Southern Pashto
Southern Pashto | |
---|---|
South Western Pashto, South Eastern Pashto | |
Native to | Afghanistan |
Ethnicity | Pashtuns |
Speakers | L1: 15 million (2017)[1] L2: 3.5 million (2021)[1] |
Indo-European
| |
Arabic (Pashto alphabet) | |
Official status | |
Regulated by | Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | pbt |
Glottolog | sout2649 |
Part of Pashto language |
|
Writing systems |
---|
Dialects |
|
Language regulation |
Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan Pashto Academy |
Native to |
Southern Pashto (
South Western
Kandahārí Pashtó (
Kandahari Pashto is spoken in
It is one of the most archaic varieties of
Lexical Variation
According to the "Pashto Dialectal Dictionary (
Standard
معياري myārí |
Meaning
مانا mānā́ |
Ghorak
[Tribe: Popalzai] |
Spin Boldak
[Tribe: Achakzai] |
Maruf
[Tribe: Alizai] |
Arghandab
[Tribe: Alikozai ]
|
Panjwayi
[Tribe: Sakzai] |
Kandahar
[Tribe: Nurzai] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
آباد/ ودان
ābā́d/wadā́n |
populated | ابات
abā́t |
ابات
abā́t |
ابات
abā́t |
ابات
abā́t |
ابات
abā́t |
ابات
abā́t |
اپلتې
apláte |
absurdity | چټيات
čaṭyā́t |
چټيات
čaṭyā́t |
اپلتې
apláte |
ګډې وډې
gaḍé waḍé |
ګډې وډې
gaḍé waḍé |
ګډې وډې
gaḍé waḍé |
اتکړۍ
atkaṛə́i |
handcuffs | زولنې
zawlané |
زولنې
zawlané |
زولنې
zawlané |
زولنې
zolané |
زولنې
zolané |
زولنې
zolané |
اخېړ
axéṛ |
plaster
[clay mixed with straw] |
ګل
gә́l |
ګل
gә́l |
ګل
gә́l |
کاګل
kāgә́l |
کاګل
kāgә́l |
کاګل
kāgә́l |
mother | ادې
adé |
ادې
adé |
دادا
dādā́ |
مور
mor |
مور
mor |
مور
mor | |
enmity | دښمني
doṣ̌maní |
تربورګلوي
tarburgalwí |
تربورګلوي
tarburgalwí |
دښمني
doṣ̌maní |
دښمني
doṣ̌maní |
دښمني
doṣ̌maní | |
ارت
art |
wide | پېراخه
perāxá |
غټ
ğaṭ |
پراخ
prāx |
پيراخ
pirā́x |
پيراخ
pirā́x |
پيراخ
pirā́x |
اوبدل
obdә́l |
to weave | ودل
wadә́l |
ودل
wadә́l |
اودل
odә́l |
ودل
wadál |
ودل
wadál |
ودل
wadál |
اوړۀ
oṛә́ |
flour | اوړۀ
oṛә́ |
اوړۀ
oṛә́ |
اوړۀ
oṛә́ |
وړۀ
waṛә́ |
وړۀ
waṛә́ |
وړۀ
waṛә́ |
South Eastern
In the South Eastern dialect, /ʂ/ and /ʐ/ in South Western sometimes change to ʃ and ʒ. Whilst /t͡s/ and /d͡z/ are generally pronounced.[7]
Dialect | ښ | ږ | څ | ځ | ژ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kandahar | [ʂ] | [ʐ] | [t͡s] | [d͡z] | [ʒ] |
Quetta | [ʃ] | [ʒ] | [t͡s] | [d͡z] | [ʒ, z] |
In all 3rd-person pronouns 'h' is not articulated. And distinction in 'he' and 'she' pronouns is not noted.
