People who disagreed with certain features in the Marxist–Leninist state ideology
Soviet dissidents were people who disagreed with certain features of
marginalized intellectuals whose challenges, from modest to radical to the Soviet regime, met protection and encouragement from correspondents,[3] and typically criminal prosecution or other forms of silencing by the authorities. Following the etymology of the term, a dissident is considered to "sit apart" from the regime.[4] As dissenters began self-identifying as dissidents, the term came to refer to an individual whose non-conformism was perceived to be for the good of a society.[5][6][7]
The most influential subset of the dissidents is known as the Soviet human rights movement.
Political opposition in the USSR was barely visible, and apart rare exceptions, it had little consequence,
Soviet dissidents who criticized the state in most cases faced legal sanctions under the Soviet Criminal Code
Anti-Soviet political behavior, in particular, being outspoken in opposition to the authorities, demonstrating for reform, writing books critical of the USSR were defined in some persons as being simultaneously a criminal act (e.g. violation of Articles 70 or 190-1), a symptom (e.g. "delusion of reformism"), and a diagnosis (e.g. "sluggish schizophrenia").[12]
1950s–1960s
In the 1950s, Soviet dissidents started leaking criticism to the West by sending documents and statements to foreign diplomatic missions in
Initiating Group for Defense of Civil Rights in the USSR appealed to the United Nations Committee on Human Rights to defend the human rights being trampled on by Soviet authorities in a number of trials.[15]
Some of the major milestones of the dissident movement of the 1960s included:
Public readings of poetry at the Mayakovsky Square in downtown Moscow, where some of the underground writings critical of the system were often circulated; some of these public readings were dispersed by the police;
The trial of poet Iosif Brodsky (later known as Joseph Brodsky, the future winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature) who was charged with 'parasitism' for not being officially employed and sentenced in 1963 to internal exile; he gained widespread sympathy and support in dissident and semi-dissident circles, mostly through the notes from his trial compiled by Frida Vigdorova
The trial and sentencing of writers Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel who were arrested in 1965 for publishing their co-authored work abroad under pennames and sentenced to labor camp and internal exile; opposition to this trial led to a campaign of petitions for their release that was signed by thousands of people, many of whom went on to participate more actively in the dissident movement
Silent demonstrations on Moscow's Pushkin Square initiated by Alexander Yesenin-Volpin on the Soviet Constitution Day of Dec. 5, 1965, with posters urging the authorities to observe their own Constitution
Petitioning campaigns against the downplaying of Stalin's terror after the removal of Nikita Khrushchev and the resurgence of the cult of Stalin's personality in parts of the Soviet government bureaucracy
The launch, in April 1968, of the underground periodical, 'Chronicle of Current Events', documenting violations of human rights and protest activities across the Soviet Union
The publication in the West of Andrei Sakharov's first political essay 'Reflections on Progress and Intellectual Freedom' in the spring and summer of 1968
The rally of protest against the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia to suppress 'the Prague Spring'; was held on August 25, 1968, on Moscow's Red Square by eight dissidents including Viktor Fainberg, Natalya Gorbanevskaya, Pavel Litvinov, Vladimir Dremlyuga, and others
The founding of the Initiative on Human Rights in 1969
1970s
Our history shows that most of the people can be fooled for a very long time. But now all this idiocy is coming into clear contradiction with the fact that we have some level of openness. (Vladimir Voinovich)[16]
The heyday of the dissenters as a presence in the Western public life was the 1970s.[17] The Helsinki Accords inspired dissidents in the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland to openly protest human rights failures by their own governments.[18] The Soviet dissidents demanded that the Soviet authorities implement their own commitments proceeding from the Helsinki Agreement with the same zeal and in the same way as formerly the outspoken legalists expected the Soviet authorities to adhere strictly to the letter of their constitution.[19] Dissident Russian and East European intellectuals who urged compliance with the Helsinki accords have been subjected to official repression.[20] According to Soviet dissident Leonid Plyushch, Moscow has taken advantage of the Helsinki security pact to improve its economy while increasing the suppression of political dissenters.[21] 50 members of Soviet Helsinki Groups were imprisoned.[22] Cases of political prisoners and prisoners of conscience in the Soviet Union were divulged by Amnesty International in 1975[23] and by The Committee for the Defense of Soviet Political Prisoners in 1975[24] and 1976.[25][26]
If we accept human rights violations as just "their way" of doing things, then we are all guilty. (Andrei Sakharov)[33]
Voluntary and involuntary emigration allowed the authorities to rid themselves of many political active intellectuals including writers
A Chronicle of Current Events covered 424 political trials, in which 753 people were convicted, and no one of the accused was acquitted; in addition, 164 people were declared insane and sent to compulsory treatment in a psychiatric hospital.[36]
According to Soviet dissidents and Western critics, the KGB had routinely sent dissenters to psychiatrists for diagnosing to avoid embarrassing public trials and to discredit dissidence as the product of ill minds.
