Spaniel
A spaniel is a
The word "spaniel" would seem to be derived from the medieval French espaigneul—"Spanish"—to modern French, espagnol.
Definition and description
The Oxford English Dictionary defines Spaniel as "a breed of dog with a long silky coat and drooping ears".[2]
Not much has changed about spaniels in general over the years, as can be seen in this 1921 entry in Collier's New Encyclopedia:
Their distinguishing characteristics are a rather broad muzzle, remarkably long and full ears, hair plentiful and beautifully waved, particularly that of the ears, tail, and hinder parts of the thighs and legs. The prevailing color is liver and white, sometimes red and white or black and white, and sometimes deep brown, or black on the face and breast, with a tan spot over each eye. The English spaniel is a superior and very pure breed. The
Newfoundland dogwith the fine hunting qualities of their own race. Spaniels possess a great share of intelligence, affection, and obedience, which qualities, combined with much beauty, make them highly prized as companions.
History
The origin of the word spaniel is described by the Oxford English Dictionary as coming from the Old French word espaigneul which meant "Spanish (dog)"; this in turn originated from the Latin Hispaniolus which simply means "Spanish".[2]
In
Celtic origin theory
In the appendices added to the 1909 re-print of Caius' work, the editors suggested that the type of dogs may have been brought into the British Isles as early as 900 BC by a branch of the Celts moving from Spain into Cornwall and on into Wales, England and Ireland.[3] Theories on the origin of the Welsh Springer Spaniel support this theory, as it is believed that the breed specifically is a direct descendant of the "Agassian hunting dog" described in the hunting poem Cynegetica attributed to Oppian of Apamea, which belonged to the Celtic tribes of Roman Britain:[5]
There is a strong breed of hunting dog, small in size but no less worthy of great praise. These the wild tribes of Britons with their tattooed backs rear and call by the name of Agassian. Their size is like that of worthless and greedy domestic table dogs; squat, emaciated, shaggy, dull of eye, but endowed with feet armed with powerful claws and a mouth sharp with close-set venomous tearing teeth. It is by virtue of its nose, however, that the Agassian is most exalted, and for tracking it is the best there is; for it is very adept at discovering the tracks of things that walk upon the ground, and skilled too at marking the airborne scent.[6]
Roman origin theory
Another theory of the origin of the spaniel is that the
Hunting
In assisting hunters, it is desirable that spaniels work within gun range, are steady to shot, and are able to mark the fall and retrieve shot game to hand with a soft mouth. A good nose is highly valued, as it is in most gun dog breeds. They are versatile hunters traditionally being used for upland game birds, but are equally adept at hunting rabbits, waterfowl, rats, and mice. Whether hunting in open fields, woodlands, farm lands—in briars, along
On the basis of function and hunting style, the
Breeds
Contemporary
Type of spaniel | Also known as | Country/region of origin | Min. height | Max. height | Min. weight | Max. weight | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
American Cocker Spaniel | Cocker Spaniel (in the United States) |
United States | 13 in (33 cm) | 15 in (38 cm) | 24 lb (11 kg) | 29 lb (13 kg)[11] | |
American Water Spaniel | United States | 15 in (38 cm) | 18 in (46 cm) | 25 lb (11 kg) | 45 lb (20 kg)[12] | ||
Blue Picardy Spaniel | Epagneul Bleu de Picardie | France | 22 in (56 cm) | 24 in (61 cm)[13] | 43 lb (20 kg) | 45 lb (20 kg)[14] | |
Boykin Spaniel | United States | 15 in (38 cm) | 18 in (46 cm) | 25 lb (11 kg) | 45 lb (20 kg)[15] | ||
