Southeast Region, Brazil
Southeast Region
Região Sudeste | |
---|---|
UTC-03 (BRT ) |
The Southeast Region of
The Southeast region accounts for about 44% of Brazil's total population, leading the country in population, urban population, population density, vehicles, industries, universities, airports, ports, highways, hospitals, schools, houses and many other areas.
Geography
São Paulo
Heart of the largest continued remnant of the Brazilian
Minas Gerais
The landscape of the State is marked by
mines.Rio de Janeiro
The state is part of the
Espírito Santo
With a 46.180 square kilometers, it is about the size of Estonia, or half the size of Portugal, and has a variety of habitats including coastal plains, lakes, mountain forest, mangroves and many others. The main river in the state is the Doce. Other important river basins include the Santa Maria River Basin which is the northern branch of rivers which join the sea at Vitoria, and Jucu River Basin which flows into the sea at roughly the same place, but corresponds to the southern branch (which seems to come out of Vitoria). Espírito Santo's climate is tropical along the coast, with dry winters and rainy summers. North of Doce River it's generally drier and also hot. In the mountainous regions in the south and south west of the state, the tropical climate is strongly influenced by altitude, and the average temperatures are colder. The state can be divided into two areas: the low lying coastline and the highland area known as Serra (where one can find the 2.890 m Pico da Bandeira mountain), which is part of the larger Serra do Caparaó, the Caparaó Mountain Range. In the map to the right it is in the gray area in the extreme southwest of the state, and is shared with Minas Gerais.
Demographics
Largest cities
City | Population (IBGE/2010)[3] |
---|---|
São Paulo | 11,253,503 |
Rio de Janeiro | 6,320,446 |
Belo Horizonte | 2,375,151 |
Guarulhos | 1,221,979 |
Campinas | 1,080,113 |
São Gonçalo | 999,728 |
Duque de Caxias | 855,048 |
Nova Iguaçu | 796,257 |
São Bernardo do Campo | 765,463 |
Santo André |
676,407 |
Uberlandia |
669,672 |
Racial groups
Ethnic Group/ Race (IBGE/2022)[4]
|
% |
---|---|
White | 49.9% |
Mixed | 38.7% |
Black | 10.6% |
Asian | 0.7% |
Indigenous | 0.1% |
Economy
Agriculture
The main agricultural products grown are:
- coffee (85% of the country's production, which is the world's largest producer);
- sugarcane (65% of the country's production, which is the world's largest producer);
- orange (85% of the country's production, which is the world's largest producer);
- lemon (80% of the country's production, which is the fifth largest producer in the world);
- peanut (90% of the country's production, which is the 14th largest producer in the world);
- banana (35% of the country's production, which is the seventh largest producer in the world);
- sorghum (30% of national production, the country being the seventh largest producer);
- persimmon (70% of national production, the country being the 6th largest producer in the world);
- tomato (44% of national production, the country being the 10th largest producer);
- tangerine (60% of national production, the country being the 6th largest producer in the world);
- papaya (40% of national production, the country being the 2nd largest producer in the world);
- pineapple (27% of national production, the country being the 3rd world producer);
- cassava (13% of national production, the country being the 5th world producer).
The region still produces considerable amounts of:
- bean (more than 20% of national production, the country being the 3rd world producer);
- soy(7% of the country's production, which is the largest producer in the world);
- potato, carrot and strawberry (more than 50% of the country's production).[5]
Livestock
The livestock also has great prominence in the region.
The Southeast is the second national producer of milk, with 34.2%, slightly losing compared to the South Region, which produces 35.7%. The southeast has the largest herd of cows milked: 30.4% of the total of 17.1 million existing in Brazil. The highest productivity, however, is that of the Southern Region, with an average of 3,284 liters per cow per year, which is why it has led the milk production ranking since 2015. Minas Gerais is the main milk-producing state in Brazil with the largest it is also effective for milked cows, responsible for 26.6% of production and 20.0% of all animals in milk. The municipality of Patos de Minas was the second largest producer in 2017, with 191.3 million liters of milk.
Poultry farming and egg production are the most important in the country. Flocks of poultry, according to IBGE, include chickens, roosters, hens and chicks. In 2018, the South region, with an emphasis on the creation of chickens for slaughter, was responsible for almost half of the Brazilian total (46.9%). Paraná only represented 26.2%. However, the situation is reversed when it comes to chickens. The first region in the ranking was the Southeast, with 38.9% of the country's total capital. A total of 246.9 million hens was estimated for 2018. The state of São Paulo was responsible for 21.9%. The national production of chicken eggs was 4.4 billion dozen in 2018. The Southeast region was responsible for 43.8% of the total produced. The state of São Paulo was the largest national producer (25.6%), with a total of 16.8 million birds. The Southeast is responsible for 64%, highlighting São Paulo (24.6%) and Espírito Santo (21.0%).
