbert Bernette Evans Man in the News A Hankering for Administration Opinion in Murder Appeal Born in Kansas City Archived July 22, 2018, at the Wayback Machine." The New York Times. Saturday February 24, 1979.
- ^ "Student shot to death near high school Archived June 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine." WLS-TV. March 29, 2008.
- ^ Janson, Donald. "Troops Patrol in Chicago As Slum Violence Erupts; Guardsmen Patrol in Chicago as Violence Erupts Archived July 22, 2018, at the Wayback Machine." The New York Times. Friday April 4, 1969. Page 1.
- TIME. Tuesday May 8, 2007.
- ^ Roeder, David (May 18, 2006). "De La Salle expansion to save theater: Has deal with city to buy". Chicago Sun-Times. Sun-Times News Group. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
- University of Illinois at Chicago. Archivedfrom the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
- ^ "Far South". City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development, Landmarks Division. 2003. Archived from the original on May 29, 2008. Retrieved October 31, 2007.
- ^ "South and West". City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development, Landmarks Division. 2003. Archived from the original on June 21, 2007. Retrieved October 31, 2007.
- ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
- ^ "One Museum Park". Emporis.com. 2007. Archived from the original on February 6, 2007. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
- ^ "Black Metropolis". City of Chicago. Archived from the original on October 9, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
- ^ "Powhatan Apartments". City of Chicago. Archived from the original on October 5, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
- ^ "Robie House". City of Chicago. Archived from the original on October 5, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
- ^ "Glessner House". City of Chicago. Archived from the original on October 13, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
- ^ "Eighth Church of Christ, Scientist". City of Chicago. Archived from the original on October 6, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
- ^ "First Church of Deliverance". City of Chicago. Archived from the original on October 12, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
- ^ "Kenwood District". City of Chicago. Archived from the original on October 13, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
- ^ "North Kenwood Multiple Resource District". City of Chicago. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
- ^ "Museum of Science and Industrydate=2007". Archived from the original on January 14, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
- ^ Miner, Lisa & Beth Boston (2007). "New Release" (PDF). msichicago.org. Museum of Science and Industry. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 25, 2006. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
- ^ "Chicago Race Riot of 1919". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2007. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved August 24, 2007.
- ^ "Hansberry v. Lee - 311 U.S. 32 (1940)". Justia. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
- ^ Babwin, Don & Caryn Rousseau (May 12, 2015). "It's Official Obama Library Will be on South Side". ABC News. Jalic Inc. Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 13, 2015. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
- ^ Rhodan, Mary (May 12, 2015). "President Obama's $600 Million Gift to Chicago: A Presidential Library". Time. Archived from the original on May 21, 2015. Retrieved May 19, 2015.
- ^ Katherine Skiba, Obama Foundation makes it official: Presidential library will go up in Jackson Park Archived November 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Chicago Tribune (June 29, 2016).
- ^ "Chicago Midway (MDW) Airport". IFly.com. Archived from the original on November 30, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
- ^ "Chicago Midway International Airport Guide". Worldairportguides.com. Archived from the original on November 17, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
- ^ "Chicago and Vicinity" (PDF). Illinois Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2007. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
- ^ "Central System Map". Chicago Transit Authority. Archived from the original on July 16, 2007. Retrieved September 27, 2007.
- ^ Warren, Lynne (2005). "Art". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on July 18, 2007. Retrieved August 10, 2007.
- ^ Black Metropolis, Volume 1 - St. Clair Drake, Horace R. Cayton at Google Books
- ^ a b Clague, Mark (2005). "Record Publishing". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on August 24, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
- ^ a b c Pruter, Robert (2005). "Rhythm and Blues". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from the original on August 25, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
- ^ "Dusable Museum of Art". 2007. Archived from the original on August 16, 2015. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
- ^ "National Museum of Mexican Art". National Museum of Mexican Art. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved October 24, 2007.
- ^ "National Vietnam Veterans Art Museum". National Vietnam Veterans Art Museum. Archived from the original on October 23, 2007. Retrieved October 24, 2007.
- ^ "Smart Museum of African American Art". The University of Chicago. 2007. Archived from the original on March 11, 2020. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
- ^ "South Side Community Art Center". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. 2005. Archived from the original on August 30, 2008. Retrieved October 25, 2007.
- ^ "About the Bronzeville Children's Museum". Bronzeville Children's Museum. Archived from the original on April 13, 2010. Retrieved May 11, 2010.
- ^ "Parks & Facilities". Chicago Park District. Archived from the original on October 9, 2007. Retrieved October 17, 2007.
- ^ "Burnham Park". Chicago Park District. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
- ^ "Jackson Park". Chicago Park District. Archived from the original on September 5, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
- ^ "Washington Park". Chicago Park District. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
- ^ "Midway Plaisance Park". Chicago Park District. Archived from the original on April 16, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
- ^ "Harold Washington Playlot Park". Chicago Park District. Archived from the original on February 23, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
- ^ "McKinley Park". Chicago Park District. Archived from the original on September 5, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
- ^ "Marquette Park". Chicago Park District. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
- ^ "Calumet Park". Chicago Park District. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
- ^ "Douglass (Anna and Frederick) Park". Chicago Park District. Archived from the original on March 6, 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
- ^ "Region 9 Map Of Natural Areas & Activities" (PDF). The Forest Preserve District of Cook County. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 9, 2007. Retrieved July 25, 2009.
