Southern Ukraine

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Several oblasts can be referred to as "south":
  Red – always included
  Brown – often included

Southern Ukraine (Ukrainian: Південь України, romanizedPivden' Ukrayiny) refers, generally, to the territories in the South of Ukraine.

The territory usually corresponds with the Soviet economical district, the Southern Economical District of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The region is completely integrated with a marine and shipbuilding industry.

Southern Ukraine was invaded by the Russian military on February 24, 2022, turning parts of the region into a major theatre of the Russo-Ukrainian War.

Historical background

The region primarily corresponds to the former

1787–92
.

The

Pontic steppes of Ukraine and southern Russia as the linguistic homeland of the Proto-Indo-Europeans.[1] The Yamnaya culture is identified with the late Proto-Indo-Europeans.[2] The region has been inhabited for centuries by various nomadic tribes, such as Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans, Huns, Bulgars, Pechenegs, Kipchaks, Turco-Mongols and Tatars
.

The Crimean Khanate in about 1600. Note that the areas marked Poland and Muscovy were claimed rather than administered.

Before the 18th century, the territory known as the Wild Fields (as translated from Polish or Ukrainian) was dominated by Ukrainian Cossack community better known as Zaporozhian Sich and the realm of Crimean Khanate with its Nogai minions that was a union state of the bigger Ottoman Empire. The Crimean–Nogai slave raids caused considerable devastation and depopulation in the area before the rise of the Zaporozhian Cossacks.[3]

Encroachment of Muscovy (today Russia) in the region started after the 16th century after its expansion along Volga river after the Moscow-Kazan wars and conquest of Astrakhan. Further expansion continued also with Moscow-Lithuania armed clashes.

Ukraine in the 18th century

With start of the Khmelnytsky Uprising within Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in middle of 17th century, Muscovy on pretence of the eastern Orthodoxy protection further expanded its influence down south over Cossack communities of Pontic steppes (lower Don and lower Dnieper) and the Crimean Khan domains.

At the end of 17th century a native Kyivan, bishop Theophan Prokopovych came up with the idea of all-Russian nation referring to the old Rus state founder of which Volodymyr the Great was baptized and accepted Byzantine Christianity (today known as Eastern Orthodoxy) in Chersoneses of Taurida (today in Sevastopol).

In 1686 there was signed the Treaty of Perpetual Peace between Muscovy and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, after which Muscovy took control over the Left-bank Ukraine, Zaporozhian Sich, and Kyiv with outskirts.

In 18th century there was built

Slovianoserbia
.

At the end of 18th century following the

annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire and the treaty of Jassy (the Ochakiv Region, area of today's Odesa and Mykolaiv oblasts), the Russian Empire assumed full control of the northern Black Sea
coast.

Census 2001
)
Inhabitants with Russian as mother tongue by region (Census 2001)

Russian Hellenization of Pontic littoral

After the Russian-Ottoman Wars of the second half of 18th century (

1787–92
) and acquisition of all territory of modern southern Ukraine, number of settlements and cities with Turkic or other names in region were renamed in Greek or Russian manner.

Following the World War II any trace of Crimean Tatar toponymy was predominantly removed in Crimea and Kherson Oblast.

Politics

a new law on regional languages entitles any local language spoken by at least a 10% minority be declared official within that area.[5] Within weeks Russian was declared as a regional language in several southern and eastern oblasts and cities.[6] Russian could then be used in these cities/oblasts' administrative office work and documents.[7] On 23 February 2014, the Ukrainian parliament voted to repeal the law on regional languages, which would have made Ukrainian the sole state language at all levels even in southern and eastern Ukraine.[8] This vote was vetoed by acting President Turchynov on March 2.[9][10] Nevertheless the law was repealed by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on 28 February 2018 when it ruled the law unconstitutional.[11]

Noticeable cultural differences in the region (compared with the rest of Ukraine, except eastern Ukraine) are more "positive views" of the Russian language[12][13] and of Joseph Stalin[14] and more "negative views" of Ukrainian nationalism.[15] In the 1991 Ukrainian independence referendum, a lower percentage of the total electorate voted for independence in eastern and southern Ukraine than in the rest of the country.[16][17]

Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (KIIS) geographic division of Ukraine used in their polls.

