Spanglish
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Spanglish (a
Since different Spanglish arises independently in different regions of varying degrees of bilingualism, it reflects the locally spoken varieties of English and Spanish. Different forms of Spanglish are not necessarily mutually intelligible.
The term Spanglish was first recorded in 1933.[3] It corresponds to the Spanish terms Espanglish (from Español + English, introduced by the Puerto Rican poet Salvador Tió in the late 1940s), Ingléspañol (from Inglés + Español), and Inglañol (Inglés + Español).[4]
Definitions
There is no single, universal definition of Spanglish. The term Spanglish has been used in reference to the following phenomena, all of which are distinct from each other:[5]
- The use of integrated English loanwords in Spanish
- Nonassimilated Anglicisms (i.e., with English phonetics) in Spanish
- Calques and loan translations from English
- Code switching, particularly intra-sentential (i.e., within the same clause) switches
- Grammar mistakes in Spanish found among transitional bilingual speakers
- Second-language Spanish, including poor translations
- Mock Spanish
History and distribution
In the late 1940s, the Puerto Rican journalist, poet, and essayist Salvador Tió coined the terms Espanglish for Spanish spoken with some English terms, and the less commonly used Inglañol for English spoken with some Spanish terms.
After Puerto Rico became a United States territory in 1898, Spanglish became progressively more common there as the United States Army and the early colonial administration tried to impose the English language on island residents. Between 1902 and 1948, the main language of instruction in public schools (used for all subjects except for Spanish class) was English. Currently Puerto Rico is nearly unique in having both English and Spanish as its official languages[6] (see also New Mexico). Consequently, many American English words are now found in the vocabulary of Puerto Rican Spanish. Spanglish may also be known by different regional names.
Spanglish does not have one unified dialect—specifically, the varieties of Spanglish spoken in New York, Florida, Texas, and California differ. Monolingual speakers of standard Spanish may have difficulty in understanding it.[7] It is common in Panama, where the 96-year (1903–1999) U.S. control of the
Many Puerto Ricans living on the island of
Spanglish is spoken commonly in the modern United States,[citation needed] reflecting the growth of the Hispanic-American population due to immigration.[original research?] According to the Pew Research Center, the population of Hispanics grew from 35.3 million to 62.1 million between 2000 and 2020.[8] Hispanics have become the largest minority ethnic group in the US. More than 60% are of Mexican descent. Mexican Americans form one of the fastest-growing groups,[citation needed] increasing from 20.9 million to 37.2 million between 2000 and 2021.[9] Around 58% of this community chose California, especially Southern California, as their new home. Spanglish is widely used throughout the heavily Mexican-American and other Hispanic communities of Southern California.[10] The use of Spanglish has become important to Hispanic communities throughout the United States in areas such as Miami, New York City, Texas, and California. In Miami, the
Many Mexican-Americans (Chicanos), immigrants and bilinguals express themselves in various forms of Spanglish. For many, Spanglish serves as a basis for self-identity, but others believe that it should not exist.[11] Spanglish is difficult, because if the speaker learned the two languages in separate contexts, they use the conditioned system, in which the referential meanings in the two languages differ considerably. Those who were literate in their first language before learning the other, and who have support to maintain that literacy, are sometimes those least able to master their second language. Spanglish is part of receptive bilingualism. Receptive bilinguals are those who understand a second language but don't speak it. That is when they use Spanglish. Receptive bilinguals are also known as productively bilingual, since, to give an answer, the speaker exerts much more mental effort to answer in English, Spanish, or Spanglish.[12][failed verification] Without first understanding the culture and history of the region where Spanglish evolved as a practical matter an in depth familiarizing with multiple cultures. This knowledge, indeed the mere fact of one's having that knowledge, often forms an important part of both what one considers one's personal identity and what others consider one's identity.[13]
Other places where similar mixed codes are spoken are Gibraltar (Llanito), Belize (Kitchen Spanish), Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao (along with Dutch and Papiamento). [citation needed]
