SpaceX Starship
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Function | General-purpose and mass-produced launch vehicle |
---|---|
Manufacturer | |
Country of origin |
|
Project cost | At least US$5 billion[1] |
Size | |
Height | 121.3 m (398 ft) |
Diameter | 9 m (30 ft) |
Mass | 5,000 t (11,000,000 lb) |
Capacity | |
Payload to LEO | |
Mass | Reusable: 100–150 t (220,000–331,000 lb) |
Volume | 1,000 m3 (35,000 cu ft) |
Associated rockets | |
Derivative work | Starship HLS |
Comparable | |
Launch history | |
Status | In development |
Launch sites | Raptor vacuum engines |
Maximum thrust | 1,250 tf (12,300 kN; 2,760,000 lbf) |
Specific impulse | 327 s (3.21 km/s) (sea-level) 380 s (3.7 km/s) (vacuum) |
Propellant | Liquid oxygen / Methane |
Starship is a two-stage
Starship launch vehicle has two stages: the
As of 2024, Starship is in development with an iterative and incremental approach, involving test flights of prototype vehicles, which often end in the destruction of the test vehicle. As a successor to SpaceX's Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy rockets, Starship will perform a wide range of space missions. For missions to further destinations, such as geosynchronous orbit, the Moon, and Mars, Starship will rely on orbital refueling from the tanker variants. Starship will deploy SpaceX's second-generation Starlink satellite constellation, and the Starship HLS variant will land astronauts on the Moon as part of the Artemis program, starting with Artemis 3 in 2026.
Description
When stacked and fully fueled, Starship has a mass of approximately 5,000 t (11,000,000 lb),
Super Heavy booster
The first-stage booster, named Super Heavy, is 71 m (233 ft) tall and 9 m (30 ft) wide.[5] It contains 33 Raptor engines arranged in three concentric rings.[14] The outermost ring of 20 engines are of the "Raptor Boost" configuration, which lack gimbal actuators to save weight and cost.[15] At full power, all engines combined produce 74,400 kN (16,700,000 lbf) of thrust.[16]
The booster's tanks can hold 3,400 t (7,500,000 lb) of propellant, consisting of 2,650 t (5,840,000 lb) of liquid oxygen and 750 t (1,650,000 lb) of liquid methane.
The booster uses four electrically actuated
Starship spacecraft
The spacecraft has four body flaps to control the spacecraft's orientation and help dissipate energy during atmospheric entry, composed of two forward flaps and two aft flaps.[26] According to SpaceX, the flaps replace the need for wings or tailplane, and reduce the fuel needed for landing.[27]: 1 Under the forward flaps, hardpoints are used for lifting and catching the spacecraft via mechanical arms.[18] The flap's hinges are sealed in aero-covers because otherwise, they would be easily damaged during reentry.[2]
Starship's heat shield is composed of eighteen thousand[28][29] hexagonal black tiles that can withstand temperatures of 1,400 °C (2,600 °F).[30][31] It is designed to protect the vehicle during atmospheric entry and to be used multiple times with minimal maintenance between flights.[7] The silica-based tiles[32] are attached to Starship with pins[31] and have small gaps in between to allow for heat expansion.[2]
Variants
For
Starship HLS
Starship Human Landing System (HLS) is a planned crewed lunar lander variant of the Starship vehicle that would be modified for landing, operation, and takeoff from the lunar surface.[34] A leaked SpaceX CGI rendering from 2021 featured modified landing legs, a body-mounted solar array,[35] a set of thrusters mounted mid-body to assist with final landing and takeoff,[35] two airlocks,[34] and an elevator to lower crew and cargo onto the lunar surface.[36]
Starship is planned to be able to be refueled by docking with separately launched Starship propellant tanker spacecraft in orbit. Doing so could allow it to reach higher-energy targets,[e] such as geosynchronous orbit, the Moon, and Mars.[37] A propellant depot could store methane and oxygen on-orbit, and could be used by Starship HLS to replenish its fuel tanks.[38] When fully fueled, Starship HLS is designed to land 100 t (220,000 lb) of payload on the Moon.[39][40][41]
Musk said in 2021 that between "four and eight" launches would be required.[42] The same year, the Government Accountability Office said that SpaceX would "require 16 launches overall",[42] and in 2023, a NASA official estimated the number of Starship launches required for one lunar landing to be "in the high teens".[42] In 2024, SpaceX vice president of customer operations estimated that the number of launches would be "10-ish", though this number is subject to change.[43] These launches will reportedly have to be in "rapid succession" in order to manage schedule constraints and cryogenic fuel boil-off.[42]