Semyon Gluzman) A Manual on Psychiatry for Dissidents published in Russian,[48] English,[49] French,[50] Italian,[51] German,[52] Danish.[53]
In 1977–1979 and again in 1980–1982, the KGB reacted to the Helsinki Watch Groups in Moscow, Kiev, Vilnius, Tbilisi, and Erevan by launching large-scale arrests and sentencing its members to in prison, labor camp, internal exile and psychiatric imprisonment.
From the members of the
Pyotr Grigorenko was stripped of his Soviet citizenship while seeking medical treatment abroad.[55]
The
Vyacheslav Chornovil, Olha Heyko, Vasyl Stus, Oksana Meshko, Ivan Sokulsky, Ivan Kandyba, Petro Rozumny, Vasyl Striltsiv, Yaroslav Lesiv, Vasyl Sichko, Yuri Lytvyn, Petro Sichko.[54]: 250–251 By 1983 the Ukrainian Helsinki Group had 37 members, of whom 22 were in prison camps, 5 were in exile, 6 emigrated to the West, 3 were released and were living in Ukraine, 1 (Mykhailo Melnyk) committed suicide.[56]
The Lithuanian Helsinki Group saw its members subjected to two waves of imprisonment for anti-Soviet activities and "organization of religious processions": Viktoras Petkus was sentenced in 1978; others followed in 1980–1981: Algirdas Statkevičius, Vytautas Skuodys, Mečislovas Jurevičius, and Vytautas Vaičiūnas.[54]: 251–252
Starting in the 1960s, the early years of the Brezhnev stagnation, dissidents in the Soviet Union increasingly turned their attention towards civil and eventually human rights concerns. The fight for civil and human rights focused on issues of freedom of expression, freedom of conscience, freedom to emigrate, punitive psychiatry, and the plight of political prisoners. It was characterized by a new openness of dissent, a concern for legality, the rejection of any 'underground' and violent struggle.[57]
Throughout the 1960s-1980s, those active in the civil and human rights movement engaged in a variety of activities: The documentation of political repression and rights violations in samizdat (unsanctioned press); individual and collective protest letters and petitions; unsanctioned demonstrations; mutual aid for prisoners of conscience; and, most prominently, civic watch groups appealing to the international community. Repercussions for these activities ranged from dismissal from work and studies to many years of imprisonment in labor camps and being subjected to punitive psychiatry.
Dissidents active in the movement in the 1960s introduced a "legalist" approach of avoiding moral and political commentary in favor of close attention to legal and procedural issues. Following several landmark political trials, coverage of arrests and trials in samizdat became more common. This activity eventually led to the founding of the Chronicle of Current Events in April 1968. The unofficial newsletter reported violations of civil rights and judicial procedure by the Soviet government and responses to those violations by citizens across the USSR.[58]
During the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s, the rights-based strategy of dissent incorporated human rights ideas and rhetoric. The movement included figures such as
The civil and human rights initiatives played a significant role in providing a common language for Soviet dissidents with varying concerns, and became a common cause for social groups in the dissident milieu ranging from activists in the youth subculture to academics such as Andrei Sakharov. Due to the contacts with Western journalists as well as the political focus during détente (Helsinki Accords), those active in the human rights movement were among those most visible in the West (next to refuseniks).
Movements of deported nations
In 1944 THE WHOLE OF OUR PEOPLE was slanderously accused of betraying the Soviet Мotherland and was forcibly deported from the Crimea. [...] [O]n 5 September 1967, there appeared a Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet which cleared us of the charge of treason but described us not as Crimean Tatars but as "citizens of Tatar nationality formerly resident in the Crimea", thus legitimizing our banishment from our home country and liquidating us as a nation.
We did not grasp the significance of the decree immediately. After it was published, several thousand people traveled to the Crimea but were once again forcibly expelled. The protest which our people sent to the party Central Committee was left unanswered, as were also the protests of representatives of the Soviet public who supported us.
The authorities replied to us only with persecution and court cases.
Since 1959 more than two hundred of the most active and courageous representatives have been sentenced to terms of up to seven years although they had always acted within the limits of the Soviet Constitution.
