Spanish Americans
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Spanish Americans (Spanish: españoles estadounidenses, hispanoestadounidenses, or hispanonorteamericanos) are Americans whose ancestry originates wholly or partly from Spain.[4] They are the longest-established European American group in the modern United States, with a very small group descending from those explorations leaving from Spain and the Viceroyalty of New Spain (modern Mexico), and starting in the early 1500s, of 42 of the future U.S. states from California to Florida; and beginning a continuous presence in Florida since 1565 and New Mexico since 1598.[5] In the 2020 United States census, 978,978 self-identified with "Spaniard" origins representing (0.4%) of the white alone or in combination population who responded to the question. Other results include 866,356 (0.4%) identifying as "Spanish" and 50,966 who identified with "Spanish American".[6][7]
Many Hispanic and Latino Americans (Hispanos being the oldest group) living in the United States have Spanish ancestral roots due to five centuries of Spanish colonial settlement and large-scale immigration of Hispanic groups after independence. By this criterion, these groups, and especially white Hispanic and Latino Americans 12,579,626 (white alone, 20.3% of all Hispanics) largely overlap with "Spanish Americans", with the caveat that the former groups can also include European ancestries other than Spanish, and often Amerindian or African ancestry.
However, the term "Spanish American" is used mostly to refer to Americans whose self-identified ancestry originates directly from Spain in the 20th century.
History
Immigration waves
Throughout the colonial times, there were a number of European settlements of Spanish populations in the present-day
After the establishment of the American colonies, an additional 250,000 immigrants arrived either directly from Spain, the Canary Islands or, after a relatively short sojourn, from present-day central Mexico. These Spanish settlers expanded European influence in the New World. The Canary Islanders settled in bayou areas surrounding New Orleans in Louisiana from 1778 to 1783 and in San Antonio de Bejar, San Antonio, Texas, in 1731.[9]
The earliest known Spanish settlements in the then northern Mexico were the result of the same forces that later led the English to come to North America. Exploration had been fueled in part by imperial hopes for the discovery of wealthy civilizations. In addition, like those aboard the
19th and 20th centuries
Spanish immigration to the U.S. 1820–2000 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Period | Arrivals | Period | Arrivals | Period | Arrivals |
1820–1830 | 2,616 | 1891–1900 | 8,731 | 1961–1970 | 44,659 |
1831–1840 | 2,125 | 1901–1910 | 27,935 | 1971–1980 | 39,141 |
1841–1850 | 2,209 | 1911–1920 | 68,611 | 1981–1990 | 20,433 |
1851–1860 | 9,298 | 1921–1930 | 28,958 | 1991–2000 | 17,157 |
1861–1870 | 6,697 | 1931–1940 | 3,258 | 2001–2010 | - |
1871–1880 | 5,266 | 1941–1950 | 2,898 | 2011-2020 | - |
1881–1890 | 4,419 | 1951–1960 | 7,894 | - | - |
Total arrivals: 302,305.[11][12] |
Immigration to the United States from Spain was controversially minimal but steady during the first half of the nineteenth century, with an increase during the 1850s and 1860s resulting from the bloody warfare of the Carlist civil wars during the years of 1833–1876. Much larger numbers of Spanish immigrants entered the country in the first quarter of the twentieth century—27,000 in the first decade and 68,000 in the second—due to the same circumstances of rural poverty and urban congestion that led other Europeans to emigrate in that period, as well as unpopular wars-in this first wave of Spanish immigration. The Spanish presence in the United States declined sharply between 1930 and 1940 from a total of 110,000 to 85,000, because many immigrants returned to Spain after finishing their farmwork.
Beginning with the coup d'état against the
In the mid-1960s, 44,000 Spaniards immigrated to the United States, as part of a second wave of Spanish immigration. In the 1960s and 1970s the economic situation improved in Spain, and Spanish immigration to the United States declined to about 3,000 per year. In the 1980s, as Europe enjoyed an economic boom, Spanish immigrants to the United States dropped to only 15,000. The 1990 U.S. census recorded 76,000 foreign-born Spaniards in the country, representing only four-tenths of a percent of the total populace.[clarification needed] As from the rest of Europe, 21st century immigrants from Spain are few, only 10,000 per year at most.