Raptor engine
Raptor is a family of rocket engines developed by SpaceX for use in
Raptor operates with an
At
Planned launch and landing profile
Payloads are planned to be integrated into Starship at a separate facility and then rolled out to the launch site.[17] Super Heavy and Starship are then to be stacked onto their launch mount and loaded with fuel via the Starship quick disconnect (SQD) arm and booster quick disconnect (BQD) .[18] The SQD would then retract, all thirty-three engines of Super Heavy would ignite, and the rocket would lift-off.[18]
At approximately 159 seconds after launch[50] at an altitude of roughly 64 km (40 mi), Super Heavy cuts off all but three of its centre gimbaling rocket engines.[51]: 58 Starship then ignites its engines while still attached to the booster, and separates.[20] During hot-staging, the booster throttles down its engines.[20] The booster then rotates, before igniting an additional ten engines for the boostback burn.[52] After the boostback burn is complete, the booster's engines shut off with Super Heavy on a trajectory for a controlled descent to the launch site using its grid fins for minor course corrections. After six minutes, shortly before landing,[53] it ignites its engines to slow sufficiently to be caught by two mechanical arms attached to the tower.[54]
Meanwhile, the Starship spacecraft continues to accelerate to orbital velocity with its six raptor engines.[55] Once in orbit, the spacecraft is planned to be able to be refueled by another Starship tanker variant.[56] Musk has estimated that 8 launches would be needed to completely refuel a Starship in low Earth orbit.[57] NASA has estimated that 16 launches in short succession (due to cryogenic propellant boil-off) would be needed to partially refuel Starship for one lunar landing.[42] To land on bodies without an atmosphere, such as the Moon, Starship will fire its engines to slow down.[58] To land on bodies with an atmosphere such as the Earth and Mars, Starship first slows by entering the atmosphere via a heat shield.[7] The spacecraft would then perform a "belly-flop" maneuver by diving back through the atmosphere body at a 60° angle to the ground,[59] controlling its fall using four flaps at the front and aft sides of the spacecraft.[25] Shortly before landing, the Raptor engines fire,[25] using fuel from the header tanks,[24] and the spacecraft resumes vertical orientation, with the Raptor engines' gimbaling helping to maneuver the craft.[25]
If Starship's second stage lands on a pad, a mobile hydraulic lift will move it to a transporter vehicle. If it lands on a floating platform, it will be transported by a barge to a port and then transported by road. The recovered Starship will either be positioned on the launch mount for another launch or refurbished at a SpaceX facility.[17]: 22
History
Early design concepts (2012–2019)
In November 2005,
In December 2018, the structural material was changed from carbon composites
Low-altitude flight tests (2019–2021)
Starhopper to SN6
The first tests started with the construction of the first prototype in 2018,
After the Mk prototypes, SpaceX began naming its new Starship upper-stage prototypes with the prefix "SN", short for "
In June 2020, SpaceX started constructing a launch pad for orbital Starship flights.
SN8 to SN15
Because SpaceX had violated its
On 2 February 2021,
In March 2021, the company disclosed a public construction plan for two sub-orbital launch pads, two orbital launch pads, two landing pads, two test stands, and a large propellant tank farm.[99] The company soon proposed developing the surrounding Boca Chica Village, Texas, into a company town named Starbase.[99] Locals raised concerns about SpaceX's authority, power, and a potential threat for eviction through eminent domain.[100]
In early April, the orbital launch pad's fuel storage tanks began mounting.
Integrated flight tests (2021–)
First integrated flight test
In July 2021,
In early 2022, the
After a canceled launch attempt on 17 April 2023,
Second integrated flight test
After the first test flight, SpaceX began work on the launch mount to repair the damage it sustained during the test and to prevent future issues. The foundation of the launch tower was reinforced and a steel water deluge
In August, SpaceX submitted to the FAA the 63 corrective actions they had to take before another launch could take place.[125] Following SpaceX's final report, the FAA closed the investigation on September 8, 2023.[126][127] By October 31, 2023, the FAA had concluded the safety review portion of the launch license.[128]
On November 18, 2023, Booster 9 and Ship 25 lifted off the pad.
