Soviet nonconformist art
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Soviet nonconformist art was
History
1917–1932
From the time of the
End of World War II – 1953
In the wake of
1953 (the death of Stalin) – 1962
The death of
1962 – mid-1970s
The "thaw" era ended quickly, when in 1962, Khrushchev attended the public Manezh exhibition (an episode known as the Manege Affair)[10] at which several nonconformist artists were exhibiting, including Ülo Sooster[11] with his Eye in the Egg. Khrushchev got into a public and now-famous argument with Ernst Neizvestny, sculptor (1925-2016), regarding the function of art in society. However, this altercation had the unintended effect of fomenting unofficial art as a movement. Artists could no longer hold delusions that the state would recognize their art, yet the climate had become friendly and open enough that a coherent organization had formed. Additionally, punishments for unofficial artists became less severe; they were denied admittance to the union instead of being executed.
As a "movement" nonconformist art was stylistically diverse. However, in the post-thaw era its function and role in society became clear. As the Russian curator, author and museum director Joseph Bakstein wrote,
The duality of life in which the official perception of everyday reality is independent of the reality of the imagination leads to a situation where art plays a special role in society. In any culture, art is a special reality, but in the Soviet Union, art was doubly real precisely because it had no relation to reality. It was a higher reality.... The goal of nonconformism in art was to challenge the status of official artistic reality, to question it, to treat it with irony. Yet that was the one unacceptable thing. All of Soviet society rested on orthodoxy, and nonconformism was its enemy. That is why even the conditional and partial legalization of nonconformism in the mid-1970s was the beginning of the end of the Soviet regime.[12]
Moscow artists' groups
There were many artistic groups and movements that were active in the Soviet Union after the period of the thaw. They can be difficult to classify because often they were not related due to stylistic objectives, but geographical proximity. Furthermore, participation in these groups was fluid as the community of nonconformist artists in Moscow was relatively small and close-knit.
Lianozovo Group
The Lianozovo Group formed in 1958 was named after the small village Lianozovo outside Moscow, where most of the artists lived and worked.[13] The members of this group were: Evgenii Kropivnitsky , the artist and poet, Olga Potapova, Oscar Rabin, Lidia Masterkova, Vladimir Nemukhin, Nikolai Vechtomov and the poets Vsevolod Nekrasov , Genrikh Sapgir, and Igor Kholin. This group was not related due to aesthetic concerns, but due to "their shared search for a new sociocultural identity."[14] critic and theorist Victor Tupitsyn considered that, "the aestheticization of misery is precisely what distinguishes the representatives of the de-classed communal intelligentsia of the thaw era from their predecessors (the Socialist Realists), who created a paradisiac image of history."[15]
Many members of the Lianozovo group worked in an abstract style.
Officially, those in the Lianozovo group were members of the Moscow Union of Graphic Artists, working in the applied and graphic arts. As such, they were not permitted to hold painting exhibitions, as that fell under the domain of the Artists' Union. Consequently, apartment exhibitions and literary salons began at this time as a means of publicly exhibiting. However, the Lianozovo group in particular was often harassed by Soviet officials as they were vigilant in pursuing public exhibitions of their work. In an attempt to circumvent the law, the Lianozovo group proposed an open-air exhibition in 1974, inviting dozens of other nonconformist artists also to exhibit. The result was the demolition of the exhibition by bulldozers and water cannons, for which reason the exhibition is still known as the Bulldozer Exhibition.[17]
Sretensky Boulevard Group