Personal pronoun | Kandahar | Quetta | Meaning |
---|---|---|---|
زه | zə | zə | I |
ته | tə, less often təi | tə, less often təi | you (singular) |
هغه | hağə | ağə | he |
هغه | hağe | ağə | she |
موږ/مونږ | mʊẓ̌ | mʊž/məž | we |
تاسو/تاسې | tāse/tāsī | tāse/tāsī | you (plural) |
هغوی | hağwi/hağūi | ağwi/ağūi | they |
Kākaṛi
Kākaṛi is classed as Southeastern dialect.[8] The following has been noted:[9]
Kākaṛi | Literary Pashto | Grammar | Meaning |
---|---|---|---|
بم
bam |
به مې
bə me |
bə: future / past habitual marker
me: Weak Oblique 1st Pronoun |
Example:[10]
ای د سترګو ديد بم سره کله کږي āi də stə́rgo did bam sará kə́la káži Oh when will my eyes' [do his] viewing |
امۍ
amə́i |
ګډا
gaḍā́ |
Direct Singular Feminine Noun | dance |
راله
rā́la |
راغله
rā́ğla |
come: Aorist Past 3rd Person Feminine Singular | [She] came |
سي
si |
چې
če |
that: Particle | that |
Sherani
According to Josef Elfenbein, Sherani Pashto can be classed either as South Western or South Eastern.[11] Word choice can be distinct:[12]
Dialect | Meaning | Notes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Southern | Sherani | ګانده مزدک له راسه
gā́nda mazdə́k lə rāsá |
Come to the mosque tomorrow | Kandahari uses
the Arabic borrowings: سبا [from صباح] and مسجد . Whereas Sherani uses more pure Pashto: ګانده and مزدک |
Kandahari | سبا مسجد له راسه
sabā́ masjéd lə rāsá | |||
Northern [Yusupzai] | سبا جومات ته راشه
sabā́ jumā́t tə rāšá |
In comparison to
the two Southern dialects, ته is used instead of له and the form of the verb to-be: شول is used instead of سول |
Marwat-Bettani
In Marwat-Bettani the following is noted:[13]
Dialect[7] | ښ | ږ | څ | ځ | ژ | ش[14] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Marwat | [ʃ] | [ʒ] | [t͡ʃ] | [d͡ʒ] | [z] | [ʃ],[s] |
Compare the words
Standard | Kandahar | Marwat | Marwat | Meaning |
---|---|---|---|---|
رېبځ | /re.bəˈd͡z/ | رېبځ | ⓘ | broom |
ږمنځ | ⓘ | ږمنځ | ⓘ | comb |
ژامه | /ʒɑˈ.ma/ | زامبه | ⓘ | jaw |
مټينګى | /maʈinɡaˈi/ | مټونګى | ⓘ | bastard |
پروړه | /proˈ.ɽa/ | پروړې | ⓘ | straw |
دروزه | /d̪ruˈ.za/ | دروزې | ⓘ | haulm |
Comparison with Karlāṇi varieties
Marwatwala agrees with other Karlāṇi varieties in the phonetic change in ښ as [ʃ]. [15]
Example:
Yusupzai | Marwatwāla | Meaning |
---|---|---|
ښار | ښار | city |
xār | šār | |
ښادي | ښودي | happiness |
xādí | šodí |
Rendition of ش
It is noted by Yousuf Khan Jazab, in Marwatwala ش can be rendered as [s].[14]
Example:
Kandahāri | Karlāṇi | Marwatwāla | Meaning |
---|---|---|---|
اوربشې
/or.bəˈ.ʃe/ orbә́še |
اربشې | اربسې | barley |
/ar.bəˈ.ʃe/ | /ar.bəˈ.se/ | ||
arbә́še | arbә́se | ||
سول
/swəl/ swəl |
شول | سلل | to become
[past tense,verbaliser] |
/ʃwəl/ | /sləl/ | ||
šwәl | sləl | ||
شخړه
/ʃxaˈ.ɽa/ šxáṛa |
سخړه | quarrel, strife | |
/ʃxəˈ.ɽa/ | |||
sxә́ṛa |
References
- ^ a b Southern Pashto at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
- ^ "Glottolog 4.3 - Southern Pashto". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
- ^ Prods Oktor Skjærvø, P.O. 1989. Pashto. In "Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum", R. Schmitt (ed.), 384-410.
- ^ "Iran".
- ^ MacKenzie, D. N. "A Standard Pashto". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 22: 231–235. Archived from the original on October 11, 2017.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ بها, اکمل (2019). پښتو لهجوي قاموس. Vol. څلورم ټوک. د علومو اکډمي د ژبو او ادبياتو مرکز. pp. ۱–۹۸.
- ^ a b Hallberg, Daniel G. 1992. Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 4.
- ISBN 978-1-57506-019-4.
- ^ کاکړ, سيال (2012). زريني پانګي. افغان څېړنيز مرکزٜ کوټه.
- ^ کاکړ, سيال (2012). زريني پانګي. افغان څېړنيز مرکزٜ کوټه. p. 56.
- ISBN 978-1-57506-017-0.
- ^ Habibi, A. H. "پښتو لهجې" (PDF). Alama Habibi.
- ^ Rensch, Calvin Ross (1992). Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan: Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University. pp. 79–145.
- ^ a b Khan Jazab, Yousaf (2017). An Ethno-linguisitic Study of the Karlani Varieities of Pashto. Pashto Academy, University of Peshawar. p. 71.
- ^ Jazab, Yousaf Khan. An Ethno-Linguistic Study of the Karlanri Varieties of Pashto. Pashto Academy, University of Peshawar. pp. 70–71.