Soviet working class
The Soviet working class was, according to
Employment
Productivity
Several Soviets expressed concern over the focus of sharp growth in
Women
Women employment (1922–1976)[4] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Year | Number (in millions) |
% of workforce | ||
1922 | 1.560 | 25 | ||
1926 | 2.265 | 23 | ||
1928 | 2.795 | 24 | ||
1932 | 6.000 | 27.4 | ||
1940 | 13.190 | 39 | ||
1945 | 15.920 | 54 | ||
1950 | 19.180 | 47 | ||
1955 | 23.040 | 46 | ||
1960 | 29.250 | 47 | ||
1965 | 37.680 | 49 | ||
1968 | 42.680 | 50 | ||
1970 | 45.800 | 51 | ||
1972 | 48.707 | 51 | ||
1974 | 51.297 | 51 | ||
1976 | 53.700 | 51.5 |
The early Soviet government ensued a policy of pushing more women into urban industrial employment; these policies were ideologically, politically and/or economically driven. The post-revolutionary turmoils which took place hampered any improvements for immediate prospects of increased employment of women in urban areas. The 13th Party Congress, held in 1924, took employment of women very seriously, and were alarmed with the developments in the country; employment of women had decreased to 23 percent of the total workforce from 25 percent. By 1928, the proportion of women working in the workforce had increased to 24 percent.[5] During Joseph Stalin's rule the number of women working increased from 24 percent of the workforce in 1928 to 39 percent in 1940.[4] In the period 1940–1950 women were 92 percent of new entrants in employment; this is mostly due to the exodus of the males who fought during World War II. The return of males to civilian life decreased women employment; 56 percent of the workforce were women in 1945, it decreased to 47 in 1950.[6]
A last, major campaign to increase women employment was initiated in the 1960s because of
Similar to
Despite discrimination,[7] several advances were made. For instance, in 1926 9 out of every 10 working women worked in agriculture, in 1959 this had decreased to half of working women and in 1975 under a third of women worked in agriculture.[5] A major reason for the increasing role which women held in the workforce was due to the fact that, by 1960, there were more women than men in the Soviet Union. Women were the logical replacement for men – a source which was becoming dry.[8] Another reason for the increasing role of women was that average wages were too small; women needed to work if the picture of the average Soviet family would become reality.[8]
Standard of living
Working conditions
Working conditions for a Soviet worker changed over time; for instance, at the beginning of the socialist regime the government pursued a policy of worker participation at the enterprise level.
Wages
Since
Social benefits
The access to
References
Notes
- ^ "The Class Struggle in Russia". www.marxists.org. Retrieved 2023-06-23.
- ^ a b c d Arnot 1988, p. 36.
- ^ Arnot 1988, p. 37.
- ^ a b Lapidus 1978, p. 166.
- ^ a b Lapidus 1978, p. 165.
- ^ a b Lapidus 1978, p. 167.
- ^ a b c d e Filtzer 1992, p. 177.
- ^ a b Lapidus 1978, pp. 168–170.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Rywkin 1989, pp. 69–70.
- ^ Arnot 1988, pp. 34–35.
- ^ Arnot 1988, p. 35.
Bibliography
- ISBN 978-0-87332-470-0.
- Filtzer, Donald (1992). Soviet Workers and de-Stalinization. ISBN 978-0-521-52241-0.
- Lapidus, Gail Warshofsky (1978). Women in Soviet society: Equality, Development, and Social Change. ISBN 978-0-520-03938-4.
- Rywkin, Michael (1989). Soviet society Today. ISBN 978-0-87332-445-8.