South White Carniolan dialect

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South White Carniolan dialect
Native to
Indo-European
Early forms
Southeastern Slovene dialect
  • Southern Slovene dialect
    • Lower Carniolan dialect base
Dialects
  • Transitional microdialects (northern)
  • Microdialects around Adlešiči (eastern)
  • Microdialects around Vinica (southern)
  • Poljane Valley microdialects (western)
Language codes
ISO 639-3
     South White Carniolan dialect

This article uses Logar transcription.

The South White Carniolan dialect (

Serbo-Croatian: južnobelokrajinsko narječje) is a Slovene dialect heavily influenced by Shtokavian dialects.[3] It is spoken in southern White Carniola, south of Dobliče and Griblje.[3] However, it is not spoken in all the settlements in that area because some are almost completely inhabited by immigrants, and so Shtokavian heavily influenced by Slovene is instead spoken there.[4][5] The dialect borders the North White Carniolan dialect to the north, the Prigorje dialect to the east, Central Chakavian to southeast, the Eastern Goran dialect to the south, the Kostel dialect to the southwest, and the mixed Kočevje subdialects to the northwest, as well as those mixed Shtokavian dialects.[6][7] The dialect belongs to the Lower Carniolan dialect group, and it evolved from the Lower Carniolan dialect base.[8][9]

Geographical distribution

The border between the South and North White Carniolan dialects is rather clear; it was already defined by

ikavian dialect is spoken in Tribuče.[12]

According to what is known today, the dialect ranges from

Kolpa River at least to Stari Trg ob Kolpi
, apart from the aforementioned Serbian villages. To the south and east, it is currently thought that the Slovenia–Croatia border is also the dialect border.

History

White Carniola was inhabited by Slovenes after the 13th century, and even then it was rather remote from other Slovenes on the

Kolpa River, was newly inhabited by immigrants from Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Croatia. The White Carniolan dialect then formed from a mix of the old White Carniolan dialect, Serbo-Croatian dialects, and dialects from newly settled Slovenes after the Ottoman invasions. Serbo-Croatian influence was the most prominent in the south, whereas in the north it had negligible influence. Therefore, today the White Carniolan dialect is split based on how much influence it received from Serbo-Croatian.[10]

Accentual changes

The South White Carniolan microdialects west of Vinica and Dragatuš retained

pitch accent on long syllables, which was lost in the eastern microdialects. The long neoacute on the final syllables became a circumflex (*kĺúːč*kĺùːč). Long and short syllables are still differentiated. It also underwent the same six accentual changes as the North White Carniolan dialect: *ženȁ*žèna, *məglȁ*mə̀gla, *sěnȏ / *prosȏ*sě̀no / *pròso, *visȍkvìsok, and *kováč*kòvač, but the southern microdialects have also partially undergone the accent shift *kolȅno*ˈkoleno. The northern microdialects (Dragatuš, Dobliče) have not undergone the *kováč*kòvač shift, and the western microdialects have not fully undergone the *sěnȏ / *prosȏ*sě̀no / *pròso accent shift.[13]

Phonology

The phonological characteristics of the dialect are not characteristic for Slovene dialects, and some changes occurred that are known for Serbo-Croatian, but not for Slovene. The dialect is one of the most diverse and understudied dialects, mainly because of Serbo-Croatian influence.[14]

Alpine Slovene *ě̑ has evolved into ḙː in the north, ẹː in Vinica and Preloka (in the southern part), iːe/ieː in Stari Trg (in the west), and ẹːi̯ elsewhere. The evolution is confusing because in Zilje, a village between Vinica and Preloka, the pronunciation is ẹːi̯, not ẹː, and in Predgrad, which is even further west than Stari Trg, the pronunciation is also ẹːi̯. The vowel *ę̑ mostly evolved into ẹː. In the east, it evolved into ẹːi̯ and into iːe/ieː in the west.

The vowel *ȏ evolved into in the north and west, ọː in the south, and ọːu̯ in the east. Nasal *ǫ̑ evolved into ọː in the northernmost microdialects and in the south, and into in the middle (Dragatuš) and east. It evolved into ọːu̯ in Zilje and Bedenj.

The vowel *ȗ mostly remained . In Dobliče and Dragatuš, üː is also present, and in the west it evolved into . Alpine Slavic *ł̥̄ evolved into .

Long old acute vowels and the short neoacute (those after accent shifts) became short; this is a feature of Serbo-Croatian dialects, and so this was probably influenced by the immigrants:

  • *ę́, *ę̀, *è and *ě́ evolved into e.
  • *ǫ́ and non-final *ò evolved into o.
  • *ú evolved into ö in Tanča Gora and Zapudje, and into in the west.
  • *á and *í evolved into a and i, respectively.
  • After the *ženȁ > *žèna shift, e and o turned into:
    • äː and ọː, respectively, in the west,
    • ẹː and ọː, respectively, in the north and east, and
    • e and o, respectively, in the south.
  • After the *məglȁ > *mə̀gla shift, ə turned into:
    • ə in the south and east,
    • əː in the north, and
    • in the west.

Alpine Slovene *l turned into ł, *u̯m- turned into xm- in the northern, eastern, and southern microdialects, and into ɣm- in the western microdialects. If a word started with u, v appeared before it. In the western dialects, g turned into ɣ. Palatal ć, šć, ń, and ĺ remain palatal, except in the northern and eastern dialects, where they become only palatalized. Another feature is that only the northern microdialects devoice non-sonorants before the end of a word; elsewhere they remain voiced. In Zapudje, final -g devoices into -x.[15]

Morphology

The instrumental plural was replaced by locative plural forms in the eastern dialects.[16]

References

  1. ^ Smole, Vera. 1998. "Slovenska narečja." Enciklopedija Slovenije vol. 12, pp. 1–5. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, p. 2.
  2. ^ Logar (1996:203)
  3. ^ a b c Logar (1996:82)
  4. ^ Šekli (2018:374)
  5. ^ .
  6. ^ "Karta slovenskih narečij z večjimi naselji" (PDF). Fran.si. Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
  7. .
  8. Založba ZRC
    .
  9. ^ Šekli (2018:335–339)
  10. ^ a b Logar (1996:79)
  11. SAZU. p. 355. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help
    )
  12. ^ Logar (1996:85)
  13. ^ Logar (1996:84–85)
  14. ^ Logar (1996:82–84)
  15. ^ Logar (1996:85)
  16. ^ Logar (1996:81)

Bibliography