Mining
In mineral production, in 2017, Minas Gerais was the country's largest producer of
Industry
In the Southeast region, the industrialization of the country began, making the transformation industry the main source of income and work in its states. The state of São Paulo became the largest industrial park in South America.
The Southeast Region has 53% of the industrial GDP of Brazil.[13][14][15] [16]
The main industrial activities in the region are:
- Iron and steel industry and metallurgy: It's in this region that the first industry of this type is located, the Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional, in the city of Volta Redonda, due to its proximity to a large area of iron mining, the so-called "iron quadrilateral", in the state of Minas Gerais. The Usiminas, in Ipatinga, which today is the largest crude steel producer in the country, and the Companhia Siderúrgica de Tubarão, in Vitória, Espírito Santo, are also installed in the region. The Southeast Region produces around 90% of the country's steel.
In Brazil, the automobile sector represents around 22% of industrial GDP. The Greater ABC Region, in São Paulo, is the first center and the largest automobile center in Brazil. When the country's manufacturing was practically restricted to ABC, the State represented 74.8% of Brazilian production in 1990. In 2017, this index decreased to 46.6%, and in 2019, to 40.1%, due to a phenomenon of internalization of the production of vehicles in Brazil, driven by factors such as unions, which made excessive labor and payroll charges, discouraged investment and favored the search for new cities. The development of the ABC cities helped curb appeal, due to rising real estate costs and higher density of residential areas. Sul Fluminense (Rio de Janeiro) was already the second largest pole in 2017, but in 2019 it fell to fourth place, behind Paraná (15%) and Minas Gerais (10.7%). In the Southeast there are factories of GM, Volkswagen, Fiat, Ford, Honda, Toyota, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Hyundai, Mercedes-Benz, Land Rover, Citroen / Peugeot, Scania and Iveco.[17][18]
In the production of
- Petroleum: Almost all of Brazil's oil and natural gas is extracted in the Southeast, mainly in Rio de Janeiro, but also in Espírito Santo and São Paulo. Most of the oil refining is also carried out in the region. Rio de Janeiro presents great importance in oil prospecting, which São Paulo has a great importance in the refining activity, being located in that state the main refineries of the country, among them, the REPLAN, the main of the country. In addition to oil, there is the extraction of natural gas from the Santos maritime basin and, until a few years ago, there was the extraction of bitumen in the Paraíba river valley.
- High technology: The so-called "Brazilian silicon valley" is located in that region, made up of the cities of São Carlos and Campinas. These four cities concentrate industries of computing, telecommunications, electronics and other activities involving high technology; in addition to having important research centers and important universities, such as the "Technological Institute of Aeronautics" - ITA, in São José dos Campos. Brazil has two large production centers for electronic products, located in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas, in the State of São Paulo, and in the Manaus Free Trade Zone, in the State of Amazonas. There are large internationally renowned technology companies, as well as part of the industries that participate in their supply chain. The country also has other smaller centers, such as the municipalities of São José dos Campos and São Carlos, in the state of São Paulo. In Campinas there are industrial units of groups such as General Electric, Samsung, HP and Foxconn, a manufacturer of Apple and Dell. São José dos Campos, focuses on the aviation industry. This is where the headquarters of Embraer, a Brazilian company that is the third largest aircraft manufacturer in the world, after Boeing and Airbus, is located. In the production of cell phones and other electronic products, Samsung produces in Campinas; LG produces in Taubaté; Flextronics, which produces Motorola cell phones, produces in Jaguariúna; and Semp-TCL produces in Cajamar. In Santa Rita do Sapucaí, Minas Gerais, 8 thousand jobs are linked to the sector, with more than 120 companies. Most produce equipment for the telecommunications industry, such as decoders, including those used in the transmission of the digital television system.[20][21][22]
In 2011, Brazil had the sixth largest chemical industry in the world, with net sales of $157 billion, or 3.1% of world sales. At that time, there were 973 factories of chemical products for industrial use. They are concentrated in the Southeast Region, mainly in São Paulo. In 2018, the Brazilian chemical sector was the eighth largest in the world, representing 10% of the national industrial GDP and 2.5% of the total GDP. In 2020, imports will occupy 43% of domestic demand for chemical products. Since 2008, the average use of capacity in the Brazilian chemical industry has been at a level considered low, ranging between 70 and 83%.[23][24][25]
In
In
In the