The second stage continued until it reached an altitude of ~149 kilometres (93 mi), after over eight minutes of flight; prior to engine cutoff, telemetry was lost on the second stage.[52] SpaceX said that a safe command based on flight performance data triggered the Flight Termination System and destroyed the second stage,[52] prior to achieving its planned orbit or attempting re-entry.[133] It appeared to re-enter a few hundred miles north of the Virgin Islands, according to NOAA weather radar data.[134]
Third integrated flight test
Following the second flight test (which saw the loss of both the Super Heavy booster and the Starship spacecraft), significant changes were implemented, including upgrading Starship's thrust vector control system to electric thrust vector control (TVC)[135] and measures to delay liquid oxygen (LOX)[135] venting until after SECO has taken place.
SpaceX planned its next Starship launch, Starship integrated flight test 3, for March 14, 2024, coincidentally the 22nd anniversary of its founding.
The Starship spacecraft itself – after reaching space and orbital velocity – conducted several tests after engine cutoff, including initiating a propellant transfer demo and payload dispenser test.[140][141] It attempted to re-enter the atmosphere,[139][142] and at an altitude of around 65 km, all telemetry from Ship 28 stopped, indicating a loss of the vehicle.[143] This flight test demonstrated a cryogenic propellant transfer, a technology which is required for Starship HLS to exit low earth orbit (LEO). The result of this test is pending data analysis.[144][145]
Fourth integrated flight test
The fourth integrated flight test of the full Starship configuration is currently scheduled for May of 2024.[146]The goals for the flight are for the Super Heavy booster to land on a 'virtual tower' in the ocean, with an actual tower landing possibly occurring in IFT-5 based on success, and for the Ship to survive atmospheric reentry.[147]
Cost and funding
SpaceX develops the Starship primarily with
Musk has theorized that a Starship orbital launch might eventually cost SpaceX only $1 million to launch.[151] Eurospace's director of research Pierre Lionnet stated in 2022 that Starship's launch price to customers would likely be higher because of the rocket's development cost.[37]
As part of the development of the
In 2022, NASA awarded SpaceX a $1.15 billion fixed-price contract for a second lunar lander for Artemis 4.[153] The same year, SpaceX was awarded a $102 million five-year contract to develop the Rocket Cargo program for the United States Space Force.[158]
Potential uses
Particular missions
SpaceX plans to use Starship to launch the second generation of SpaceX's
One future payload is the Superbird-9 communication satellite, which was Starship's first contract for externally made commercial satellites.[169] Another planned payload is the Starlab space station, which Starship will launch in a single piece.[170]
In the future, the spacecraft's crewed version could be used for space tourism—for example, for the DearMoon project[171] or the third flight of the Polaris program.[172] Musk stated that SpaceX would complete hundreds of cargo flights before launching with human passengers.[173]
General use cases
Opinions differ on how Starship's planned low launch cost could affect the cost of space science. According to Waleed Abdalati, former NASA Chief Scientist, the planned low launch cost could reduce the cost of satellite replacement and enable more ambitious missions for budget-limited programs due to the higher percentage of the total budget taken up by launch costs for lower budget missions.[174] According to Lionnet, low launch cost might not reduce the overall cost of a science mission significantly: of the Rosetta space probe and Philae lander's mission cost of $1.7 billion, the cost of launch (by the expendable Ariane 5) only made up ten percent.[174] Similarly the Juno mission had a total budget of $1.13 billion,[175] with launch cost of $190 million[176] making up only seventeen percent of the budget.
Astronomers have called to consider Starship's larger mass to orbit and wider cargo bay for proposed space telescopes such as LUVOIR, and to develop larger telescopes to take advantage of these capabilities.[177][178] Starship's 9 meters fairing width could hold an 8 meters-wide large space telescope mirror in a single piece,[177] alleviating the need for complex unfolding such as that of the JWST's 6.5m mirror which added cost and delays.[178] The low launch cost could also allow probes to use heavier, more common, cheaper materials, such as glass instead of beryllium for large telescope mirrors.[178][37] With a 5 t (11,000 lb) mirror built using similar methods to the Hubble Space Telescope's mirror, the JWST would represent only 10% of the mass deliverable by a (refueled) Starship to the Sun-Earth L2 point, and therefore minimizing the weight of the telescope would not have been a dominant design consideration.[178]
A fully refueled Starship could launch 100 t (220,000 lb) observatories to the Moon and the Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point.