– Appeal by Crimean Tatars to World Public Opinion, Chronicle of Current Events Issue No 2 (30 June 1968)[60]
The Crimean Tatar movement takes a prominent place among the movement of deported nations. The Tatars had been refused the right to return to the Crimea, even though the laws justifying their deportation had been overturned. Their first collective letter calling for the restoration dates to 1957.[61] In the early 1960s, the Crimean Tatars had begun to establish initiative groups in the places where they had been forcibly resettled. Led by Mustafa Dzhemilev, they founded their own democratic and decentralized organization, considered unique in the history of independent movements in the Soviet Union.[62]: 131 [63]: 7
Emigration movements
Further information:
Soviet Jews to emigrate to Israel and of the Volga Germans
A movement for the right to emigrate formed in the 1960s, which also gave rise to a revival of interest in Jewish culture. The refusenik cause gathered considerable attention in the West.
Citizens of German origin who lived in the Baltic states prior to their annexation in 1940 and descendants of the
eighteenth-century Volga German settlers also formed a movement to leave the Soviet Union.[62]: 132 [65]: 67 In 1972, the West German government entered an agreement with the Soviet authorities which permitted between 6,000 and 8,000 people to emigrate to West Germany every year for the rest of the decade. As a result, almost 70,000 ethnic Germans had left the Soviet Union by the mid-1980s.[65]: 67
Similarly, Armenians achieved a small emigration. By the mid-1980s, over 15,000 Armenians had emigrated.[65]: 68
Russia has changed in the recent years largely in the social, economic, and political spheres. Migrations from Russian have become less forceful and primarily a result of free will that is expressed by the individual.[66]
The religious movements in the USSR included Russian Orthodox, Catholic, and Protestant movements. They focused on the freedom to practice their faith and resistance to interference by the state in their internal affairs.[63]: 8
The Russian Orthodox movement remained relatively small. The Catholic movement in Lithuania was part of the larger Lithuanian national movement. Protestant groups which opposed the anti-religious state directives included the
Pentecostals
. Similar to the Jewish and German dissident movements, many in the independent Pentecostal movement pursued emigration.
National movements
The national movements included the Russian national dissidents as well as dissident movements from Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Georgia, and Armenia.
Among the nations that lived in their own territories with the status of republics within the Soviet Union, the first movement to emerge in the 1960s was the Ukrainian movement. Its aspiration was to resist the Russification of Ukraine and to insist on equal rights and democratization for the republic.[63]: 7
In Lithuania, the national movement of the 1970s was closely linked to the Catholic movement.[63]: 7
In the early Soviet Union, non-conforming academics were exiled via so-called Philosophers' ships.[68] Later, figures such as cultural theorist Grigori Pomerants were among active dissidents.[63]: 327
Other intersections of cultural and literary nonconformism with dissidents include the wide field of
Soviet Nonconformist Art
, such as the painters of the underground Lianozovo group, and artists active in the "Second Culture".
Other groups
Other groups included the Socialists, the movements for socioeconomic rights (especially the independent unions), as well as women's, environmental, and peace movements.[62]: 132 [63]: 3–18
United States federal law intended to affect U.S. trade relations with countries of the Communist bloc that restrict freedom of emigration and other human rights
.
The eight member countries of the
Helsinki Final Act in August 1975. The "third basket" of the Act included extensive human rights clauses.[69]
: 99–100
When Jimmy Carter entered office in 1976, he broadened his advisory circle to include critics of US–Soviet détente. He voiced support for the Czech dissident movement known as Charter 77, and publicly expressed concern about the Soviet treatment of dissidents Aleksandr Ginzburg and Andrei Sakharov. In 1977, Carter received prominent dissident Vladimir Bukovsky in the White House, asserting that he did not intend "to be timid" in his support of human rights.[70]: 73
In 1979, the US Helsinki Watch Committee was established, funded by the Ford Foundation. Founded after the example of the Moscow Helsinki Group and similar watch groups in the Soviet bloc, it also aimed to monitor compliance with the human rights provisions of the Helsinki Accords and to provide moral support for those struggling for that objective inside the Soviet bloc. It acted as a conduit for information on repression in the Soviet Union, and lobbied policy-makers in the United States to continue to press the issue with Soviet leaders.[71]: 460
US President Ronald Reagan attributed to the view that the "brutal treatment of Soviet dissidents was due to bureaucratic inertia."[72] On 14 November 1988, he held a meeting with Andrei Sakharov at the White House and said that Soviet human rights abuses are impeding progress and would continue to do so until the problem is "completely eliminated."[73] Whether talking to about one hundred dissidents in a broadcast to the Soviet people or at the U.S. Embassy, Reagan's agenda was one of freedom to travel, freedom of speech and freedom of religion.[74]
Dissidents about their dissent
Andrei Sakharov said, "Everyone wants to have a job, be married, have children, be happy, but dissidents must be prepared to see their lives destroyed and those dear to them hurt. When I look at my situation and my family's situation and that of my country, I realize that things are getting steadily worse."[75]
Fellow dissident and one of the founders of the Moscow Helsinki GroupLyudmila Alexeyeva wrote:
What would happen if citizens acted on the assumption that they have rights? If one person did it, he would become a martyr; if two people did it, they would be labeled an enemy organization; if thousands of people did it, the state would have to become less oppressive.[63]: 275
According to Soviet dissident Victor Davydoff, totalitarian systems lack mechanisms to change the behavior of the ruling group internally.[76] Attempts from within are suppressed through repression, necessitating international human rights organizations and foreign governments to exert external pressure for change.[76]
^ abc"Appendix B. Imprisoned members of the Helsinki monitoring groups in the USSR and Lithuania". Implementation of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe: findings and recommendations seven years after Helsinki. Report submitted to the Congress of the United States by the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. November 1982. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1982. Archived from the original(PDF, immediate download) on 22 December 2015.