- ^ "The LaSalle Bank Chicago Marathon 2007 Course Map" (PDF). chicagomarathon.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 7, 2007. Retrieved September 27, 2007.
- ^ "The Chicago Half Marathon". Devine Sports. Archived from the original on September 22, 2007. Retrieved September 27, 2007.
- ^ "Bank America Bike The Drive". Chicagoland Bicycle Federation. Archived from the original on September 22, 2007. Retrieved September 27, 2007.
- Chicago Record Herald. May 27, 1905. p. 9. Archived from the originalon May 30, 2008.
- Chicago Historical Society. Archivedfrom the original on December 9, 2008. Retrieved December 13, 2008.
- Newsbank. Archivedfrom the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved December 13, 2008.
- ^ Bond, Jean (December 6, 1959). "Fiery White City Comes to Blazing End". Chicago Tribune. p. SW2.
- ^ "Individual Game Tickets". CHICAGO BEARS. 2007. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved October 8, 2007.
- ^ "U.S. Cellular Field Attractions". MLB Advanced Media, L.P. 2007. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved October 8, 2007.
- ^ Mikula, Jeremy (October 8, 2019). "Chicago Fire are returning to Soldier Field beginning with the 2020 MLS season: 'This can change the whole tenor of the club'". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on February 20, 2020. Retrieved December 27, 2019.
- ^ "Chicago's lost sports venues". ChicagoTribune.com. August 17, 2017. Archived from the original on June 11, 2018. Retrieved June 11, 2018.
- ^ "History". AZCardinals.com. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
- ^ "Chicago Cougars". WHAHockey.com. Archived from the original on May 23, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
- NBA.com. Archived from the originalon November 11, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
- ^ "Chicago Stadium History". NBA.com. Archived from the original on November 16, 2010. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
- ^ Ryan, Shannon (July 25, 2017). "Sky will play next season at new Wintrust Arena in South Loop". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on July 26, 2017. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
- ^ "Soldier Field". StadiumsUSA.com. Archived from the original on May 26, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
- ^ "Chicago Sting: 1974–1984". RedEye. May 16, 2012. Archived from the original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
- ^ Hinz, Greg (April 14, 2007). "USOC picks Chicago for 2016 Olympic bid". ChicagoBusiness. Crain Communications, Inc. Archived from the original on December 19, 2007. Retrieved September 27, 2007.
- ^ Hinz, Greg (January 23, 2007). "Glitz, guarantees added to Olympic bid". ChicagoBusiness. Crain Communications, Inc. Archived from the original on July 9, 2007. Retrieved September 27, 2007.
- ^ "Chicago 2016 Venue Plan". Chicago 2016, City of Chicago, Applicant City, 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games. January 23, 2007. Archived from the original on February 10, 2007. Retrieved October 17, 2007.
- ISBN 978-1-59921-521-1. Archivedfrom the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
- ^ Anderson, Michael (August 26, 2001). "A Native Son in Exile". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 22, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2012.
- ^ "Upton Sinclair". The Literature Network. Jalic Inc. Archived from the original on March 17, 2012. Retrieved October 15, 2007.
- ^ "A Raisin in the Sun". National Public Radio. March 12, 2002. Archived from the original on October 20, 2007. Retrieved October 17, 2007.
- Universal Studios. Archived from the originalon April 3, 2008. Retrieved August 11, 2008.
- ISBN 978-0-19-533473-9. Archivedfrom the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-7407-0609-7. Archivedfrom the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
- ^ "Studs Lonigan: A Trilogy". The Library of America. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved November 20, 2007.
- ^ "A Tribute to Iceberg Slim". WFMU. 1998. Archived from the original on April 7, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2009.
References and further reading
- Bachin, Robin F. Building the South Side: Urban space and civic culture in Chicago, 1890-1919 (University of Chicago Press, 2020).
- Carroll, Christopher R. "Catholicism (s) on Chicago's Southside: Race, Ethnicity, and Religion among Early-Generation Irish and Mexican Americans" (Diss. Northwestern University, 2018) online.
- Kennedy, Bridget Houlihan. Chicago's South Side Irish Parade (Arcadia Publishing, 2010) online.
- Moore, Natalie Y. The south side: A portrait of Chicago and American segregation (Macmillan, 2016) online.
- Pacyga, Dominic A. Polish immigrants and industrial Chicago: Workers on the south side, 1880-1922 (University of Chicago Press, 2003).
- Ralph, James (2006). "Chicago, Illinois". In Reich, Steven A. (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Great Black Migration. Vol. 1. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32983-4.
- Rotella, Carlo. The World Is Always Coming to an End: Pulling Together and Apart in a Chicago Neighborhood (2020) excerpt
- Borrelli, Christopher. "A writer comes home to ever-changing South Shore to find the middle class disappearing" Chicago Tribune May 9, 2019
- Rodkin, Dennis. "Why does South Shore resist gentrification? Carlo Rotella is a Boston-based author of a new book that explores race, class and history in the lakefront Chicago neighborhood where he grew up." Crain's Chicago Business June 26, 2019
- Small, Mario Luis. "Is there such a thing as ‘The Ghetto’? The perils of assuming that the South Side of Chicago represents poor black neighborhoods." City 11.3 (2007): 413–421.