A group of artists that had studios on and around Sretensky Boulevard, Moscow, became a loosely associated like-minded community in the late 1960s. The members of this group were: Ilya Kabakov,[18] Ülo Sooster, Eduard Steinberg, Erik Bulatov, Sergey Shablavin,[19] Oleg Vassiliev, Viktor Pivovarov, Vladimir Yankilevsky, and sculptor Ernst Neizvestny. The artists' studios were also used as venues to show and exchange ideas about unofficial art. Like their colleagues in the Lianozovo group, the majority of visual artists who were part of the Sretensky Boulevard Group were admitted to the Moscow Union of Graphic Artists. This allowed the artists to work officially as book illustrators and graphic designers, which provided them with studio space, materials, and time to work on their own projects. Although they shared the same type of official career, the Sretensky group is not stylistically homogeneous. The name merely denotes the community that they formed as a result of working in close proximity to each other.[20]
Moscow conceptualists
Many of the artists on Sretensky Boulevard were part of the Moscow Conceptualist school. This movement arose in the 1970s to describe the identity of the contemporary Russian artist in opposition to the government. As Joseph Bakstein explained, "The creation of this nonconformist tradition was impelled by the fact that an outsider in the Soviet empire stood alone against a tremendous state machine, a great Leviathan that threatened to engulf him. To preserve one's identity in this situation, one had to create a separate value system, including a system of aesthetic values."[12]
Erik Bulatov explains that conceptualist art is, "a rebellion of man against the everyday reality of life... a picture interests me as some kind of system... opening into the space of my everyday existence."[21]
This group includes
Petersburg groups
1960s - 1970s
Mikhail Shemiakin's Group
In 1967 the Petersburg Group Manifesto was written and signed by Chemiakin, O. Liagatchev, E. Yesaulenko and V. Ivanov. V. Ivanov and M. Chemiakin had previously developed the idea of Metaphysical Synthesism, which proposed creating a new form of icon painting through the study of religious art across the ages.[23]
A. Vasiliev and the miniature painter V. Makarenko joined the group later.
Four years after the founding of the group, in 1971, Chemiakin emigrated to France, and later in 1981 to the United States. In 2007 he returned to France, where he resides now.
Liagatchev, until his emigration to Paris in 1975, and Vasiliev continued to participate in exhibitions of non-conformist artists in Leningrad at the Gaza Palace of Culture (1974) and the Nevsky Palace of Culture (1975). Liagatchev's work in this period includes: Kafka, Intimeniy XX (1973) and Composition - Canon (1975). The group finally became defunct in 1979, ceasing to have joint exhibitions.
Gazanevsky Culture
The Gazanevsky Culture also known as Gazanevsky Exhibitions, or Gazanevschchina (ru:Газаневщина), was an unofficial artistic movement of the mid-1970s.[24]
- Before the nonconformist Gazanevsky exhibitions in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg), there were also three unofficial exhibitions at the Kozitsky Palace of Culture in 1968-1969. Among other artists, the group of artists who participated were: Yury Nashivochnikov, Anatoly Basin (ru), Igor V. Ivanov, Evgeny Goryunov, and others, who were from the "School of Sidlin", the art studio at the Kapranov Palace of Culture.[24]
- In December 1974, the first exhibition of nonconformist artists took place at the Ivan Gaza Culture Palace, in Leningrad (St. Petersburg), Russia.[25]
- In 1975, another Unofficial Art exhibition took place at the Nevsky Palace of Culture, Leningrad (St. Petersburg), Russia.[26]
Apartment exhibitions
In the 1970s, a new direction took place in an unofficial art movement in Leningrad (St. Petersburg). Many artists participated in nonconformist unofficial exhibitions which were held in the private apartments, so-called Apartment Exhibitions.[citation needed]
Some examples of the unofficial Apartment Exhibitions include:
In November 1975, the first Jewish exhibition "Aleph", also known as "Twelve from the Soviet Underground", took place in Eugene Abeshaus's apartment, where 12 Jewish artists participated: Eugene Abeshaus, Anatoly Basin (ru), Leonid Bolmat, Aleksandr Gurevich, Yuri Kalendarev, Tatyana Kornfeld, Aleksander Manusov, Aleksander Okun, Sima Ostrovsky, Alek Rapoport, Osip Sidlin, and Olga Schmuilovich.[citation needed] In 1976, the catalog of this exhibition was published in California, USA.