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel | Cavalier Spaniel | United Kingdom | 12 in (30 cm) | 13 in (33 cm) | 13 lb (5.9 kg) | 18 lb (8.2 kg)[16] | |
Clumber Spaniel | England | 17 in (43 cm) | 20 in (51 cm) | 55 lb (25 kg) | 85 lb (39 kg)}[17] | ||
Drentse Patrijshond | Dutch Partridge Dog | Netherlands | 21.5 in (55 cm) | 25.5 in (65 cm) | 55 lb (25 kg) | 77 lb (35 kg)[18] | |
English Cocker Spaniel | Cocker Spaniel (In the United Kingdom) |
England | 15 in (38 cm) | 17 in (43 cm) | 26 lb (12 kg) | 34 lb (15 kg)[19] | |
English Springer Spaniel | England | 19 in (48 cm) | 20 in (51 cm) | 40 lb (18 kg) | 50 lb (23 kg)[20] | ||
Field Spaniel | England | 17 in (43 cm) | 18 in (46 cm) | 35 lb (16 kg) | 50 lb (23 kg)[21] | ||
French Spaniel | Épagneul français (in France) |
France | 21 in (53 cm) | 25 in (64 cm) | 45 lb (20 kg) | 60 lb (27 kg) | |
German Spaniel | Deutscher Wachtelhund | Germany | 16 in (41 cm) | 20 in (51 cm) | 44 lb (20 kg) | 66 lb (30 kg)[22] | |
Irish Water Spaniel | Whiptail, Shannon Spaniel, Rat Tail Spaniel, and Bog Dog | Ireland | 21 in (53 cm) | 24 in (61 cm) | 45 lb (20 kg) | 65 lb (29 kg)[23] | |
King Charles Spaniel | English Toy Spaniel (in the United States) |
England | 9 in (23 cm) | 10 in (25 cm) | 6 lb (2.7 kg) | 12 lb (5.4 kg)[24] | |
Kooikerhondje | Dutch Spaniel | Netherlands | 14 in (36 cm) | 16 in (41 cm) | 20 lb (9.1 kg) | 24 lb (11 kg)[25] | |
Markiesje | Dutch Tulip Hound | Netherlands | 12.5 in (32 cm) | 15.5 in (39 cm) | 13 lb (5.9 kg) | 18 lb (8.2 kg) | |
Papillon
|
Continental Toy Spaniel, Épagneul Nain Continental |
France | 8 in (20 cm) | 11 in (28 cm)[26] | 5 lb (2.3 kg) | 10 lb (4.5 kg)[27] | |
Phalène | Continental Toy Spaniel, Épagneul Nain Continental |
Belgium | 8 in (20 cm) | 11 in (28 cm) | 5 lb (2.3 kg) | 10 lb (4.5 kg)[28] | |
Picardy Spaniel | Épagneul Picard | France | 22 in (56 cm) | 23.5 in (60 cm) | 44 lb (20 kg) | 55 lb (25 kg)[29] | |
Pont-Audemer Spaniel | Épagneul Pont-Audemer | France | 20 in (51 cm) | 23 in (58 cm)[30] | 40 lb (18 kg) | 53 lb (24 kg)[31] | |
Russian Spaniel | Russian hunting spaniel
(Русский охотничий спаниель) |
Russia | 15 in (38 cm) | 17 in (43 cm) | 28 lb (13 kg) | 40 lb (18 kg)[32] | |
Stabyhoun | Frisian Pointer | Netherlands | 19.6 in (50 cm) | 21 in (53 cm) | 30 lb (14 kg) | 50 lb (23 kg)[33] | |
Sussex Spaniel | England | 13 in (33 cm) | 15 in (38 cm) | 35 lb (16 kg) | 44 lb (20 kg)[34] | ||
Welsh Springer Spaniel | Wales | 17 in (43 cm) | 19 in (48 cm) | 35 lb (16 kg) | 55 lb (25 kg)[35] |
Extinct
Type of spaniel | Country/region of origin | Period of extinction | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Alpine Spaniel
|
Switzerland | 1830s | |
English Water Spaniel | England | 1930s | |
Norfolk Spaniel | England | 1902 | |
Toy Trawler Spaniel | United Kingdom | 1920s | |
Tweed Water Spaniel | England | 19th century |
Misnamed
The following breeds are not true spaniels, but are named as such due to their resemblance to the spaniels.[citation needed]
Type of spaniel | Also known as | Country/region of origin | Min. height | Max. height | Min. weight | Max. weight | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Japanese Chin | Japanese Spaniel | Japan | 9 in (23 cm) | 10 in (25 cm) | 4 lb (1.8 kg) | 11 lb (5.0 kg)[36] | |
Pekingese | Chinese Spaniel[37] | China | 8 in (20 cm) | 9 in (23 cm) | 8 lb (3.6 kg) | 14 lb (6.4 kg)[38] | |
Tibetan Spaniel
|
Tibet[39] | 9 in (23 cm) | 11 in (28 cm) | 9 lb (4.1 kg) | 15 lb (6.8 kg)[40] | ||
Brittany
|
Brittany Spaniel | Brittany, France | 17 in (43 cm) | 20.5 in (52 cm) | 30 lb (14 kg) | 45 lb (20 kg) |
See also
- Dogs portal
- List of dog breeds
- Alanorarius, a keeper of spaniels
- Hunting dog
- Dog type
Citations
- ^ Goodall and Gasow, The New Complete English Springer Spaniel, 1984.