^Daniel, Alexander (2002). Истоки и корни диссидентской активности в СССР [Sources and roots of dissident activity in the USSR]. Неприкосновенный запас [Emergency Ration] (in Russian). 1 (21).
^Ivakhnyuk, Irina. "Russians and Migrant Workers Want to Leave Russia to Work and
Live in the West." Russia, edited by Viqi Wagner, Detroit, MI, Greenhaven
Press, 2009. Opposing Viewpoints. Gale in Context: Opposing Viewpoints,
link-gale-com.lpclibrary.idm.oclc.org/apps/doc/EJ3010232247/
OVIC?u=live10669&sid=bookmark-OVIC&xid=e561da75. Accessed 27 Sept. 2021.
Originally published in International Symposium on International Migrationand Development, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social
Власть и диссиденты: Из документов КГБ и ЦК КПСС [Authority and dissidents: From documents by the KGB and the Central Committee of the CPSU] (PDF) (in Russian). Moscow: Moscow Helsinki Group. 2006.
Antunes, Melo (1978). Libertà e socialismo: momenti storici del dissenso [Liberty and socialism: historical moments of dissent] (in Italian). Milan: SugarCo Ed.
Barashkov, Gregory (2007). Диссидентское движение в СССР(1960–1970) [Dissident movement in the USSR (1960–1970)] (PDF, immediate download). Известия Саратовского университета. Серия Экономика. Управление. Право (in Russian). 7 (1): 102–104.
Barber, John (October 1997). "Opposition in Russia".
Barghoorn, Frederick (1971). The general pattern of Soviet dissent. Research Institute on Communist Affairs, School of International Affairs, Columbia University.
Barghoorn, Frederick (1983). "Regime—Dissenter Relations after Khrushchev: Some Observations". In Solomon, Susan; Skilling, Harold (eds.). Pluralism in the Soviet Union. Macmillan. pp. 131–168.
Barghoorn, Frederick (Spring–Summer 1983). "Regime–dissenter confrontation in the USSR: samizdat and Western views, 1972–1982". Studies in Comparative Communism. 16 (1–2): 99–119.
Bartsch, Günter (August 1972). "Intellektuelle opposition in der Sowjetunion" [Intellectual opposition in the Soviet Union]. Politische Vierteljahresschrift (in German). 13 (1): 159–160.
Bergman, Jay (May 1998). "Reading fiction to understand the Soviet Union: Soviet dissidents on Orwell's 1984". History of European Ideas. 23 (5–6): 173–192.
Bergman, Jay (December 1998). "Was the Soviet Union totalitarian? The view of Soviet dissidents and the reformers of the Gorbachev era". Studies in East European Thought. 50 (4): 247–281.
Beyrau, Dietrich (1993). Intelligenz und Dissens. Die russischen Bildungsschichten in der Sowjetunion 1917 bis 1985 [Intelligentsia and dissent. The Russian educational stratum in the Soviet Union from 1917 to 1985] (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.
Bilinsky, Yaroslav (September 1983). "Russian dissidents and their attitudes toward the non-Russian Nations: Russian dissidents' attitudes toward the political strivings of the non-Russian nations in the Soviet Union".