In 1976, the second "Aleph" exhibition took place in E. Abezgauz's apartment, with Eugene Abeshaus, A. Arefiev (ru), A. Basin (ru), Richard Vasmi (ru), Aleksandr Gurevich, Yuri Kalendarev and Tatiana Kerner.[27]
School of Sidlin
Osip Sidlin studied under Alexander Osmerkin, then Alexander Savinov, Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, and was in contact with Kazimir Malevich.[28]
Starting in the middle of the 1930s, Osip Sidlin taught art in Leningrad at the Ilyich (Lenin) Palace of Culture,[29] the First Five-Year Palace of Culture, and also at the Kapranov House of Culture.[29] until his sudden death of heart attack in 1972.[citation needed]
Among Sidlin's students were Anatoly Basin,[30] Galina Basina, Vladimir Egorov, Nina Fedotova, Anatoly Golovastov, Evgeny Goryunov,[31] Igor V. Ivanov,[32] Galina (Sizova) Ivanova, Boris Kupin, Alexander Mikhailovsky, Yury Nashivochnikov,[33] Sergey Sivertsev, Natalia Toreeva,[34] Margarita Trushina, Vasily Zhavoronkov, Vasily Yuzko [35] and the poet Yuli Goldstein.
- In 1994, the exhibition the "Memory of teacher" took place in the State Museum of Urban Sculpture, St. Petersburg, Russia.[36] It was dedicated to the 85th birthday Anniversary of Osip Sidlin, the teacher of the "School of Sidlin".
- In February 2019, the exhibition "School of Sidlin" took place in St. Petersburg, Russia. It was dedicated to the 110 years of birthday Anniversary of Osip Sidlin.[37]
- In 2019, the exhibition "Classics of Leningrad Art. School of Sidlin" took place in St. Petersburg, Russia.[38]
Temple Wall School is a continuation of the "School of Sidlin" movement. After the death of Osip Sidlin, the teacher of the "School of Sidlin" art group, his student, Yury Nashivochnikov, brought the young artists together and in 1992 organized the art school, called the "Temple Wall School".[39] Among his students were Vladimir Garde, Dmitry Markul, Svetlana Moskovskaya, Vladimir Ustinsky, Alexander Viziryako, and other artists. The "Temple Wall School" continues the tradition of the "School of Sidlin", mostly on study of the Byzantine and old Russian art, based on the two-dimensional wall fresco paintings and Russian icons. In 2015, the thesis the "School of Sidlin and Temple Wall School" was written by Svetlana Moskovskaya, Y. Nashivochnikov's student of the "Temple Wall School", and published in March, 2016 under the St. Petersburg State University, where she is discussing the continuation of the tradition of the artistic movement of 20th century to the 21st century, the next generation of the visual art movement.[40]
- In 1996 and 2002, the exhibitions of "Temple Wall" took place in the State Museum of Urban Sculpture, St. Petersburg, Russia.[41]
- In 2017, the exhibition "School of Sidlin and Temple Wall school" took place in St. Petersburg, Russia.[42]
School of Vladimir Sterligov
Vladimir Sterligov was a student of Kazimir Malevich, and all his life followed K. Malevich's principles of cubism and suprematism in this artistic tradition.[43] His followers were: Alexander Baturin, Elena Gritsenko,[44] Alexander Nosov, Mikhail Tserush,[45][failed verification] Gennady Zubkov,[46][failed verification] and other artists, who expending the Sterligov's philosophy in their artistic view.[47] Tatiana Glebova, the wife of Sterligov, studied under Alexander Savinov and Pavel Filonov.[48]
Pavel Kondratiev's Group
Pavel Kondratiev was also the student of
Arefiev's Circle
Alexander Arefiev (ru) was a leader of the nonconformist group in Leningrad (St. Petersburg).[50] He was expelled from the Soviet Union in 1977, and died in Paris in 1978.
The group included the artists: A. Arefiev (Arekh),[51] Valentin Gromov (ru) (b. 1930),[52] Richard (Rikhard) Vasmi (ru), who is also known by his quote "The artist painted his own Sarcophagus all his life",[53] Vladimir Shagin (ru),[54] Sholom Schwartz (ru),[55] Natalia Zhilina, who was close to this group,[56] and the poet Roald Mandelstam (ru), who provided to the group the inspiration for their art work. Their group was called as "The Order of Mendicant Painters" or "The Order of Unsold Painters", and they were recognized only after the starting of the new Nonconformists movement in Leningrad and their participation in the exhibitions at the Gaza Palace of Culture (1974) and the Nevsky Palace of Culture (1975).