Much as with French Americans, who are of French descent but mostly by way of Canada, the majority of the 41 million massively strong Spanish-speaking population have come by way of Latin America, especially Mexico,[citation needed] but also Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and other areas that the Spanish themselves colonized. Many of the Hispanic and Latino Americans bring their Spanish-speaking culture into the country. [citation needed]
Principal areas of settlement
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1850 | 3,113 | — |
1860 | 4,244 | +36.3% |
1870 | 3,764 | −11.3% |
1880 | 5,121 | +36.1% |
1890 | 6,185 | +20.8% |
1900 | 7,050 | +14.0% |
1910 | 22,108 | +213.6% |
1920 | 49,535 | +124.1% |
1950 | 59,362 | +19.8% |
1960 | 44,999 | −24.2% |
1970 | 57,488 | +27.8% |
1980 | 73,735 | +28.3% |
1990 | 76,415 | +3.6% |
2000 | 82,858 | +8.4% |
2010 | 83,242 | +0.5% |
2020 | TBD | — |
Source: Census. Spanish-born[14] |
Spanish Americans in the United States are found in large concentrations in five major states from 1940 through the early twenty-first century. In 1940, the highest concentration of Spaniards were in New York (primarily New York City), followed by California, Florida, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The 1950 U.S. census indicated little change—New York with 14,705 residents from Spain and California with 10,890 topped the list. Spaniards followed into New Jersey with 3,382, followed by Florida (3,382) and Pennsylvania (1,790).[15] By 1990 and 2000, there was relatively little change except in the order of the states and the addition of Texas. In 1990, Florida ranked first with 78,656 Spanish immigrants followed by:[15] California 74,784, New York (42,309), Texas (32,226), New Jersey (28,666). The 2000 U.S. census saw a significant decline in Spanish-origin immigrants.[15] California now ranked highest (22,459), followed by, Florida (14,110 arriving from Spain), New York (13,017), New Jersey (9,183), Texas (7,202).
Communities in the United States, in keeping with their strong regional identification in Spain, have established ethnic organizations for Basques, Galicians, Asturians, Andalusians, and other such communities.
These figures show that there was never the mass emigration from Iberia that there was from Latin America. It is evident in the figures that Spanish immigration peaked in the 1910s and 1920s. The majority settled in Florida and New York, although there was also a sizable Spanish influx to West Virginia at the turn of the 20th century, mostly from Asturias. These Asturian immigrants worked in the U.S. zinc industry after having worked in the smelters of Real Compañía Asturiana de Minas in Arnao, on the north coast near Avilés.[16]
It is likely that more Spaniards settled in Latin America than in the United States, due to common language, shared religion, and cultural ties.
Some of the first ancestors of Spanish Americans were Spanish Jews [citation needed] who spoke Ladino, a language derived from Castilian Spanish and Hebrew.
In the 1930s and 1940s, Spanish immigration mostly consisted of refugees fleeing from the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) and from the Franco military regime in Spain, which lasted until his death in 1975. [citation needed] The majority of these refugees were businessmen and intellectuals, as well as union activists, and held strong liberal anti-authoritarian feelings.
California
A Californio (
Since 1945, others sometimes referred to as Californios (many appear in the "Notable Californios" section below) include: Early Alta California immigrants who settled down and made new lives in the province, regardless of where they were born. This group is distinct from indigenous peoples of California. Descendants of Californios, especially those who married other Californios.
The military, religious and civil components of pre-1848 Californio society were embodied in the thinly-populated
The Spanish colonial and later Mexican national governments encouraged settlers from the northern and western provinces of Mexico, whom Californios called "Sonorans." Small groups of people from other parts of Latin America (most notably Peru and Chile) also settled in California. However, only a few official colonization efforts (from New Spain) were ever undertaken—notably the second expeditions of Gaspar de Portolá (1770) and of Juan Bautista de Anza (1775–1776). Children of those few early settlers and retired soldiers became the first Californios. One genealogist estimated that, in 2004, between 300,000 and 500,000 Californians were descendants of Californios.[18]
Florida
In the early 1880s,
Hawaii
Spanish immigration to Hawaii began when the Hawaiian government and the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association (HSPA) decided to supplement their ongoing importation of Portuguese workers to Hawaii with workers recruited from Spain. Importation of Spanish laborers, along with their families, continued until 1913, at which time more than 9,000 Spanish immigrants had been brought in, most recruited to work primarily on the Hawaiian sugar plantations.