Bittner, Stephen (2008). "Dissidence and the end of the Thaw". The many lives of Khrushchev's Thaw: experience and memory in Moscow's Arbat. Cornell University Press. pp. 174–210.
Bloch, Sidney; Reddaway, Peter (1985). "Psychiatrists and dissenters in the Soviet Union". In Stover, Eric; Nightingale, Elena (eds.). The breaking of bodies and minds: torture, psychiatric abuse, and the health professions. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. pp. 132–163.
Chapple, Richard (February 1976). "Criminals and criminality according to the Soviet dissidents–works of Andrey Sinyavsky and Yuly Daniel". In Fox, Vernon (ed.). Proceedings of the 21st annual Southern conference on corrections. Vol. 21. Tallahassee: Florida State University. pp. 149–158.
Cherkasov, Petr (March 2005). "Dissidence at IMEMO". Russian Politics & Law. 43 (2): 31–69.
Chiampana, Andrea (July 2014). "Tra diritti umani e distensione: L'amministrazione Carter e il dissenso in Urss" [Between human rights and détente: the Carter administration and dissent in the USSR].
Clementi, Marco (2002). Il diritto al dissenso: il progetto costituzionale di Andrej Sacharov [The right to dissent: Andrei Sakharov's constitutional project] (in Italian). Rome: Odradek Edizioni.
Cline, Ray (1974). Understanding the Solzhenitsyn affair: dissent and its control in the USSR. Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies, Georgetown University.
Contessi, Pier Luigi (January–February 1980). "URSS: il clamore del dissenso e il silenzio dell' opposizione" [USSR: the cry of dissent and the silence of the opposition]. Il Mulino (in Italian) (267): 149–158.
Dalos, György (2012). "Der Umgang mit dem Dissens" [Dealing with dissent]. Lebt wohl, Genossen!: Der Untergang des sowjetischen Imperiums [Farewell, comrades!: the fall of the Soviet empire] (in German). C.H.Beck. pp. 14–16.
Daucé, Françoise (2006). "Les usages militants de la mémoire dissidente en Russie post-soviétique" [Militant use of dissident memory in post-Soviet Russia]. Revue d'Études Comparatives Est-Ouest (in French). 37 (1): 43–66.
De Boer, S. P.; Driessen, Evert; Verhaar, Hendrik (1982). Biographical dictionary of dissidents in the Soviet Union: 1956–1975. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Dean, Richard (January–March 1980). "Contacts with the West: the dissidents' view of Western support for the human rights movement in the Soviet Union". Universal Human Rights. 2 (1): 47–65.
Ellis, Jane (December 1990). "Hierarchs and dissidents: conflict over the future of the Russian Orthodox Church". Religion in Communist Lands. 18 (4): 307–318.
Emerson, Susan (December 1982). "Writers who protest and protesters who write; a guide to Soviet dissent literature". Collection Building. 4 (1): 21–33.
Field, Mark (January 1995). "Commitment for commitment or conviction for conviction: the medicalization and criminalization of Soviet dissidence, 1960–1990". The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. 22 (1): 275–289.
Fireside, Harvey (January–March 1980). "The conceptualization of dissent: Soviet behavior in comparative perspective". Universal Human Rights. 2 (1): 31–45.
Floridi, Alessio (1976). Mosca e il Vaticano: I dissidenti sovietici di fronte al dialogo [Moscow and Vatican: The Soviet dissidents in front of dialog] (in Italian). Milan: La Casa di Matriona.
Gorgia, Federico (January–March 1974). "Dissenso intellettuale nell'URSS e politica estera sovietica" [Intellectual dissent in the USSR and Soviet foreign policy]. Rivista di Studi Politici Internazionali (in Italian). 41 (1): 33–46.
Gräf, Bernd; Gräf, Jutta (1990). Multinationale und multiphone Literatur der Sowjetunion, Literatur von Dissidenten und sowjetische Untergrundliteratur : slawische, albanische und ungaro-finnische sowie nordische Literatur aus den Jahren 1973–1989 [Multinational and multiphone literature of the Soviet Union, literature of dissidents and Soviet underground literature: Slavic, Albanian and Hungaro-Finnish and Nordic literature of 1973–1989] (in German). Stuttgart: Hiersemann.
Hartl, Fabian (2009). Homogenität oder Heterogenität?: Die Dissidentenbewegung in der Sowjetunion an ausgewählten Beispielen [Homogeneity or heterogeneity?: The dissident movement in the Soviet Union on selected examples] (in German). GRIN Verlag.
Horia, Vintila (1980). Literatura y disidencia: de Mayakovski a Soljenitsin [Literature and dissent: from Mayakovsky to Solzhenitsyn] (in Spanish). Madrid: Rioduero.