One possible future use of Starship that SpaceX has proposed is point-to-point flights (called "Earth to Earth" flights by SpaceX), traveling anywhere on Earth in under an hour.[179] In January 2022, SpaceX was awarded a $102 million five-year contract to develop the Rocket Cargo program for the United States Space Force.[158] The five-year contract is intended to "determine exactly what a rocket can achieve when used for cargo transport",[180] and will see the Air Force Research Laboratory collect data during commercial launches of Starship.[180] The contract includes an eventual demonstration mission with the launch and landing of a cargo-laden Starship in a point-to-point flight.[180]
Space colonization
SpaceX and Musk have stated their goal of colonizing Mars to ensure the long-term survival of humanity,[37][187] with an ambition of having sent one million people to Mars by 2050.[188] In March 2022, he estimated that the first crewed Mars landing could occur in 2029.[189] This timeline has been criticized as unrealistic by Kevin Olsen, a physicist at the University of Oxford who has said that "colony needs to become a factory" to produce air, fuel and water as it is "fundamentally impossible to create a completely closed environment in space", and that the technology to do so is "far, far behind the technology of space flight and habitation construction".[190] Serkan Saydam, a mining engineering professor from the University of New South Wales stated that we currently lack the technology to establish a Martian colony, and will likely lack the capacity to establish a Martian city with one million people by 2050.[190]
Facilities
Testing and manufacturing
Starbase consists of a manufacturing facility and launch site,[191] and is located at Boca Chica, Texas. Both facilities operate twenty-four hours a day.[11] A maximum of 450 full-time employees may be onsite.[17]: 28 The site is planned to consist of two launch sites, one payload processing facility, one seven-acre solar farm, and other facilities.[17]: 34–36 As of April 2022[update], the expansion plan's permit had been withdrawn by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, citing lack of information provided.[192] The company leases Starbase's land for the STARGATE research facility, owned by the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley. It uses part of it for Starship development.[193]
Raptor engines are tested at the
At Florida, a facility at Cocoa purifies
Launch sites
Starbase is planned to host two launch sites, named Pad A and Pad B.[17]: 34 A launch site at Starbase has large facilities, such as a tank farm, an orbital launch mount, and an integration tower.[17] Smaller facilities are present at the launch site: tanks surrounding the area containing methane, oxygen, nitrogen, helium, hydraulic fluid, etc.;[17]: 161 subcoolers near the tank farm cool propellant using liquid nitrogen; and various pipes are installed at large facilities.[18] Each tank farm consists of eight tanks, enough to support one orbital launch.[18] The current launch mount on Pad A has a water sound suppression system, twenty clamps holding the booster, and a quick disconnect mount providing liquid fuel and electricity to the Super Heavy booster before it lifts off.[18]
The integration tower or
Since 2021,
Phobos and Deimos were the names of two Starship offshore launch platforms.[199] The two nearly-identical oil platforms, Valaris 8501 and Valaris 8500, had been purchased from Valaris Limited in June 2020.[200] Further analysis from SpaceX deemed the offshore platforms unsuitable for Starship launches,[201] and both were sold in early 2023.[201]
Responses to Starship development
The NASA Office of Inspector General noted that SpaceX's philosophy involves extensively testing and flying their vehicles as early as possible—made possible by rapid in-house manufacturing capabilities that provide a steady stream of hardware—to aggressively reduce risks and acquire flight data.[38]: 14
In order to compete with SpaceX and close their technological gap with the company, the China Aerospace Science and Tech Corp and other aerospace actors in China have reportedly been working on their own equivalent of Starship – the Long March 9 super-heavy lift rocket,[202] which is also designed to eventually be fully reusable.[203] In 2021, the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT) showed a rendered video of a rocket noted to be "strikingly" similar to Starship in appearance and function.[204] In a 2022 event organized by the International Astronautical Federation and the Chinese Society of Astronautics, the CALT communicated performing research on a manned launch vehicle powered by LOX-methane propellant, with a second stage that was very similar to Starship's.[205]
