Western Front (Soviet Union)

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Soviet Western Front
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Western Front
Battle of Smolensk (1943)
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Dmitry Pavlov,
Andrey Yeryomenko,
Semyon Timoshenko,
Ivan Konev,
Georgy Zhukov,
Vasily Sokolovsky
World War II Eastern Front at the beginning of Operation Barbarossa

The Western Front was a

Red Army Fronts during World War II
.

The Western Front was created on 22 June 1941 from the Western Special Military District (which before July 1940 was known as

Belorussian Special Military District). The first Front Commander was Dmitry Pavlov
(continuing from his position as District Commander since June 1940).

The western boundary of the Front in June 1941 was 470 km (290 mi) long, from the southern border of

Southwestern Front
in Ukraine.

Operational history

Front dispositions 22 June 1941

The 1939 partition of Poland according to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact established a new western border with no permanent defense installations, and the army deployment within the Front created weak flanks.

At the outbreak of war with Germany, the Western Special Military District was, in accordance with Soviet pre-war planning, immediately converted into the Western Front, under the District's commander, Army General Dmitry Pavlov. The main forces of the Western Front were concentrated forward along the frontier, organized in three armies. To defend the

6th Mechanized Corps and 13th Mechanized Corps, under Major Generals Mikhail Khatskilevich and Pyotr Akhliustin. On the 10th Army's left flank was 4th Army, under Lieutenant General Aleksandr Korobkov, supported by the 14th Mechanized Corps, under Major General Stepan Oborin; and on the right the 3rd Army, under Lieutenant General Vasily Kuznetsov supported by the 11th Mechanized Corps, under Major General Dmitry Karpovich Mostovenko. To the rear was the 13th Army, under Lieutenant General Pyotr Filatov.[1] This army initially existed as a headquarters unit only, with no assigned combat forces.[citation needed
]

Among forces of Frontal designation were the

Mikhail Petrov, slightly further forward at Slonim. Altogether, on 22 June the Western Special Military District fielded 671,165 men, 14,171 guns and mortars, 2,900 tanks and 1,812 combat aircraft.[3]

The Western Front was on the main axis of attack by the German

Third Panzer Group, which would attack Vilnius, to the north of the Białystok salient, and then turn south-east. In addition to the two panzer groups. The Army Group Centre also included Field Marshal Günther von Kluge's Fourth Army and Colonel General Adolf Strauss' Ninth Army. Air support was provided by Field Marshal Albert Kesselring's Luftflotte 2 which contained more than half the German aircraft committed to the attack on the Soviet Union.[4]

Defeat on the Frontiers 22–28 June

The war started disastrously for the Western Front with the

Battle of Białystok-Minsk
. The German Ninth and Fourth Armies of Army Group Centre penetrated the border north and south of the Białystok salient. The Front's tanks and aviation at airfields were annihilated by German air strikes.

Soviet command and control suffered almost complete breakdown. Worst hit was the 4th Army, which failed to establish communications with headquarters both above and below it. Attempts to launch a counter-attack with the 10th Army on 23 June were unsuccessful. That same day the German Third Panzer Group captured Vilnius after outflanking the 3rd Army.[4] On 24 June, Pavlov again attempted to organize a counter-attack, assigning his deputy Lieutenant General Ivan Boldin the command of the 6th and 11th Mechanized Corps and the 6th Cavalry Corps, commanded by Major General Ivan Semenovich Nikitin. With this mobile force Boldin was to attack northward from the Białystok region towards Grodno to prevent encirclement of Soviet forces in the salient.[5]

This attempted counter-attack was also fruitless. Almost without any interference from Soviet fighters, the close support aircraft of Germany's

Hermann Neuhoff recalled:

We found the main roads in the area heavily congested with Russian vehicles of all kinds, but no fighter opposition and very little flak. We made one firing pass after another and caused terrible destruction on the ground. Literally everything was ablaze by the time we turned for home. This air operation continued until nightfall on 24th June, resulting in 105 tanks reportedly destroyed by German aircraft. Particularly successful attacks were made by the Dornier Do 17's of KG 2. In effect Pavlov's counter-attack was completely routed.[6]

Of the 6th Mechanized Corps' 1,212 tanks, only about 200 reached their assembly areas due to air attacks and mechanical breakdowns, and even they ran out of fuel by the end of the day. The same fate awaited the 243 tanks of the 11th Mechanized Corps, ordered to attack towards Grodno on 25 June.[7] The 6th Cavalry Corps suffered 50% casualties and its commander, Nikitin, was captured. The attempted attack allowed many Soviet forces to escape from the Białystok region towards Minsk, but this brought only temporary relief. With both the German Second and Third Panzer Groups racing towards Minsk on the Western Front's southern and northern flanks, a new encirclement threatened.[8]

In the evening of 25 June, the German 47th Panzer Corps cut between Slonim and Vawkavysk, forcing the attempted withdrawal of troops in the salient to avoid encirclement and opening the southern approaches to Minsk.