Hornsby, Robert (2009). "Voicing discontent. Political dissident from the secret speech to Khrushchev's ouster". In Ilic, Melanie; Smith, Jeremy (eds.). Soviet state and society under Nikita Khrushchev. Routledge. pp. 162–180.
Horvath, Robert (2002). "The dissident roots of glasnost". In Wheatcroft, Stephen (ed.). Challenging traditional views of Russian history. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 173–202.
Killingsworth, Matt (June 2007). "Opposition and dissent in Soviet type regimes: civil society and its limitations". Journal of Civil Society. 3 (1): 59–79.
Kowalewsky, David; Jonson, Cheryl (Winter 1987). "Cracking down on dissent: bureaucratic satisficing in the USSR". Public Administration Quarterly. 10 (4): 419–444.
Kulavig, Erik (1998). "Evidence of public dissent in the Khrushchev years". In Bryld, Mette; Kulavig, Erik (eds.). Soviet civilization between past and present. International Specialized Book Service Incorporated. pp. 77.
Kunde, Olaf (2013) [2004]. Das Dissidententum in der Sowjetunion nach der Stalin-Ära (1956–1985) [Dissent in the Soviet Union after the Stalin era (1956–1985)] (in German) (3 ed.). München: GRIN Verlag.
Lazaris, Vladimir (1981). Диссиденты и евреи: кто порвал железный занавес? [Dissidents and the Jews: who broke the Iron Curtain?] (in Russian). Tel-Aviv: Effect Publishing.
Lewytzkyj, Borys (1972). Politische opposition in der Sowjetunion 1960–1972: Analyse und Dokumentation [Political opposition in the Soviet Union 1960–1972: analysis and documentation] (in German). München: Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag.
Lewytzkyj, Borys (1973). L'opposizione politica nell'Unione Sovietica [Political opposition in the Soviet Union] (in Italian). Milan: Rusconi Editore.
Linden, Carl (1980). Soviet politics and the revival of Russian patriotism: Soviet rulers, dissident patriots and Solzhenitsyn. Institute for Sino-Soviet Studies, George Washington University.
Lomellini, Valentine (2010). L'appuntamento mancato: la sinistra italiana e il dissenso nei regimi comunisti (1968–1989) [The missed appointment: the Italian left and the dissent in the communist regimes (1968–1989)] (in Italian). Florence: Mondadori Education.
Matsui, Yasuhiro (2015). "Obshchestvennost' across borders: Soviet dissidents as a hub of transnational agency". Obshchestvennost' and civic agency in late imperial and Soviet Russia: interface between state and society. Macmillan. pp. 198–218.
Raskina, Alexandra (2014). "Frida Vigdorova's transcript of Joseph Brodsky's trial: myths and reality". Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography. 7 (1): 144–180.
Reddaway, Peter (1973). "The Soviet dissenters, the regime and the outside world". Proceedings and papers of the international symposium on the 50th anniversary of the U.S.S.R. International Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in the U.S.S.R. pp. 92–96.
Reddaway, Peter (Spring 1976). "Dissent in the Soviet Union". Dissent: 136–154.
Reddaway, Peter (December 1977). "International protests fail to halt imprisonment of Soviet dissidents in mental hospitals".
Reddaway, Peter (1983) [1980]. "Policy towards Dissent since Khrushchev". In Schapiro, Leonard; Rigby, Thomas; Brown, Archie; Reddaway, Peter (eds.). Authority, Power and Policy in the USSR (2 ed.). Macmillan. pp. 158–192.
Reddaway, Peter (2010). "How much did popular disaffection contribute to the collapse of the USSR?". In Fortescue, S. (ed.). Russian politics from Lenin to Putin. London: Macmillan. pp. 152–184.
Renom, Jaime Olives (January–April 1986). "Unión Soviética: la cuestión de los disidentes" [Soviet Union: the issue of dissidents] (PDF). Cuenta y Razón (in Spanish) (22): 85–93. Archived(PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016.
Rial, Horacio (2006). "Todos somos disidentes soviéticos. Pentimento" [We are all Soviet dissidents. Repentance]. La Ilustración Liberal: Revista Española y Americana (in Spanish) (17–21): 17–21.
Ripa di Meana, Carlo; Mecucci, Gabriella (2007). L'ordine di Mosca: fermate la biennale del dissenso [The order of Moscow: to stop the biennial of dissent] (in Italian). Rome: Liberal.