Spanglish is also spoken among the Spanish-speaking community in Australia. [citation needed] It is common to hear expressions among Spanish-speaking minorities in cities like Sydney and Melbourne, like: vivo en un flat pequeño; voy a correr con mis runners; la librería de la city es grande, or words such as el rubbish bin, la vacuum cleaner, el tram, el toilet or el mobile. The same situation happens within the Spanish-speaking community of New Zealand.[14][15]
Usage
Spanglish patterns
Spanglish is informal, although speakers can consistently judge the grammaticality of a phrase or sentence. From a linguistic point of view, Spanglish often is mistakenly labeled many things. Spanglish is not a creole or dialect of Spanish because, though people claim they are native Spanglish speakers, Spanglish itself is not a language on its own, but speakers speak English or Spanish with a heavy influence from the other language. The definition of Spanglish has been unclearly explained by scholars and linguists despite being noted so often. Spanglish is the fluid exchange of language between English and Spanish, present in the heavy influence in the words and phrases used by the speaker.[16] Spanglish is currently considered a hybrid language practice by linguists–many actually refer to Spanglish as "Spanish-English code-switching", though there is some influence of borrowing, and lexical and grammatical shifts as well.[17]
The inception of Spanglish is due to the influx of native Spanish speaking
Calques
Examples:
- "to call back" → llamar pa'trás (llamar pa' atrás, llamar para atrás) (volver a llamar)
- "It's up to you." → Está pa'rriba de ti. (Está pa' arriba de ti, Está para arriba de ti) (Depende de ti. decide (You decide))
- "to be up to ..." → estar pa'rriba de ... (estar pa' arriba de ..., estar para arriba de ...) (depender de ... or X decida (X decides))
- "to run for governor" → correr para gobernador (presentarse para gobernador)[22]
pa'trás
A well-known calque is pa'trás or para atrás in expressions such as llamar pa'trás 'to call back'. Here, pa'trás reflects the particle back in various English phrasal verbs.[23] Expressions with pa'trás are found in every stable English-Spanish contact situation:[24] the United States,[25] including among the isolated Isleño[26] and Sabine River communities,[27] Gibraltar,[28] and sporadically in Trinidad and along the Caribbean coast of Central America where the local English varieties are heavily creolized.[29] Meanwhile, they're unattested in non-contact varieties of Spanish.[30] Pa'trás expressions are unique as a calque of an English verbal particle, since other phrasal verbs and particles are almost never calqued into Spanish.[24] Because of this, and because they're consistent with existing Spanish grammar, Otheguy (1993) argues they are likely a result of a conceptual, not linguistic loan. That is, the notion of "backness" has been expanded in these contact varieties.[31]
Semantic extensions
Semantic extension or reassignment refers to a phenomenon where speakers use a word of language A (typically Spanish in this case) with the meaning of its cognate in language B (typically English), rather than its standard meaning in language A. In Spanglish this usually occurs in the case of "
Examples:
Spanglish | English basis and meaning | Standard Spanish | Meaning of Spanglish word in standard Spanish |
---|---|---|---|
actualmente | actually | en realidad, realmente, de verdad, verdaderamente, de hecho | currently |
aplicación | application (written request) | solicitud, postulación | application (of paint, etc.) |
bizarro | bizarre | estrambótico | valiant, dashing |
carpeta | carpet | alfombra, moqueta | folder |
chequear/checar | to check (verify) | comprobar, verificar | — |
eventualmente | eventually | finalmente, al final, por fin | possibly |
librería | library | biblioteca | bookstore |
mapear | to map | trapear | to map; to look at the map |
parquear | to park | estacionar, aparcar | — |
realizar | to realize | darse cuenta | to carry out, to perform, to fulfill |
recordar | to record | grabar | to remember |
rentar | to rent | alquilar, arrendar | to yield, to produce a profit |
renta | rent | alquiler, arriendo | yield, profit |
sanitizador | sanitizer | desinfectante | — |
sentencia | sentence (linguistics) | frase | sentence (court decision) |
wacha | to watch out | cuidado | — |
An example of this lexical phenomenon in Spanglish is the emergence of new verbs when the productive Spanish verb-making suffix -ear is attached to an English verb. For example, the Spanish verb for "to eat lunch" (almorzar in standard Spanish) becomes lonchear (occasionally lunchear). The same process produces watchear, parquear, emailear, twittear, etc.[33][page needed]
Loan words