- ^ a b "spaniel". Compact Oxford English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2016-09-25. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
- ^ )
- ^ Caius, John; Fleming, Abraham (1880). Of Englishe dogges, the diversities, the names, the natures and the properties. A short treatise written in Latine and newly drawne into Englishe. Bradley. p. 15. Archived from the original on 2016-12-10. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
- ^ "Welsh Springer Spaniel Did You Know?". American Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 4 August 2010. Retrieved 11 February 2010.
- OCLC 223811588.
- ^ Hancock, The Heritage of the Dog, 1990.
- ^ Judah, J.C. (2007). An Ancient History of Dogs: Spaniels Through the Ages. Lulu.com. p. 42.[self-published source]
- ^ "Spaniel Journal". spanieljournal.com. Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. Retrieved 2013-12-21.
- ^ FCI – Breeds nomenclature Archived 2008-03-14 at the Wayback Machine; FCI – Breeds nomenclature Archived 2008-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Fogle (2006): p. 152
- ^ Palika (2007): p. 131
- ^ "Blue Picardy Spaniel - Breed Description and Information". Canada's Guide to Dogs. Archived from the original on 2010-01-03. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
- ^ Fogle (2006): p. 230
- ^ Palika (2007): p. 172
- ISBN 978-0-7641-3771-6.
- ^ Smith (2002): p. 128
- ISBN 0-7525-8018-3.
- ISBN 978-1-921537-15-8.
- ^ Smith (2002): p. 134
- ^ Palika (2007): p. 237
- ^ Fogle (2006): p. 344
- ^ Palika (2007): p. 269
- ^ Palika (2007): p. 232
- ISBN 978-0-681-86485-6.
- ISBN 978-0-7641-2419-8.
- ^ Palika (2007): p. 311
- ^ "Breed Information: Phalene". Purina Care: Pet Health Library. Archived from the original on 2011-06-22. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
- ^ "Picardy Spaniel Information". Sarah's Dogs. Archived from the original on 2018-10-21. Retrieved 2018-11-03.
- ISBN 978-0-7641-5700-4.
- ISBN 978-0-7938-1284-4.
- ISBN 0-7525-8018-3.
- ^ "Ameri-Can Stabyhoun Association". stabyhouns.org. Archived from the original on 2013-04-19. Retrieved 2013-02-14.
- ISBN 978-0-7641-0884-6.
- ^ Smith (2002): p. 122
- ^ Fogle (2006): p. 67
- ^ Drury, W.D. (1903). "Chapter LVIII. Chinese Spaniels, Chinese Pugs or Pekinese Spaniels, Pekinese Pugs". British Dogs, Their Points, Selection, And Show Preparation. Charles Scribner's Sons. Archived from the original on 2010-02-19. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
- ^ Palika (2007): p. 315
- ^ "FCI-Standard N° 231 / 11. 05. 1998 / GB Tibetan Spaniel". Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Archived from the original on 2012-08-01. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
- ^ Palika (2007): p. 375
General and cited references
- Fogle, Bruce (2006). Dogs. Eyewitness Companion Guides. DK Adult. ISBN 978-0-7566-1692-2.
- Palika, Liz (2007). The Howell Book of Dogs: The Definitive Reference to 300 Breeds and Varieties. Howell Book House. ISBN 978-0-470-00921-5.
- Smith, Steve (2002). The Encyclopedia of North American Sporting Dogs: Written by Sportsmen for Sportsmen. Willow Creek Press. ISBN 978-1-57223-501-4.
External links
- Журнал Спаниель (www.journalspaniel.ru) (in Russian) and Spaniel Journal (in English)