Other nonconformist artists (mid-1970s)
These artists participated individually in Soviet non-conformist art. They took an active part in the unofficial art, including participation in the apartment exhibitions and in the unofficial art exhibitions, such as the non-conformist Gaza-Nevsky exhibitions in Leningrad (St. Petersburg) in the mid-1970s.
- In 1990, the album "The Artists of the Gaza-Nevsky culture", compiled by E. Andreeva and published as a part of the "Contemporary Leningrad Avant-garde" series in St. Petersburg, Russia. Besides the artists included there from the "School of Sidlin", the "Sterligov Group", and "Arefiev Circle", the following artists were included in this album among other founders of the Gaza-Nevsky culture:Mikhail Chemiakin, Yuri Dyshlenko (ru),[57] Vadim Filimonov (ru), Yury Galetsky, Vladlen Gavrilchik (ru), Tatiana Kerner, Vitaly Kubasov, Mikhail Koulakov, Nikolay Lubushkin, Alexander Manusov, Yury Medvedev, Vladimir Michailov, Alexander Morev (ru), Evgeny Mikhnov-Voitenko (ru), Vladimir Nekrasov, Alexander Okun, Vladimir Ovchinnikov, Igor Novikov (painter), Yury Petrochenkov, Alek Rapoport, Yuly Rybakov, Evgeny Rukhin, Igor Sacharow-Ross, Igor Sinyavin, Igor Tulpanov and Gennady Ustugov.
- Vasily Golubev (painter)
- Boris Chetkov
Publications and late exhibitions
- In 2001, "Школа Сидлина" ("School of Sidlin") book, published by Isaak Kushnir, as a part of the series of the books "Avant-garde on the Neva" about the Soviet Avant-garde Art, where the students of the School of Sidlin included, St. Petersburg, Russia. OCLC 845543694
- In 2005, "Герои Ленинградской культуры 1950-1980-е" ("Heroes of Leningrad culture 1950s-1980s") book, compiled by Larisa Skobkina (OCLC 637824734
- In 2013, the Museum of the History of St. Petersburg organized the exhibition that reflects the famous art groups and schools at 1970s, including O. Sidlin, V. Sterligov, P. Kondratiev, A. Arefiev, and others.[58]
- In 2013, "Petersburg 20 Years" exhibition (1993-2013), organized by "Manege", St. Petersburg, Russia, where the sculptures of the artists, the paintings of the "Arefiev Circle", the artwork of the "School of Sidlin" art group, and others were exhibited.[59]
- In 2015, "Наши ниши. Газаневщина 3" ("Nashi nishi. Gazanevshchina 3") book, by Anatoly Basin (ISBN 978-5-93630-911-3
- In 2016-2017, the artwork of the artists, including the artists from the "School of Sidlin" (Y. Nashivochnikov, A. Basin, I. Ivanov, Natalia Toreeva), "School of Sterligov", "Arefiev Circle" (A. Arefiev, R. Vasmi, V. Gromov, V. Shagin, and Sh. Schwartz), and others, now in the "Tsarskoselskaya Collection" (ru) State Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia.[63]
- In 2018, the St. Petersburg State University organized the exhibition of the works of Leningrad nonconformist artists from 1970-1990, based on their collection and the collection of the Diaghilev Museum of Modern Art.[64][65][66]
- 2 December 2017 - 28 January 2018. italy. Event exhibition."Goodbye Perestrojka - One hundred works by artists from the former Soviet Union". Bilingual book texts: Italian / English. Arianna Di Genova - art critic, journalist. Rome. Italy. Victoria Donovan - cultural historian of Russia, University of St. Andrews, Scotland. UK. Yulia Lebedeva - art historian, curator of the Museum "Other Art" at the Russian State University for the Humanities (RSHU), Moscow. Irena Buzinska - art historian, curator at the Latvian National Museum of Art, Riga. Vladislav Shabalin - a dissident artist in the Soviet Union, he was detained in a psychiatric hospital and rehabilitated with the arrival of Perestrojka. https://www.antigaedizioni.it/prodotto/goodbye-perestrojka/
- In November 2013, “Re-Imagining Russia - Boris Chetkov – Landscape & Genre Painting”, Posthumous retrospective exhibition – in Mayfair, London - organized by Theodora Clarke (Courtauld Institute of Art) and the Pushkin Group, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-9766949-5-3
The 1980s
Absheron Artists (Azerbaijani artists) of the 1960s - 1980s
Javad Mirjavadov, Azerbaijani artist, a non-conformist and a reformer, whose work had an influence on the development of contemporary Azerbaijani art.[69] A turning point in his creative work came when he was a student and saw a reproduction of Paul Cézanne's Mardi Gras, experiencing creative regeneration.