Loan words occur in any language due to the presence of items or ideas not present in the culture before, such as modern technology. The increasing rate of technological growth requires the use of loan words from the donor language due to the lack of its definition in the lexicon of the main language. This partially deals with the "prestige" of the donor language, which either forms a dissimilar or more similar word from the loan word. The growth of modern technology can be seen in the expressions: "hacer click" (to click), "mandar un e-mail" (to send an e-mail), "faxear" (to fax), "textear" (to text-message), or "hackear" (to hack). Some words borrowed from the donor languages are adapted to the language, while others remain unassimilated (e. g. "sandwich", "jeans" or "laptop"). The items most associated with Spanglish refer to words assimilated into the main morphology.[34] Immigrants are usually responsible for "Spanishizing" English words.[35] According to The New York Times, "Spanishizing" is accomplished "by pronouncing an English word 'Spanish style' (dropping final consonants, softening others, replacing M's with N's and V's with B's), and spelled by transliterating the result using Spanish spelling conventions."[35]
Examples
- "Aseguranza" (insurance)
- "Biles" (bills)
- "Chorcha" (church)
- "Ganga" (gang)
- "Líder" (leader) – considered an established Anglicism
- "Lonchear/Lonchar" (to have lunch)
- "Marqueta" (market)
- "Taipear/Tipear" (to type)
- "Troca" (truck) – Widely used in most of northern Mexico as well
- ”Mitin” (meeting) – An outdoors gathering of people mostly for political purposes.
- ”Checar” (to check)
- ”Escanear” (to scan) – To digitalize (e.g. a document).
- ”Chatear” (to chat)
- “Desorden” (disorder) – incorrectly used as “disease”.
- ”Condición” (condition) – incorrectly used as “sickness”.
So-insertion
Within the US, the English word so is often inserted into Spanish discourse. This use of so is found in conversations that otherwise take place entirely in Spanish. Its users run the gamut from Spanish-dominant immigrants to native, balanced bilinguals to English-dominant
So is always used as a
Fromlostiano
Fromlostiano is a type of artificial and humorous
This phenomenon was first noted in the book From Lost to the River in 1995.[40] The book describes six types of fromlostiano:
- Translations of Spanish idioms into English: With you bread and onion (Contigo pan y cebolla), Nobody gave you a candle in this burial (Nadie te ha dado vela en este entierro), To good hours, green sleeves (A buenas horas mangas verdes).
- Translations of American and British celebrities' names into Spanish: Vanesa Tumbarroja (Vanessa Redgrave).
- Translations of American and British street names into Spanish: Calle del Panadero (Baker Street).
- Translations of Spanish street names into English: Shell Thorn Street (Calle de Concha Espina).
- Translations of multinational corporations' names into Spanish: Ordenadores Manzana (Apple Computers).
- Translations of Spanish minced oaths into English: Tu-tut that I saw you (Tararí que te vi).
The use of Spanglish has evolved over time. It has emerged as a way of conceptualizing one's thoughts whether it be in speech or on paper.
Pedagogical approaches to Spanglish
Colonial roots are present in English education and are manifested through hegemonic language practices that discourage and harm students of color. The promotion of Spanglish is suggested as a restorative pedagogy that acknowledges linguistic racism and promotes the use of code-switching. However, the U.S. education system has historically excluded and punished practices of code-switching between languages in English language arts (ELA), therefore, upholding white supremacy and notions of linguistic hierarchy.[2] Furthermore, the education system in the U.S. has sustained colonialist practices through the rhetoric of an ‘academic language’. The term ‘academic language’ frames and minoritizes the Spanglish-speaking, bilingual students of America. Through teaching in a monolinguistic manner, ELA is given precedence to and places native languages or the use of bilingualism as secondary to English. This allows English to be reinforced as an 'academic language,' granting white people an advantage in reaching academic success and disassociating bilingual speakers from whiteness and, therefore, 'academic language'.[4] A study done on Latin American middle schoolers in East Los Angeles highlights different ways in which bilingual students utilize Spanglish to advance academic literacy. Martinez’s list of skills students exhibited when using Spanglish in educational settings include:
(1) clarify and/or reiterate utterances
(2) quote and report speech
(3) joke and/or tease
(4) index solidarity and intimacy
(5) shift voices for different audiences
(6) communicate subtle nuances of meaning.