In 2021, Members of Congress voiced concerns about the FAA's response to SpaceX's launch license violations following the explosion of SN8, calling on the FAA to "resist any potential undue influence on launch safety decision-making".[92] In 2023, following the second failed orbital test flight of Starship, the government accountability office (GAO) made recommendations to the FAA to "improve its mishap investigation process", finding that historically they have always allowed the launch operator to conduct their own investigation with the FAA supervising.[208] They proposed, and the FAA concurred, to conduct an independent review of the effectiveness of operator-led investigations and to establish specific criteria determining when the FAA would directly manage the investigation instead of the operator.[208]
In 2023, prior to Starship's second orbital test flight, SpaceX's vice president and ex-NASA engineer Bill Gerstenmaier made statements at the U.S. Senate on the importance of innovation in light of "strategic competition from state actors like China".[209][210][211] He said SpaceX was under a contract with NASA to use Starship to land American astronauts on the moon before China does,[212][209] and that the Starship test flights campaign was being held up by "regulatory headwinds and unnecessary bureaucracy" unrelated to public safety.[210][213] United States Senator Ted Cruz has said that the second Starship launch was "after months of delay stemming from bureaucratic red tape from AST, Fish and Wildlife and other agencies injecting themselves into the process" resulting in "asinine delays". FAA associate administrator Kelvin Coleman said that the environmental reviews Senator Cruz referred to were required in order to "ensure compliance with NEPA and related environmental laws" and were being conducted in accordance with United States law.[214] Several environmental groups disagree, with lawsuits against the FAA and SpaceX claiming that environmental reviews were bypassed due to Musk's political and financial influence.[215]
Versions
In Elon Musk's 2024 presentation on April 4th, two new versions of Starship were announced, Starship V2 and Starship V3.[216] Starship V2 will replace V1 entirely, and V3 is planned for Mars missions.[216]
Notes
- ^ While the upper stage burned up during reentry, IFT-3 was a successful suborbital launch
- tonnes) and approximate empty mass (100 tonnes).
- ^ Super Heavy dry mass: 200 t (440,000 lb); Starship dry mass: 100 t (220,000 lb); Super Heavy propellant mass: 3,400 t (7,500,000 lb);[2] Starship propellant mass: 1,200 t (2,600,000 lb).[4] The total of these masses is about 5,000 t (11,000,000 lb).
- ^ 78% of 3,400 t (7,500,000 lb)[2] is 2,650 t (5,840,000 lb) of liquid oxygen.
- ^ Synonymous with increasing the delta-v budget of the spacecraft
See also
- Comparison of orbital launch systems
- Comparison of orbital launcher families
- SpaceX reusable launch system development program
- Category:SpaceX Starship
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- ^ a b Jones, Andrew (14 December 2023). "FAA's launch mishap investigations need a rethink, government report finds". Space.com. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
- ^ a b "Giant leap for China in moon race as US rocket fails to get off the ground". South China Morning Post. 21 October 2023. Archived from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
- ^ a b Fisher, Jackie; Wattles, Kristin (18 October 2023). "SpaceX slams regulatory 'headwinds' for holding up Starship, risking US dominance in space". CNN. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Einhorn, Bruce (17 November 2023). "China's rivalry with Musk's SpaceX moves to even lower orbit". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
- ^ Bloomberg. "China's rivalry with Musk's SpaceX moves to an even lower orbit". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
- ^ "SpaceX Warns Government Regulations Slowing Starship, Could Let China Get Ahead". Space Policy Online. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
- ^ Foust, Jeff (15 December 2023). "Federal agencies caught in environmental crossfire over Starship launches". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
- ^ "SpaceX sued by environmental groups, again, claiming rockets harm critical Texas bird habitats". USA TODAY. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
- ^ a b Elon Reveals Starship Version 3; We Have Questions!. Retrieved 19 April 2024 – via www.youtube.com.
External links
- Official website
- Programmatic Environmental Assessment by the Federal Aviation Administration
- Starship of SpaceX on eoPortal directory, administered by the European Space Agency
- Tim Dodd's Starship interviews with Elon Musk on YouTube:
- A conversation with Elon Musk about Starship, 2019
- Starbase and Starship tour, 2021: part 1, part 2, and part 3
- Launch tower and Raptor engine tour, 2022: overview, launch infrastructure, Raptor engine
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