Ronza, R (1970). Samizdat: dissenso e contestazione nell'Unione Sovietica [Samizdat: dissent and protest in the Soviet Union] (in Italian). Milan: IPL.
Samatan, Marie (1980). Droits de l'homme et répression en URSS: l'appareil et les victimes [Human rights and repression in the USSR: mechanism and victims] (in French). Paris: Seuil.
Savranskaya, Svetlana (2009). "Human rights movement in the USSR after the signing of the Helsinki Final Act, and the reaction of Soviet authorities". In Nuti, Leopoldo (ed.). The crisis of détente in Europe: from Helsinki to Gorbachev, 1975–1985. London, New York: Routledge. pp. 26–40.
Tria, Massimo (2011). "L'invasione vista dai sovietici, fra approvazione e dissenso" [The imaginative invasion of the Soviets, from approval to dissent]. In Caccamo, Francesco; Helan, Pavel; Tria, Massimo (eds.). Primavera di Praga, risveglio europeo [Prague Spring, European awakening] (in Italian). Firenze University Press. pp. 97–126.
Vaissié, Cécile (1999). Pour votre liberté et pour la nôtre: le combat des dissidents de Russie [For your and our freedom: the struggle of Russian dissidents] (in French). Laffont.
Vaissié, Cécile (July–September 1999). ""La Chronique des évenements en cours". Une revue de la dissidence dans l'URSS brejnévienne" [A Chronicle of Current Events. A review of dissidence in the Brezhnev USSR]. Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'Histoire (in French) (63): 107–118.
Vaissié, Cécile (2011). "Le combat des dissidents de Russie en Occident" [The struggle of Russian dissidents in the West]. In Falkowski, Wojciech; Marès, Antoine (eds.). Les intellectuels en exil face aux régimes totalitaires [Intellectuals in exile deal with totalitarian regimes] (in French). Paris: Institut d'études slaves. pp. 143–155.
Wilke, Manfred (2007). "Solschenizyn und der Westen" [Solzhenitsyn and the West]. In Veen, Hans-Joachim; Mählert, Ulrich; März, Peter (eds.). Wechselwirkungen Ost-West: Dissidenz, Opposition und Zivilgesellschaft 1975–1989 [East-West interactions: dissidence, opposition and civil society 1975–1989] (in German). Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. pp. 149–172.
Windholz, George (November 1985). "Psychiatric commitments of religious dissenters in Tsarist and Soviet Russia: two case studies". Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes. 48 (4): 329–340.
Woychyshyn, Nestor (1986). Soviet Ukrainian political dissidents in the West: their politics, interaction, and impact after exile to the West, 1965–1983 (M.A.). Ottawa, Canada: Carleton University.
Wyszomirskia, Margaret; Oleszczukb, Thomas; Smith, Theresa (March 1988). "Cultural dissent and defection: the case of Soviet nonconformist artists". Journal of Arts Management and Law. 18 (1): 44–62.
Yakobson, Sergius; Allen, Robert (1968). Aspects of intellectual ferment and dissent in the Soviet Union prepared at the request of Senator Thomas J. Dodd for the Subcommittee to investigate the administration of the Internal Security Act and other internal security laws of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Publishing Office.
Zanchetta, Barbara (February 2012). "L'appuntamento mancato: la sinistra italiana e il dissenso nei regimi comunisti (1968–1989)" [The missed appointment: the Italian left and the dissent in the communist regimes (1968–1989)].
Zdravomyslov, Andrei (1995). "Диссидентское движение в свете социологии конфликта. А.Д. Сахаров" [Dissident movement in the light of sociology of conflict. A.D. Sakharov]. Социология конфликта. Россия на путях преодоления кризиса. Учебное пособие для студентов высших учебных заведений [Sociology of conflict. Russia on ways to overcome crisis. Textbook for students of higher educational institutions] (in Russian). Moscow: Аспект-пресс. pp. 264–267.
Boukovsky, Vladimir (1995). Jugement à Moscou – un dissident dans les archives du Kremlin [Judgement in Moscow – a dissident in the Kremlin archives] (in French). Paris: Robert Laffont.
Boukovsky, Vladimir (1971). Une nouvelle maladie mentale en URSS: l'opposition [A new mental illness in the USSR: the opposition] (in French). Paris: Le Seuil.
Bukowski, Wladimir (1971). UdSSR. Opposition. Eine neue Geisteskrankheit in der Sowjetunion? Eine Dokumentation von W. Bukowskij [The USSR. Opposition. A new mental illness in the Soviet Union? Documentation by V. Bukovsky] (in German). München: Carl Hanser Verlag.