In turn, the skills used when speaking Spanglish can be applied as a method in academic settings as well. [6]
Identity
The use of Spanglish is often associated with the speaker's expression of identity (in terms of language learning) and reflects how many minority-American cultures feel toward their heritage. Commonly in ethnic communities within the United States, the knowledge of one's heritage language tends to assumably signify if one is truly of a member of their culture. Just as Spanish helps individuals identify with their Spanish identity, Spanglish is slowly becoming the realization of the Hispanic-American, especially Mexican-American, identity within the United States.[citation needed] Individuals of Hispanic descent living in America face living in two very different worlds and need a new sense of bi-cultural and bilingual identity of their own experience.[citation needed] Spanglish is used to facilitate communication with others in both worlds. While some individuals [who?] believe that Spanglish should not be considered a language, it is a language that has evolved and is continuing to grow and affect the way new generations are educated, culture change, and the production of media.[41] Living within the United States creates a synergy of culture and struggles for many Mexican-Americans. The hope to retain their cultural heritage/language and their dual-identity in American society is one of the major factors that lead to the creation of Spanglish.[42]
Intergenerational Spanglish
Immigrant youth in the United States have become prevalent social actors to sociologists because of their role as moderators and translators in their homes and the community. Orellana centers the ethnographic study around youth who have worked as translators in different spheres of societal issues for their communities. It showcases the division of labor passed onto members of the immigrant population and the navigational skills obtained by those obliged to utilize their bilingualism and Spanglish as a means of survival.[43] Intergenerational skills like Spanglish can then be used as a ‘Fund of Knowledge’ to promote literacy in the classroom. ‘Funds of Knowledge’ encourages the use of Spanglish an other languages between familial relations in the classroom to bridge the skills used at home and welcome them to a classroom. This allows the development of Spanglish skills passed between generations to be viewed as equally valuable at home and in academia. It dismantles the idea that specific languages need to be segregated from the educational realm of society. [44]
Arts and culture
Literature
Books that feature Spanglish in a significant way include the following:[45]
- Giannina Braschi's Yo-Yo Boing! (1998) is the first Spanglish novel.[46][47][page needed][48][49]
- Guillermo Gómez-Peña uses Spanglish in his performances.
- Matt de la Peña's novel Mexican WhiteBoy (2008) features flourishes of Spanglish.
- Junot Díaz's The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao also uses Spanglish words and phrases.[50]
- Pedro Pietri wrote the poem El Spanglish National Anthem. (1993)
- Ilan Stavans Spanglish: The Making of a New American Language. (2004)
- Piri Thomas wrote the autobiography Down These Mean Streets (1967) using Spanglish phrases.[51]
- Yoss' science fiction novel Super Extra Grande (2009) is set in a future where Latin Americans have colonized the galaxy and Spanglish is the lingua franca among the galaxy's sentient species.
- H. G. Wells's future history The Shape of Things to Come (1933) predicted that in the 21st century English and Spanish would "become interchangeable languages".[52]
- Germán Valdés, a Mexican comedian, (known as Tin Tan) made heavy use of Spanglish. He dressed as a pachuco.
Music
Overview
The use of Spanglish by incorporating English and Spanish lyrics into music has risen in the United States over time. In the 1980s 1.2% of songs in the Billboard Top 100 contained Spanglish lyrics, eventually growing to 6.2% in the 2000s. The lyrical emergence of Spanglish by way of Latin American musicians has grown tremendously, reflective of the growing Hispanic population within the United States.[53]
- Mexican rock band Molotov, whose members use Spanglish in their lyrics.
- American progressive rock band The Mars Volta, whose song lyrics frequently switch back and forth between English and Spanish.
- Ska punk pioneers Sublime, whose singer Bradley Nowell grew up in a Spanish-speaking community, released several songs in Spanglish.
- American nu metal band Ill Niño frequently mix Spanish and English lyrics in their songs.
- Shakira (born Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll), a Colombian singer-songwriter, musician and model.
- American singer, actress, producer, director, dancer, model, and businesswoman Jennifer Lopez.
- Sean Paul (born Sean Paul Ryan Francis Henriques), a Jamaican singer and songwriter.