In textile industry, Brazil, despite being among the 5 largest producers in the world in 2013, and being representative in the consumption of textiles and clothing, has very little insertion in world trade. In 2015, Brazilian imports ranked 25th (US$5.5 billion). And in exports, it was only 40th in the world ranking. Brazil's participation in the world trade of textiles and clothing is only 0.3%, due to the difficulty of competing in price with producers in India and mainly in China. The gross value of production, which includes the consumption of intermediate goods and services, of the Brazilian textile industry corresponded to almost R $40 billion in 2015, 1.6% of the gross value of industrial production in Brazil. São Paulo (37.4%) is the largest producer. The main productive areas of São Paulo are the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo and Campinas. Minas Gerais has 8.51% (third largest production in the country).[37]
In home appliance industry, sales were 12.9 million units in 2017. The sector had its sales peak in 2012, with 18.9 million units. The brands that sold the most were Brastemp, Electrolux, Consul and Philips. Brastemp is originally from São Bernardo do Campo. São Paulo was also the place where Metalfrio was founded.[38]
Statistics
Education
Educational institutions
- Universidade de São Paulo(USP);
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro(UFRJ);
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais(UFMG);
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo(Ufes);
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas(Unicamp);
- Universidade Federal Fluminense(UFF);
- Universidade Estadual Paulista(Unesp);
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa(UFV);
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo(Unifesp);
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto(Ufop);
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora(UFJF);
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia(Ufu);
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro(UERJ);
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos(UFSCar);
- Universidade Federal de Lavras(UFLA);
- and many others.
Infrastructure
International Airports
Since August 2004, with the transfer of many flights from Santos-Dumont Airport, Rio de Janeiro International Airport has returned to being the main doorway to Brazil. According to data from the official Brazilian travel bureau, Embratur, nearly 40% of foreign tourists who visit Brazil choose Rio as their gateway, meaning Galeão Airport. Besides linking Rio to the rest of Brazil with domestic flights, Galeão has connections to more than 18 countries. It can handle up to 15 million users a year in two passenger terminals. Located only 20 kilometers from downtown Rio, the international airport is served by several quick access routes, such as the Linha Vermelha and Linha Amarela freeways and Avenida Brasil, thus conveniently serving residents of the city's southern, northern and western zones. There are special shuttle buses linking Galeão to Santos-Dumont, and bus and taxi service to the rest of the city. The airport complex also has Brazil's longest runway at 4.240 meters, and one of South America's largest and best equipped cargo logistics terminals.
Tancredo Neves/
National Airport
- Vitória
Vitoria Airport is located on a land plot of just over 5.2 million square meters. Since construction of its first step, finished in 1946, Vitória Airport has undergone several expansions and modernizations, but current demand has surpassed its capacity of 560 thousand passengers a year. The recent construction of new aircraft parking boxes on the aprons has improved the airport's operational efficiency. In 2003 more than 1.2 million passengers used the airport, and in 2004 this rose to some 1.25 million. Vitória is one of the 32 airports in the Infraero network that has a cargo terminal. In May 1999 the first direct international freight connection to the United States (Miami) began operating to Vitória, facilitating imports to the state of Espírito Santo. Today there are five of such flights a week.
Highways
The Southeast Brazilian region is highly covered by
The Southeast's highways are generally in good or very good conditions – some exceptions are made to the southern parts of the
Also, a very complicated hydrocanal system is present in the region, with ten major dams.
Health care and education are of major concern in the larger cities, but in smaller ones, the population are generally well-looked after.
See also
References
- ^ "PIB por Unidade da Federação, 2021". ibge.gov.br.
- ^ Alvares, C. A., Stape, J. L., Sentelhas, P. C., de Moraes, G., Leonardo, J., & Sparovek, G. (2013). Köppen's climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 22(6), 711-728.
{{cite book}}
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- ^ "Panorama do Censo 2022" (in Portuguese). 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
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- ^ Anuário Mineral Brasileiro 2018
- ^ Brasil extrai cerca de 2 gramas de ouro por habitante em 5 anos
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- ^ "Indústria de alimentos e bebidas faturaram R$ 699,9 bi em 2019 | Agência Brasil". agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br. Archived from the original on 2020-02-19. "Indústria de alimentos e bebidas faturaram R$ 699,9 bi em 2019 | Agência Brasil". agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br. Archived from the original on 2020-02-19.
- ^ A indústria de alimentos e bebidas na sociedade brasileira atual
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