Ukrainian underground
.It ended thanks to
Collections
Collectors of Soviet and Russian Nonconformist art include:
- Tatiana Kolodzei and her daughter, Natalia Kolodzei. In 1991 they founded the Kolodzei Art Foundation which has presented many exhibitions on Russian Nonconformist art.
- The Norton and Nancy Dodge Collection, Jane Voorhees Zimmerli Art Museum, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
- Lili Brochetain Collection, Paris France [1]
- Robert Mohren Collection, Germany
- The Claude and Nina Gruen Collection, Jane Voorhees Zimmerli Art Museum, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
- Igor Savitsky, Nukus Museum of Art, Nukus, Karakalpakstan.
- Vera Podolsky founded Podolsky Art Gallery in 1974, one of the largest private collections of Ukrainian Nonconformist Art - Odessa Group [www.podolskyart.com]
- Regina Khidekel Collection, New York
- Leonid Talochkin Collection, In 2000 they founded the "Museum of the Other Art" at the State University of Humanities in Moscow.
- Kenneth Pushkin founded Pushkin Gallery in 1995 featuring St. Petersburg Nonconformists, Boris Chetkov and Vasily Golubev (painter) [www.pushkingallery.com], USA
See also
- Kolodzei Art Foundation
- Russian postmodernism
- Norton and Nancy Dodge Collection of Soviet Nonconformist Art
- Culture of the Soviet Union
- Galina Osetsimskaya
- Ukrainian underground
References
- S2CID 144898994.
- ^ Bowlt, John E. (1976). Russian Art of the Avant-garde: theory and criticism, 1902-1934. Viking Press. pp. 288–290.
- ISBN 0-500-23709-3.
- S2CID 57565840.
- ISBN 0-8135-3042-3.
- ISBN 0-87332-296-7.
- ISBN 0-521-47799-9.
- ^ "Aleksandr Gerasimov Is Dead; Stalin's Favorite Painter, 82; Dictator of the Soviet Line". The New York Times. 1963-07-25. Retrieved 2019-11-23.
- ISBN 0-500-23709-3.
- S2CID 159693587.
- ISBN 978-0-8135-3042-0.
- ^ ISBN 0-500-23709-3.
- ^ artathhar (2012-12-16). "Under the Iron Curtain: Modern Art from the Soviet Bloc". Derfner Judaica Museum + The Art Collection Exhibition Catalogues. Retrieved 2019-11-26.
- ISBN 978-0-262-20173-5.
- ^ ISBN 0-500-23709-3
- ^ "Tulovsky describes Russian nonconformist art movement, The College Reporter". The College Reporter. Retrieved 2019-11-28.
- ^ Alberge, Dalya (2010-11-30). "Russian painters denounced as Soviet traitors exhibit in London". The Guardian. Retrieved 2019-11-22.
- ^ "Ilya & Emilia Kabakov". Madre Napoli. Retrieved 2019-11-23.
- ^ Roth, Andrew (2019-02-08). "Russian artists invite visitors to donate blood to exhibition". The Guardian. Retrieved 2019-11-23.
- ^ "Viktor Pivovarov - Artist's Profile - The Saatchi Gallery". www.saatchigallery.com. Retrieved 2019-11-23.
- ^ Roberts, Norma, ed. The Quest for Self-Expression: Painting in Moscow and Leningrad, 1965-1990, Columbus: Columbus Museum of Art, 1990, p. 72
- ^ http://www.rusartnet.com/biographies/russian-artists/20th-century/modern/nonconformist/1970s/moscow-conceptualism/ivan-chuikov/ Ivan Chuikov artist, Member of the Moscow Conceptualist Group.