Bukovskij, Vladimir (1972). Una nuova malattia mentale in Urss: l'opposizione [A new mental illness in the USSR: opposition] (in Italian). Milan: Etas Kompass.
Bukovsky, Vladimir (1972). Una nueva enfermedad mental en la U.R.S.S.: la oposición [A new mental illness in the USSR: opposition] (in Spanish). México: Lasser Press.
Bukovsky, Vladimir; Gluzman, Semyon (January–February 1975a). "Пособие по психиатрии для инакомыслящих" [A manual on psychiatry for dissidents] (PDF). Хроника защиты прав в СССР [Chronicle of defense of rights in the USSR] (in Russian) (13): 36–61. The work in Russian was also published in: Коротенко, Ада; Аликина, Наталия (2002). Советская психиатрия: Заблуждения и умысел. Киев: Издательство «Сфера». pp. 197–218.
Bukovsky, Vladimir; Gluzman, Semyon (Winter–Spring 1975b). "A manual on psychiatry for dissidents". Survey: A Journal of East and West Studies. 21 (1): 180–199.
Bukovsky, Vladimir; Gluzman, Semyon (1975c). A manual of psychiatry for political dissidents. London:
Bukovsky, Vladimir; Gluzman, Semyon (1975d). "A dissident's guide to psychiatry". A Chronicle of Human Rights in the USSR (13). New York: Kronika Press: 31–57.
Bukovskiĭ, Vladimir; Gluzman, Semyon (1975e). Håndbog i psykiatri for afvigere [A manual on psychiatry for dissidents] (in Danish). Göteborg: Samarbetsdynamik AB.
Bukovskij, Vladimir; Gluzman, Semen; Leva, Marco (1979). Guida psichiatrica per dissidenti. Con esempi pratici e una lettera dal Gulag [Psychiatric guide for dissidents. With practical examples and a letter from the Gulag] (in Italian). Milan: L'erba voglio.
Bukowski, Wladimir; Gluzman, Semen (1976). "Psychiatrie-handbuch für dissidenten" [A manual on psychiatry for dissidents]. Samisdat. Stimmen aus dem "anderen Rußland" (in German) (8). Bern: 29–48.
Bunyan, Gordon; Hurst, P.D. (April 1977). "Political opposition in the Soviet Union: are the dissidents really important?".
Daniel, Alexander (2002). Истоки и корни диссидентской активности в СССР [Sources and roots of dissident activity in the USSR]. Неприкосновенный запас [Emergency Ration] (in Russian). 1 (21).
Daniel, Aleksander; Gluza, Zbigniew, eds. (2007). Słownik dysydentów. Czołowe postacie ruchów opozycyjnych w krajach komunistycznych w latach 1956–1989. Tom 1 [Dictionary of dissidents. The leading figures of the opposition movements in communist countries in 1956–1989. Volume 1] (in Polish). Warszaw: Karta.
Daniel, Aleksander; Gluza, Zbigniew, eds. (2007). Słownik dysydentów. Czołowe postacie ruchów opozycyjnych w krajach komunistycznych w latach 1956–1989. Tom 2 [Dictionary of dissidents. The leading figures of the opposition movements in communist countries in 1956–1989. Volume 2] (in Polish). Warszaw: Karta.
Etkind, Efim (1982) [1978]. Unblutige Hinrichtung. Warum ich die Sowjetunion verlassen musste [Bloodless execution. Why I had to leave the Soviet Union] (in German) (2 ed.). München: Piper Verlag GmbH.
Gluzman, Semyon (2012). Рисунки по памяти, или воспоминания отсидента [Pictures drawn from memory, or the released dissident's memories] (in Russian). Kiev: Издательский дом Дмитрия Бураго.
Mal'cev, Jurij (2015). "I dissidenti sovietici in Italia" Советские диссиденты в Италии [The Soviet dissidents in Italy]. Enthymema (in Russian) (12): 156–160.
Sakharov, Andrei (Fall 1978). "The human rights movement in the USSR and Eastern Europe: its goals, significance, and difficulties". Trialogue (19): 4–7, 26–27.
Trotsky, Leon; Rakovsky, Christian; Pyatakov, Georgy; Zinoviev, Grigory; et al. (1973) [1927]. The platform of the joint opposition (the document submitted to the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party in September 1927) (2 ed.). London: New Park Publications Ltd.
Trotskij, Lev; Zinov'ev, Grigorij (1969). La piattaforma dell'opposizione nell'URSS [The platform of opposition in the USSR] (in Italian). Rome: Samonà e Savelli Editore. A000091776.