Pavlov dispatched orders to disengage and withdraw into new defences behind the

Shchara River, but the few units receiving the orders were unable to break contact with the enemy. Hounded by constant air attacks, Pavlov's forces fled eastward on foot. Most of the 10th Army was not able to cross the river because the bridges over the Shchara were destroyed by air attacks. Further east, the 13th Army, which had received orders to assemble various withdrawing forces into the defence of Minsk, had its headquarters ambushed by German spearheads and its defence plans captured. Pavlov then ordered his 20th Mechanized and 4th Airborne Corps, until then held in reserve, to halt the Germans at Slutsk.[8] However the 20th Mechanized Corps had only 93 older tanks and the 4th Airborne had to deploy on foot from lack of aircraft. Neither proved any threat to the advancing Second Panzer Group.[9]

On 27 June 1941, the German Second and Third Panzer Groups striking from south and north linked up near Minsk, surrounding and eventually destroying the Soviet 3rd, 10th and 13th Armies, and portions of the 4th Army, in total about 20 divisions, while the remainder of the 4th Army fell back eastwards toward the

Navahrudak
pocket.

In the first 18 days of the war, the Western Front had suffered 417,790 casualties, lost 9,427 guns and mortars, 4,799 tanks and 1,777 combat aircraft, and practically ceased to exist as a military force.[10]

The Front commander,

NKVD Order no. 00486
. This order dealt with families of traitors of the Motherland. (They were rehabilitated in 1956.)

Western Front reorganized 28 June – 2 July

Furious over the loss of Minsk on 28 June, Stalin replaced the disgraced Pavlov with Colonel General

4th Panzer Division seized the railroad bridge at Svisloch from the 4th Airborne Corps, cutting off one of that corps' three brigades and most of the 20th Mechanized Corps.[12]

Then on 2 July Stalin appointed Semyon Timoshenko, Marshal of the Soviet Union and People's Commissar for Defence, to command the Western Front, with Yeryomenko and Marshal Semyon Budyonny as his deputies. At the same time Stalin transferred four armies, the 19th Army, 20th Army, 21st Army and 22nd Army, from Marshal Budyonny's Group of Reserve Armies to the Western Front. After a telephone conversation with Timoshenko, Stalin added a fifth reserve army, the weak 16th Army, as well.[13]

Timoshenko's orders were to defend the

Sozh River at the rear of the 21st Army. In early July Stalin relieved Korobkov, the commander of the 4th Army, and had him executed for treason. He was replaced by Colonel Leonid Sandalov Finally the 16th Army, under Lieutenant General Mikhail Fedorovich Lukin, was kept in reserve in the Smolensk region.[14]

German advance to the Dniepr 2–9 July

The Western Front had been given a brief respite to erect new defences while the Germans reduced the pockets created during the Białystok-Minsk battles. With the Minsk pocket nearly disintegrated, the German Panzer Groups resumed their offensive against the Western Front on 2 July. On the Front's northern flank, the advance of Hoth's forces was hampered by poor weather. The

Drut Rivers.[18]

Kreizer launched his counter-attack against the German bridgehead at Borisov on 3 July, but the defenders had been forewarned by radio intercepts and air reconnaissance, and with their superior tactics beat back this isolated Soviet attack. Defeated, Kreizer accordingly retreated behind the

Bykhov. By nightfall the Western Front could report that remnants of the 4th and 13th Armies had been able to retreat across the Dniepr, however hardly anything of the 3rd and 10th Armies remained. Moreover, parts of the 13th Army and 17th Mechanized Corps were still west of the Dniepr. Accordingly, Timoshenko ordered his 21st Army to shore up its defences along the river and help the withdrawal by sending out forces to spoil the German advance.[20] On 4 July, the 19th Panzer Division seized a bridgehead across the Western Dvina at Disna from the defending 51st Rifle Corps of the Soviet 22nd Army, where it was reinforced by the German 18th Motorised Division.[21]

The Smolensk pocket

The Front took part in the fierce Battle of Smolensk (1941), which managed to disrupt the German blitzkrieg for two months. The Germans successfully encircled and destroyed large parts of the Soviet 16th, 19th, and 20th Armies.

