Spaniards
This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2016) |
Total population | |
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Spain nationals 41,539,400[1] (for a total population of 47,059,533) Hundreds of millions of Hispanic Americans of full or partial Spanish ancestry[2][3][4][5][6][7] |
Part of a series on the |
Spanish people |
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Rojigualda (historical Spanish flag) |
Regional groups |
Other groups
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Significant Spanish diaspora |
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Languages |
Other languages
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Category Spain portal |
Spaniards,
Commonly spoken regional languages include, most notably, the sole surviving indigenous language of
The
In the early eighth century, the Visigothic Kingdom was conquered by the
A process of political conglomeration among the Christian kingdoms also ensued, and the late 15th-century saw the dynastic union of Castile and Aragon under the
In the early modern period, Spain had one of the largest empires in history, which was also one of the first global empires, leaving a large cultural and linguistic legacy that includes over 570 million Hispanophones,[37] making Spanish the world's second-most spoken native language, after Mandarin Chinese. During the Golden Age there were also many advancements in the arts, with the rise of renowned painters such as Diego Velázquez. The most famous Spanish literary work, Don Quixote, was also published during the Golden Age of the Spanish Empire.
The population of Spain has become more diverse due to immigration of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. From 2000 to 2010, Spain had among the highest per capita immigration rates in the world and the second-highest absolute net migration in the world (after the
History
Early populations
The earliest modern humans inhabiting the region of Spain are believed to have been
Then
The
The
The Visigoths became the dominant power in Iberia and reigned for three centuries. They were highly romanized in the eastern Empire and already Christians, so they became fully integrated into the late Iberian-Roman culture.
The
After being checked and reduced in 456 AD by the Visigoths, the Suebic Kingdom survived to 585 AD. It was decimated as an independent political unit by the Visigoths, after having been involved in the internal affairs of their kingdom.
Middle Ages
After two centuries of domination by the
Muslim Iberia became part of the Umayyad Caliphate and would be known as
The
In 1086 the Almoravid ruler of Morocco,
The Almoravids were succeeded by the
In 1469 the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile signaled a joining of forces to attack and conquer the Emirate of Granada. The King and Queen convinced the
Spain conquered the Canary Islands between 1402 and 1496. Their indigenous Berber population, the Guanches, were gradually absorbed by intermarrying with Spanish settlers.
Spanish conquest of the Iberian part of Navarre was begun by Ferdinand II of Aragon and completed by Charles V. The series of military campaigns extended from 1512 to 1524, while the war lasted until 1528 in the Navarre to the north of the Pyrenees. Between 1568 and 1571, Charles V armies fought and defeated a general insurrection of the Muslims of the mountains of Granada. Charles V then ordered the expulsion of up to 80,000 Granadans from the province and their dispersal throughout Spain.
The union of the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon as well as the conquest of Granada, Navarre and the Canary Islands led to the formation of the Spanish state as known today. This allowed for the development of a Spanish identity based on the Spanish language and a local form of Catholicism. This gradually developed in a territory that remained culturally, linguistically and religiously very diverse.
A majority of Jews were forcibly
The Islamic legacy in Spain has been long lasting, and among many others, accounts for two of the eight
Those who avoided expulsion or who managed to return to Spain merged into the dominant culture.[45] The last mass prosecution against Moriscos for crypto-Islamic practices took place in Granada in 1727, with most of those convicted receiving relatively light sentences. By the end of the 18th century, Indigenous Islam and Morisco identity were considered to have been extinguished in Spain.[46]
Colonialism and emigration
In the 16th century, following the military conquest of most of the new continent, perhaps 240,000 Spaniards entered American ports. They were joined by 450,000 in the next century.
By the end of the Spanish Civil War, some 500,000 Spanish Republican refugees had crossed the border into France.
The population of Spain has become more diverse due to immigration of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. From 2000 to 2010, Spain had among the highest per capita immigration rates in the world and the second-highest absolute net migration in the world (after the United States).[38] Immigrants now make up about 10% of the population. But Spain's prolonged economic crisis between 2008 and 2015 reduced economic opportunities, and both immigration rates and the total number of foreigners in the country declined. By the end of this period, Spain was becoming a net emigrant country.
Ancestry
Historical origins and genetics
Spanish people, like most Europeans, largely descend from three distinct lineages:[54] Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, descended from populations associated with the Paleolithic Epigravettian culture;[55] Neolithic Early European Farmers who migrated from Anatolia during the Neolithic Revolution 9,000 years ago;[56] and Yamnaya Steppe herders who expanded into Europe from the Pontic–Caspian steppe of Ukraine and southern Russia in the context of Indo-European migrations 5,000 years ago.[54]
The Spanish people's genetic pool largely derives from the pre-Roman inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula:
There are also some genetic influences from
Peoples of Spain
Nationalities and regions
Within Spain, there are various nationalities and regional populations including the
Respect to the existing
- Nationalities and regional identities
- Andalusian people
- Aragonese people
- Asturian people
- Balearic people
- Basque people
- Canary Islanders
- Cantabrian people
- Castilian people
- Catalan people
- Extremaduran people
- Galician people
- Leonese people
- Valencian people
Romani minority
Spain is home to one of the largest communities of
Data on ethnicity is not collected in Spain, although the Government's statistical agency CIS estimated in 2007 that the number of Gitanos present in Spain is probably around one million.[71] Most Spanish Roma live in the autonomous community of Andalusia, where they have traditionally enjoyed a higher degree of integration than in the rest of the country. A number of Spanish Calé also live in Southern France, especially in the region of Perpignan.