In a poll conducted by Kyiv International Institute of Sociology in the first half of February 2014, 19.4% of those polled in southern Ukraine believed "Ukraine and Russia must unite into a single state"; nationwide this percentage was 12.5.[18]

During

pro-Russian and status quo platform.[19][20][21] The electorate of the CPU and the Party of Regions was very loyal to them.[21] But following the Revolution of Dignity the Party of Regions collapsed[22] and the Communist Party was banned and declared illegal.[23]

Religion

Religion in south Ukraine (2016)[24]

  Eastern Orthodoxy (71.0%)
  Not religious (21.7%)
  Simply Christianity (5.1%)
  Protestantism (0.5%)
  Judaism (0.5%)
  Others (0.5%)

According to a 2016 survey of

Jewish. Not religious and other believers not identifying with any of the listed major religious institutions constituted about 24.7% of the population.[24]

Oblasts

Oblast Area in km2 Population
(Census 2001)
Population
(1 Jan. 2012)
Odesa Oblast 33,313 2,469,057 2,388,297
Mykolaiv Oblast 24,585 1,264,743 1,178,223
Kherson Oblast 28,461 1,175,122 1,083,367
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast 31,923 3,561,224 3,320,299
Zaporizhzhia Oblast 27,183 1,929,171 1,791,668
Total excluding
Crimea and Sevastopol
145,465 10,399,317 9,761,854
Crimea 26,080 2,033,736 1,963,008
Sevastopol (city) 864 379,492 381,234
Total including
Crimea and Sevastopol
172,409 12,812,545 12,106,096

The neighbouring Kirovohrad Oblast is more often associated with the Central Ukraine. Also Crimea (with Sevastopol City) is reviewed sometimes as a unique region. According to the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, south Ukraine was considered to consist of the territory of the former Kherson, Taurida and Yekaterinoslav Governorates.

See also

References

  1. ^ Balter, Michael (13 February 2015). "Mysterious Indo-European homeland may have been in the steppes of Ukraine and Russia". Science.
  2. PMID 25731166
    .
  3. .
  4. , page 187
  5. ^ Yanukovych signs language bill into law. Retrieved 2012-09-07.
  6. ^ Russian spreads like wildfires in dry Ukrainian forest. Retrieved 2012-09-07.
  7. ^ Romanian becomes regional language in Bila Tserkva in Zakarpattia region, Kyiv Post (24 September 2012)
  8. ^ Ukraine: Speaker Oleksandr Turchynov named interim president, BBC News (23 February 2014)
  9. ^ Traynor, Ian (24 February 2014). "Western nations scramble to contain fallout from Ukraine crisis". The Guardian.
  10. ^ Kramer, Andrew (2 March 2014). "Ukraine Turns to Its Oligarchs for Political Help". New York Times. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  11. ^ Constitutional Court declares unconstitutional language law of Kivalov-Kolesnichenko, Ukrinform (28 February 2018)
  12. RATING
    (25 May 2012)
  13. ^ "Poll: Over half of Ukrainians against granting official status to Russian language - Dec. 27, 2012". 27 December 2012.
  14. ^ (in Ukrainian) Ставлення населення України до постаті Йосипа Сталіна Attitude population Ukraine to the figure of Joseph Stalin, Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (1 March 2013)
  15. Timothy D. Snyder, The New York Review of Books
    (21 September 2010)
  16. (page 128)
  17. ^ Ivan Katchanovski. (2009). Terrorists or National Heroes? Politics of the OUN and the UPA in Ukraine Paper prepared for presentation at the Annual Conference of the Canadian Political Science Association, Montreal, June 1–3, 2010
  18. ^ How relations between Ukraine and Russia should look like? Public opinion polls’ results, Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (4 March 2014)
  19. (page 396)
  20. openDemocracy.net
    (January 3, 2011)
  21. ^ (5 October 2007)
  22. Ukrayinska Pravda
    (22 October 2015)
  23. Radio Liberty
    . 25 September 2015
  24. ^
    Razumkov Center
    in collaboration with the All-Ukrainian Council of Churches. pp. 27-29.

External links