Sovereigntism

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Sovereigntism, sovereignism or souverainism (from French: souverainisme, pronounced [su.vʁɛ.nism] ⓘ, meaning the ideology of sovereignty) is the notion of having control over one's conditions of existence, whether at the level of the self, social group, region, nation or globe.[1] Typically used for describing the acquiring or preserving political independence of a nation or a region, a sovereigntist aims to "take back control" from perceived powerful forces,[2] either against internal subversive minority groups (ethnic, sexual or gender),[3] or from external global governance institutions,[4] federalism and supranational unions. It generally leans instead toward isolationism, and can be associated with certain independence movements, but has also been used to justify violating the independence of other nations.[5][6]

Classification

Sovereigntism has a cultural as well as political component and can take the form of hostility towards outsiders having different values or different countries or regions of origin.[7] Sovereigntist groups are associated with populism since they typically claim legitimacy for carrying out the sovereign will of the people.[8] While leftist sovereigntists tend to think of their national border as a defensive line against the corrosive effects of neo-liberal economics, right wing sovereigntists see it more as a filter protecting the sovereign people from undesired new members.[9]

Though there are wide differences in ideology and historical context between sovereigntist movements, those of the twenty first century can be thought of as belonging to three separate categories: conservative sovereigntism, archeo-sovereigntism, and neo-sovereigntism.

UKIP
in the UK.

In a paper published in the European Review of International Studies outlining these three major tendencies, researchers Alles and Badie summarised them thus:[11]

Three coexisting types of sovereigntism in the post-bipolar context
Contemporary types of sovereigntism Conception of sovereignty Claim Protest Approach of globalisation
Neo-sovereigntism Self-affirmation Equality Hierarchy Example
Archeo sovereigntism Specificity Identity Globalisation Antagonist
Conservative sovereigntism Normative Hierarchy Emergence of challengers Selective

Europe

In Europe, sovereigntist political movements divide (on the one hand) between those that seek to leave the European Union completely (or oppose joining it) and (on the other), those who aim for a "Europe of the nations", a less integrated Europe respecting the individual characteristics and sovereignty of constituent states.[12] Supporters of these doctrines tend to regard themselves as Euro-realists opposed to the Euro-federalists and call for a more confederal version of a European Union. (The European Union is not a federation but shares many characteristics of one.) Thus, sovereigntism in Europe is opposed to federalism and typically involves nationalism, particularly in the United Kingdom (which withdrew from the EU in 2020) and in France where parties on the left and right margins lean strongly towards it.

France

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Sovereign Right (French politics)

The souverainiste doctrine is particularly influential in France, where numerous political movements adhere to it:

Germany

Parties with tendencies that could be described also as sovereigntist can be also found in Germany:

Greece

Parties with tendencies that could be described also as sovereigntists can also be found in Greece:

Hungary

Prime Minister

Hungarian National Assembly
adopted the Sovereignty Protection Act, which creates a new government agency, called the Sovereignty Protection Office, to be established by February 1, 2024. It will have broad powers to investigate alleged attacks on Hungarian sovereignty, including the activities of civic organizations supported from abroad.

Italy

Parties with tendencies that could be described also as sovereigntist can be also found in Italy:

Romania

Parties with tendencies that could be described also as sovereigntist can be also found in Romania:

Russia

Further information: Sovereign democracy

Since 2006,

Pan-slavism’s origins in the 16th century, later becoming integrated with Russian nationalism, imperialism and Orthodox messianism in the 19th century.[14][15][16]

Serbia

Parties with tendencies that could be described also as sovereigntist can be also found in Serbia:

Spain

Parties with tendencies that could be described also as sovereigntist can be also found in Spain:

Catalonia

In the Parliament of Catalonia, parties explicitly supporting independence from Spain are

Candidatura d'Unitat Popular
(CUP).

United Kingdom

Parties with policies that could be described as sovereigntist can be also found in

hard Brexit), the Scottish National Party and Plaid Cymru (Party of Wales), and Sinn Féin in Northern Ireland.[citation needed
]

North America

Canada

In the

independentist
, although this terminology may be objected to by opponents.

Quebec

United States

Coupled with its history of isolationism and sense of American exceptionalism, US sovereigntism is largely a conservative perspective, celebrating both American self-definition and liberty to engage in unilateral action.[17] Sovereigntism in foreign policy is charactized by opposition to multilateral regimes relating to climate change, war crimes, arms control and international declaration of human rights.[18]

The dominant US sovereigntist perspective is currently that of Trumpism[19][20] and has three dimensions:[21]

  • World order and peace is best secured by sovereign states looking after themselves, as opposed to rules based international order of interdependent and integrated countries.
  • The needs of the American people come first before any other concern of government. Any other prioritization violates the sovereignty of the people.
  • Sovereigntism is used partisan weapon, where anyone who differs with Trumpian formulations of sovereignty are identified as political enemies.

A more extreme conservative view of popular sovereignty involves a radical unwinding of centralized government and an expansion of regional sovereignty, where freedoms are controlled at the local level, not adjudicated at the federal level. From the perspective of the

populist concept of the sovereign people refers exclusively to a specifically defined Christian community that "invites people of different backgrounds to unite under a common 'American' sense of self". Similar to the perspective of Putinism, those individuals who maintain a separate minority identity are not only excluded, but are regarded as a threat to the majority's sovereignty, especially when they seek legal redress for violation of their human rights as defined by constitutional and international norms. [22]

See also

References

  • Alles, Delphine; Badie, Bertrand (2016). "Sovereigntism in the International System: From Change to Split" (PDF). European Review of International Studies. 3 (2): 16–18.
    doi:10.3224/eris.v3i1.26004
    .

Minakov, Mikhail (2022). "Sovereignty as a Contested Concept: The Cases of Trumpism and Putinism". Inventing Majorities: Ideological Creativity in Post-Soviet Societies. Stuttgart: ibidem-Verlag.

ISBN 9783838216416
.

  1. doi:10.1002/sea2.12108
    . Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  2. ^ Kallis 2018, p. 3.
  3. ^ Minakov (2022), p. 307.
  4. S2CID 155699112
    .
  5. ^ Minakov (2022), p. 299.
  6. ^ a b Alles & Badie (2016), p. 16.
  7. S2CID 244164991
    .
  8. ^ Azmanova 2022, p. 167.
  9. S2CID 158092242
    .
  10. ^ Minakov (2022), p. 292.
  11. ^ Alles & Badie (2016), p. 18.
  12. JSTOR resrep12603.3. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help
    )
  13. ^ Minakov (2022), p. 306-307.
  14. S2CID 155015782
    . Retrieved 2022-06-29.
  15. ISBN 9781442231382
    .
  16. ISBN 978-1-4422-3138-2
    .
  17. ^ Resnick, Judith. "Law as Affiliation: Foreign Law, Democratic Federalism, and the Sovereigntism of the Nation-State". International Journal of Constitutional Law. 6 (1): 34–35. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  18. JSTOR 20049963
    .
  19. ^ Minakov (2022), p. 297.
  20. ^ Ash, Timothy Garton (2018-09-28). "It's not just Trump. Much of America has turned its back on Europe". The Guardian. Retrieved 2022-07-02.
  21. S2CID 203085341
    .
  22. ^ Minakov (2022), pp. 295–296, 305.
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