Modern immigration
The population of Spain has become increasingly diverse due to recent immigration. From 2000 to 2010, Spain had among the highest per capita immigration rates in the world and the second highest absolute net migration in the World (after the United States)[38] and immigrants now make up about 10% of the population. Since 2000, Spain has absorbed more than 3 million immigrants, with thousands more arriving each year.[72] In 2008, the immigrant population topped over 4.5 million.[73] These immigrants came mainly from Europe, Latin America, Asia, North Africa, and West Africa.[74]
Languages
This section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2010) |
Languages spoken in Spain include
, each with their own various dialects. Spanish is the official state language, although the other languages are co-official in a number of autonomous communities.Peninsular Spanish is typically classified in northern and southern dialects; among the southern ones
The number of speakers of
Spanish was exported to the Americas due to over three centuries of Spanish colonial rule starting with the arrival of
Religion
Emigration from Spain
Outside of Europe, Latin America has the largest population of people with ancestors from Spain. These include people of full or partial Spanish ancestry.
People with Spanish ancestry
Country | Population (% of country) | Reference | Criterion |
---|---|---|---|
Spanish Mexican |
94,720,000 (>80%) | [2] | estimated: 20-40% as Whites .
60-80% as Mestizos |
Spanish American |
50,000,000 (16%) | [3] | 10,017,244 who identify themselves with direct ancestry from Spain.[81] 26,735,713 (53.0%) (8.7% of total U.S. population) Hispanics in the United States who identify as white (sometimes mixed with other European origins) or Mestizo via Latin America. |
Spanish Venezuelan |
25,079,923 (90%) | [4] | 42% as white and 50% as mestizos. |
Spanish Brazilian |
15,000,000 (8%) | [5] | estimate by Bruno Ayllón.[82] |
Colombia: Spanish Colombian | 39,000,000 (86%) [citation needed] | Self-description as "Mestizo, white and mulatto" | |
Cuba: Spanish Cuban | 10,050,849 (89%) | [6] | Self-description as white, mulatto and mestizo |
Spanish Puerto Rican |
3,064,862 (80.5%) | [7][83] [84][85] |
Self-description as white. 83,879 (2%) identified as Spanish citizens |
Spanish Canadian |
325,730 (1%) | [86] | Self-description |
Spanish Australian |
58,271 (0.3%) | [87] | Self-description |
The listings above shows the nine countries with known collected data on people with ancestors from Spain, although the definitions of each of these are somewhat different and the numbers cannot really be compared.
See also
- Demographics of Spain
- Hispanosphere
- Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula
- Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain
- Nationalities and regions of Spain
- Spanish nationalities and regional identities
- Andalusian people
- Aragonese people
- Asturian people
- Balearic people
- Basque people
- Cagot
- Canarian people
- Cantabrian people
- Castilian people
- Catalan people
- Extremaduran people
- Galician people
- Leonese people
- Valencian people
- Vaqueiros de alzada
- Languages of Spain
- Ancient peoples of Spain
- Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
- Carthaginians)
- Guanches (in the Canary Islands)
- Romans
- Suebi
- Vandals
- Visigoths
- Berbers)
- History of the Jews in Spain
- Peoples with Spanish ancestry
- Criollos (Spaniards in the former Spanish Empire)
- Afro-Spaniards
- Emancipados
- Fernandinos
- Latin Americans
- Latino Americans
- Isleños
- Louisiana Creole people
- Spanish Americans
- Spanish Argentinians
- Spanish Australians
- Spanish Brazilians
- Spanish Britons
- Spanish Canadians
- Spanish Central Americans
- Spanish Chileans
- Spanish Equatoguineans
- Spanish Filipino
- Spanish Mexican
- Spanish Peruvians
- Spanish Puerto Ricans
- Spanish Uruguayans
- Spanish Colombians
- White Latin Americans
Notes
- ^ a b Native names and pronunciations:
- Asturian and Spanish: españoles [espaˈɲoles]
- Dialectal pronunciations:
- Extremaduran: [ɛhpːaˈɲɔlɪh]
- Leonese: [espaˈɲoles -lɪs]
- Dialectal pronunciations:
- Basque: espainiarrak [espaɲiarak] or espainolak [espaɲiolak]
- Aragonese and Catalan: espanyols
- Aragonese: [espaˈɲols]
- Catalan pronunciation: [əspəˈɲɔls]
- Galician: españois [espaˈɲɔjs, -ˈɲɔjʃ]
- Occitan: espanhòls [espaˈɲɔls].
- Asturian and Spanish: españoles [espaˈɲoles]
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