During July the Western Front's area of responsibility was reduced by the formation of the new

Central and Reserve Fronts
.

Stiffening Soviet resistance in the centre convinced Hitler to put a temporary halt to the advance towards Moscow and divert the Army Group Centre's armour towards Leningrad and Kiev.

The Soviet Dukhovshchina Offensive

On 17 August, the Western Front launched an offensive towards Dukhovshchina as part of a larger Soviet attempt to counter-attack. However, despite some local successes, the offensive failed to breach the German defenses and the offensive was called off 10 September.

Newly promoted Colonel General Ivan Konev took over command in September when Timoshenko was transferred south to restore the situation in the then ongoing Battle of Kiev.

The Vyazma pocket

On 2 October, German forces resumed their advance on Moscow with the launch of Operation Typhoon. The Western Front again suffered immense losses when large parts of its forces were encircled near Vyazma.

Assault on Moscow

When Zhukov took over on 10 October, the

49th Army was near Kaluga under General I. G. Zakharin. The 49th Army had been formed in August 1941 and was initially assigned to the Reserve Front. On 1 September 1941, the 49th Army comprised the 194th, 220th, and 248th Rifle Divisions, and the 4th Division of the People's Militia.[24] Meanwhile, the 33rd Army was forming at Naro-Fominsk
under General Lieutenant M. G. Yefremov, and was to be assigned to Zhukov's command.

The Soviets just managed to halt the German advance in the Battle of Moscow, leading to further furious fighting in the Battles of Rzhev just to the west. In May 1942 the Front's air forces became the 1st Air Army.

Later operations in World War II

The Front appears to have controlled the three armies - the

Battle of Smolensk (1943). On 1 August 1943, the 70th Rifle Corps was listed on the Soviet order of battle
, as a headquarters with no troops assigned, directly subordinate to the front.

On 24 April 1944, the Front was divided into the 2nd Belorussian Front and 3rd Belorussian Front.

Status today

Russian ground troops continue the Soviet Army's organizational arrangement of having military districts that have both a wartime territorial administration role and the capability to generate formation headquarters (HQs) to command fronts. This was emphasized by reports of a Moscow Military District exercise in April 2001, when the district's units were to be divided into two groups, "one operating for the western front and the other for the wartime military district".[25]

Commanders

References

  1. ^ Glantz 2010, pp. 29–31.
  2. ^ "Боевой состав Советской Армии на 22 июня 1941 г. (eng trans:The combat composition of the Soviet Army on June 22, 1941)" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 28 November 2009.
  3. ^ Glantz 2010, p. 37n30.
  4. ^ a b Glantz 2010, p. 29.
  5. ^ Glantz 2010, pp. 31–32.
  6. ^ Barbarossa - The Air Battle: July–December 1941 by Christer Bergstrom, 2007 pp. 20-23.
  7. ^ Glantz 2010, p. 37n34.
  8. ^ a b Glantz 2010, p. 32.
  9. ^ Glantz 2010, p. 38n39.
  10. ^ Glantz 2010, pp. 32–33.
  11. ^ Glantz 2010, pp. 56–57.
  12. ^ Glantz 2010, p. 60.
  13. ^ Glantz 2010, p. 58.
  14. ^ Glantz 2010, p. 59.
  15. ^ Glantz 2010, pp. 63–64.
  16. ^ Glantz 2010, p. 65.
  17. ^ Glantz 2010, p. 67.
  18. ^ Glantz 2010, pp. 67–68.
  19. ^ Glantz 2010, pp. 66–67.
  20. ^ Glantz 2010, p. 68.
  21. ^ Glantz 2010, p. 64.
  22. ISBN 9781781592915
    .
  23. ^ Erickson, The Road to Stalingrad, 1975, p. 218
  24. ^ "Боевой состав Советской Армии на 1 сентября 1941 г. (Eng. trans: The combat composition of the Soviet Army on September 1, 1941)" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 26 February 2010.
  25. ^ AVN Military News Agency 16 April 2001, via BBC Monitoring Global Newsline FSU Political File 17 April 2001.
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