- ^ "The Chemiakin Foundation". chemiakinbooks.com. Archived from the original on 30 April 2007. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
- ^ a b "CULTURE DEL DISSENSO". Retrieved 2019-11-24.
- ^ "Gleb Bogomolov". www.sothebys.com. Retrieved 2019-11-26.
- ^ "Nevsky House of Culture". architectuul.com. Retrieved 2019-11-24.
- ^ http://www.rusartnet.com/biographies/russian-artists/20th-century/modern/nonconformist/1970s/aleph-group/tatyana-kerner/ Artists Tatiana Kerner, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- ^ http://www.encspb.ru/object/2804030619?lc=en Osip Sidlin, artist, teacher and founder of the "School of Sidlin", St. Petersburg encyclopedia, Russia.
- ^ a b "School of Sidlin and Temple Wall School: Continuity of Philosophical, Aesthetic and Artistic Traditions - The Actual Problems of History and Theory of Art". actual-art.spbu.ru. Retrieved 2019-11-23.
- ^ "Anatoly Basin". www.erarta.com. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
- ^ http://rusartnet.com/biographies/russian-artists/20th-century/modern/nonconformist/1970s/underground/yevgeny-goryunov/ Artist Evgeny Goryunov, Member of the "School of Sidlin" art group, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- ^ http://rusartnet.com/biographies/russian-artists/20th-century/modern/nonconformist/1980s/fellowship-of-experimental-fine-art/igor-ivanov/ Artist Igor V. Ivanov, Member of the "School of Sidlin" art group, St. Petersburg, Russia. Some of his art works can be seen here: http://www.spb-artgallery.com/ivanov-igor/
- ^ http://www.spasgal.ru/eng_arch_42.htm Artist Yury Nashivochnikov, Member of the "School of Sidlin" art group, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- ^ http://домиклермонтова.рф/events/item/22/ Museum's exhibition, 2019.
- ^ http://terijoki.spb.ru/trk_exhibitions.php?item=12 V. Yuzko participated in Exhibition, 2005.
- ^ http://www.encspb.ru/object/2855713874?dv=2853931022&lc=ru The "School of Sidlin" exhibition in the State Museum of Urban Sculpture, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- ^ http://www.rusiskusstvo.ru/events.html?id=1958 "School of Sidlin" exhibition, dedicated to the 110 tears of birthday Anniversary of O. Sidlin, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- ^ https://www.gov.spb.ru/gov/otrasl/c_culture/news/157483/ exhibition "Classics of Leningrad Art. School of Sidlin", 2019, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- ^ http://www.encspb.ru/object/2804729234?lc=ru "Temple Wall" art group, St. Petersburg encyclopedia, Russia.
- ^ "Theses 2015 - The Actual Problems of History and Theory of Art". Актуальные проблемы теории и истории искусства VII - Конференция Актуальные проблемы теории и истории искусства. 26 March 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2017. (See article under Svetlana Moskovskaya)
- ^ http://www.encspb.ru/object/2855713874?dv=2853952566&lc=ru The "Temple Wall" exhibitions in the State Museum of Urban Sculpture, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- ^ https://newsartspb.ru/content/265 Exhibition "School of Sidlin and Temple Wall school", 2017, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- ^ http://www.rusartnet.com/biographies/russian-artists/20th-century/modern/nonconformist/1960s/vladimir-sterligov-school/vladimir-sterligov Vladimir Sterligov, artist, teacher and founder of the "Sterligov Group", St. Petersburg, Russia.
- ^ http://persona.rin.ru/eng/view/f/0/12093/gritsenko,-elena Elena Gritsenko, artist, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- ^ http://tarus.arta.md/en/cv/ Mikhail Tserush, artist from the "Sterligov Group", St. Petersburg, Russia.
- ^ https://www.erarta.com/en/museum/collection/artists/detail/author-00809/ Gennady Zubkov, artist from the "Sterligov Group", St. Petersburg, Russia.
- ^ http://www.frantsgallery.com/page1.htm The Sterligov Group, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- ^ "Glebova, Tatiana". Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza. Retrieved 2019-11-23.