- Ricky Martin (born Enrique Martín Morales), a Puerto Rican pop musician, actor and author.
- Latin Grammy Award-winning artist from Miami, Florida that has brought Spanglish into mainstream music through his multiple hit songs.
- Enrique Iglesias, a Spanish singer-songwriter with songs in English, Spanish and Spanglish; Spanglish songs include Bailamos and Bailando.
- Rapper Silento, famous for his song "Watch Me (Whip/Nae Nae)", recorded a version in Spanglish
Likewise, Mexican pop rock band Reik released a song called "Spanglish" in their album Secuencia.
History
The rise of Spanglish in music within the United States also creates new classifications of Latin(o) music, as well as the wider Latin(o) music genre. In some growing music scenes, it is noted that for artists go beyond music and bring in political inclinations as a way to make wider commentary.[54] Although Los Angeles Chicano bands from the 1960s and 1970s are often remembered as part of the Chicano-movement as agents for social chance,[55] Latin(o) music has long been a way for artists to exercise political agency, including the post-World War II jazz scene, the New York City salsa of the 1970s, and the hip-hop movement of the 80s. Some of the topics addressed in these movements include: redlining and housing policies; immigration; discrimination; and transnationalism.[56]
Commercialization
Over time, however, this more explicit show of political nature might have been lessened due to the desire to compete in the music business of the English speaking world. This however, did not stop the a change in U.S. music, where English-speaking musicians have moved towards collaborative music, and bilingual duets are growing in popularity,[57] indicating an audience demand for multi-language entertainment, as well as a space for traditional Latino artists to enter the mainstream and find chart success beyond the Spanish-speaking world. This is despite the slower-growing opportunities for Latino musicians to occupy higher-up positions such as promoters, business owners, and producers.[56]
Present-day
With this growing demand for Spanglish duets, there has also been a rise in indie Latino artists who incorporate Spanglish lyrics in their music. One such artist is Omar Apollo, who combines Spanglish lyrics with music influenced by traditional corridos.[58] Other up and coming Latino artists, such as Kali Uchis, Empress Of, and Ambar Lucid, have also led to a greater prominence of Hispanic performers and lyricism in the contemporary top charts. These types of artists, also being second-generation Spanish speakers, suggest that there is less fear or feelings of intimidation of using Spanish in public spaces. Moreover, this lack of negative connotation with public use of Spanglish and heritage-language language tools point to a subconscious desire to challenge negative rhetoric, as well as the racism that may go along with it.[59][page needed] Given the fact that Spanglish has been the language of communication for a growing Hispanic-American population in the United States, its growing presence in Latino music is considered, by some scholars, a persistent and easily identifiable marker of an increasingly intersectional Latino identity.[56]
See also
- American literature in Spanish
- Nuyorican
- argot, similar to Spanglish
- Chicano English
- Code-switching
- Dog Latin
- Dunglish
- Franglais
- Hispanicisms in English
- Languages in the United States
- List of English words of Spanish origin
- Llanito (an Andalusian vernacular unique to Gibraltar)
- Portuñol, the unsystematic mixture of Portuguese with Spanish
- Spanglish (film)
- Spanish language in the United States
- Spanish dialects and varieties
- Category:Forms of English
- Category:Spanglish songs
Notes
- ^ Everson, Michael. "Registration form for 'spanglis'" (text). IANA. Archived from the original on June 18, 2023. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
A judgement call by the tagger is expected to be made with regard to the base prefix to be used.
- ^ a b "Spanglish". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
- ^ Lambert 2017, p. 13.
- ^ a b "Salvador Tió's 100th Anniversary". November 15, 2011. Archived from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2019.
- ^ Lipski 2008, p. 53.
- ^ JSTOR 454837.
- ^ Ardila 2005, p. 61.
- ^ Funk & Lopez 2022, "U.S. Hispanic population reached more than 62 million in 2020" graph.
- ^ Moslimani, Noe-Bustamante & Shah 2023, "Mexican-origin population in the U.S., 2000–2021" graph.
- ^ a b Rothman & Rell 2005, p. 1.
- ^ "Towards New Dialects: Spanglish in the United States". homes.chass.utoronto.ca. Archived from the original on March 29, 2016. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ^ Rosen 2016.