- ^ http://artmuseum.karelia.ru/en/collection/ru-art-20-century.html Pavel Kondratiev, artist, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- ^ http://www.mispxx-xxi.ru/collection/arefyev-s-circle/ "Arefiev Circle" in MISP, Museum of 20th-21st Century St. Petersburg Art, Russia.
- ^ http://www.rusartnet.com/biographies/russian-artists/20th-century/modern/nonconformist/1970s/aleph-group/alexander-arefiev-arekh/ Alexander Arefiev, artist, and founder of the "Arefiev Circle" group, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- ^ http://frantsgallery.com/site/?p=216/ Valentin Gromov, artist, the Member of the "Arefiev Circle" group, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- ^ https://therussianreader.com/tag/richard-vasmi/ Richard Vasmi, artist, the Member of the "Arefiev Circle" group, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- ^ http://www.rusartnet.com/biographies/russian-artists/20th-century/modern/nonconformist/1980s/fellowship-of-experimental-fine-art/vladimir-shagin/ Vladimir Shagin, artist, the Member of the "Arefiev Circle" group, St. Petersburg, Russia. His art work can be seen here: http://www.spb-artgallery.com/vladimir-shagin/
- ^ https://therussianreader.com/tag/sholom-shvarts/ Sholom Schwartz, artist, the Member of the "Arefiev Circle" group, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- ^ http://www.erarta.com/en/calendar/exhibitions/detail/8eb6327f-84e1-11e3-8cd5-8920284aa333/ "Journey of Natalia Zhilina" exhibition, 2014.
- ^ Smith, Roberta (22 July 1988). "Reviews/Art; A Russian Artist Pulverizes Styles of the West". The New York Times.
- ^ https://www.spbmuseum.ru/exhibits_and_exhibitions/93/5289/?lang_ui=en "Museum of the History of St. Petersburg" exhibition, 2013, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- ^ http://www.obtaz.com/Manege_Petersburg-20_01.htm "Petersburg 20 Years" (1993-2013) exhibition, organized by "Manege", 2013, St. Petersburg, Rissia (in Russian).
- ^ https://www.ozon.ru/context/detail/id/137376397/ published in St. Petersburg, Russia, 2015,
- ^ https://www.worldcat.org/title/nashi-nishi-gazanevshchina-3/oclc/976405697 "Наши ниши. Газаневщина 3" book, by A. Basin, 2015, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- ^ https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/12284164 see "Наши ниши. Газаневщина 3" book in Stanford University libraries, US.
- ^ https://www.museumfa.ru/russian/exhibitions/newincoming16.php See the artists names in the "Tsarskoselskaya Collection" State Museum, St. Petersburg, 2016-2017, Russia.
- ^ http://avangard.rosbalt.ru/2018/05/04/v-spbgu-do-10-maya-otkryta-vystavka-leningradskih-nonkonformistov/ "St. Petersburg State University exhibition, May 2018, Russia".
- ^ http://миамир.рф/obrazovanie/35130 Article about St. Petersburg exhibition, April 2018, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- ^ http://www.arts.spbu.ru/v-spbgu-otkroetsya-vystavka-posvyashchennaya-neofitsialnomu-iskusstvu-leningrada-70kh-90-kh-godov-kh Article about the exhibition, organized by the St. Petersburg State University, April, 2018, Russia.
- ISBN 1-74104-169-4
- ^ "World of art". www.worldofart.org. Retrieved 2019-11-22.
- ^ http://www.humakabakci.com/collection/mirdjavadov-djavad/ Azerbaijani artist of the 1960s-1980s.
External links
- "Russian Art & Soviet Nonconformist Art". www.zimmerlimuseum.rutgers.edu. Retrieved 2019-11-22.
- OLEG-TSELKOV-UNOFFICIAL-ART
- Kolodzei Art Foundation and Kolodzei Collection of Russian and Eastern European Art
- The Odessa Group
- Oleg Vassiliev Official Site
- Aleksandr Kosolapov Official Site
- Ukrainian Nonconformism Art
- Exhibition BACK IN THE USSR-The Heirs of Unofficial Art, Venezia 2009 dedicated to the memory of the greatest collector of unofficial art Leonid Talochkin (1936-2002).
- RACC (Russian-American Culturel Center)