- ^ Halwachs, Dieter (1993). "Poly-system repertoire and identity". Grazer Linguistische. pp. 39–43 71–90.
- ^ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "Latin Americans – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". teara.govt.nz. Archived from the original on April 10, 2019. Retrieved April 10, 2019.
- ^ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "1. – Latin Americans – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". teara.govt.nz. Archived from the original on April 10, 2019. Retrieved April 10, 2019.
- ^ Montes-Alcalá 2000, p. 98.
- JSTOR 40997087.
- ^ Morales 2002, p. 9.
- ^ Ardila 2005.
- ^ Bonnie Urciuoli, Exposing Prejudice: Puerto Rican Experiences of Language, Race, and Class Archived October 7, 2023, at the Wayback Machine (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996), p. 38, cited by Arlene Dávila, Latinos Inc.: The Marketing and Making of a People Archived October 7, 2023, at the Wayback Machine (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012), p. 168, and quoted in turn by Viviana Rojas and Juan Piñón, "Spanish, English or Spanglish? Media Strategies and Corporate Struggles to Reach the Second and Later Generations of Latinos." Archived November 26, 2015, at the Wayback Machine International Journal of Hispanic Media. N.p., Aug. 2014. Web. October 4, 2015.
- ^ Stavans 2000b.
- ^ a b Montes-Alcalá 2000, p. 107.
- ^ Lipski 1986.
- ^ a b Lipski 2008, p. 229.
- ^ Lipski 1986, p. 88.
- ^ Lipski 1986, pp. 88–91.
- ^ Lipski 1987, p. 124.
- ^ Lipski 1986, pp. 92–93.
- ^ Lipski 1986, pp. 91–92.
- ^ Lipski 1986, p. 93.
- ^ Otheguy 1993.
- ^ Montes-Alcalá 2000, p. 105.
- ^ Rothman & Rell 2005.
- ^ Montes-Alcalá 2000, p. 106.
- ^ a b Alvarez 1997, paragraph 25.
- ^ Lipski 2008, pp. 235–236.
- ^ Lipski 2008, p. 237.
- ^ Lipski 2008, p. 238.
- ^ a b Lipski 2005.
- ISBN 978-84-920231-1-0.
- ^ Rojas, Viviana, and Juan Piñón. "Spanish, English or Spanglish? Media Strategies and Corporate Struggles to Reach the Second and Later Generations of Latinos." International Journal of Hispanic Media. N.p., Aug. 2014. Web. October 4, 2015.
- ^ Rothman & Rell 2005, p. 527.
- ISSN 0037-7791.
- ISSN 0040-5841.
- ^ Stavans 2000a, pp. 555–558.
- ^ Poets, Academy of American. "About Giannina Braschi | Academy of American Poets". poets.org. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
- ^ Aldama, O'Dwyer & Stavans 2020.
- ^ Steinberg, Sybil (December 27, 1997). "Review of Yo-Yo Boing!". Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on August 12, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
- ^ Castillo, Debra A. Redreaming America: Toward a Bilingual American Culture. www.sunypress.edu. Archived from the original on February 25, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-4129-2694-2. Archivedfrom the original on December 29, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
- ^ González 2017.
- ^ H.G.Wells, The Shape of Things to Come, Ch. 12 Archived May 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Pisarek & Valenzuela 2012.
- from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
- from the original on February 9, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
- ^ a b c Cepeda 2017.
- ^ Lessner, Justin (January 6, 2021). "Bilingual Collaborations Are Taking The Music World By Storm, These Are The Dream Collabs For 2021". mitú. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
- ^ "Meet Omar Apollo, the blue-haired, gender-rebellious, Mexican American Prince". Los Angeles Times. October 16, 2020. Archived from the original on December 10, 2020. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
- ^ Sánchez-Muñoz & Amezcua 2019.
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External links
- Current TV video "Nuyorican Power Archived November 20, 2010, at the Wayback Machine" on Spanglish as the Nuyorican language; featuring Daddy Yankee, Giannina Braschi, Rita Moreno, and other Nuyorican icons.
- Spanglish – the Language of Chicanos Archived May 2, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, University of California
- What is Spanglish? Texas State University