The importation of Spanish laborers to Hawaii began in 1907, when the British steamship SS Heliopolis arrived in Honolulu Harbor with 2,246 immigrants from the
Six ships between 1907 and 1913 brought over 9,000 Spanish immigrants from the Spanish mainland to Hawaii. Although many of the Portuguese immigrants who preceded them to Hawaii arrived on small wooden sailing ships of less than a thousand gross tonnage capacity, all of the ships involved in the Spanish immigration were large, steel-hulled, passenger steamships.
Louisiana
The majority of them descend from
New Mexico
This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2017) |
New Mexico belonged to Spain for most of its modern history (16th century – 1821) and later to Mexico (1821–1848). The original name of the region was
There is also a community of people in Southern Colorado descended from Nuevomexicanos that migrated there in the 19th century. The stories and language of the Nuevomexicanos from Northern New Mexico and Southern Colorado were studied by Nuevomexicano ethnographer, linguist, and folklorist Juan Bautista Rael and Aurelio Espinosa.
New York
"Little Spain" was a Spanish American neighborhood in the
Little Spain was on 14th Street, between Seventh and Eighth Avenues.[33] A very different section of Chelsea existed on a stretch of 14th Street often referred to by residents as "Calle Catorce," or "Little Spain".[34] The Church of Our Lady of Guadelupe (No. 299) was founded in 1902, when Spaniards started to settle in the area.[35] Although the Spanish businesses have given way to such nightclubs as Nell's and Oh Johnny on the block between Seventh and Eighth Avenues, the Spanish food and gift emporium known as Casa Moneo was at 210 West 14th from 1929 until the 1980s.[36] In 2010 the documentary Little Spain, directed and written by Artur Balder, was filmed in New York City. The documentary pulled together for first time an archive that reveals the untold history of the Spanish-American presence in Manhattan. They present the history of the streets of Little Spain in New York City throughout the 20th Century.[37] The archive contains more than 450 photographs and 150 documents that have never been publicly displayed.[38][39][40][41][42][43][44]
Other important commerces and Spanish business of Little Spain were restaurants like La Bilbaína, Trocadero Valencia, Bar Coruña, Little Spain Bar, Café Madrid, Mesón Flamenco, or El Faro Restaurant, established 1927, and still today open at 823 Greenwich St. The Iberia was a famous Spanish dress shop.
The heart of the
Another area of influence is the Unanue family of Goya Foods. Its founder, Prudencio Unanue Ortiz, migrated from Spain in the 20th century and established Goya Foods, the largest Hispanic-owned food company in the United States.[45] The family's members include Joseph A. Unanue and Andy Unanue. Goya Foods is the 377th largest private American company.[46]
Culture
Many Spanish Americans still retain aspects of their
Cuisine
In the early 20th century, Prudencio Unanue Ortiz and his wife Carolina established Goya Foods, the largest Hispanic-owned food company in the United States.[45]
Spanish language in the U.S.
Spanish was the second European language spoken in North America after Old Norse, the language of the Viking settlers. It was brought to the territory of what is the contemporary United States of America in 1513 by Juan Ponce de León. In 1565, the Spaniards founded St. Augustine, Florida, the oldest, continuously occupied European settlement in the modern U.S. territory.[47]
Like other descendants of European immigrants,
Language spoken at home and ability to speak English (2013 ACS)[49] | |
---|---|
Spaniard – Language spoken and ability | Percent |
Population 5 years and over | 703,504 |
English only | 68.5% |
Language other than English | 31.5% |
Speak English less than "very well" | 7.1% |
Religion
Many Spanish Americans are more active in Catholic church activities than was common in past generations in Spain; they rarely change their religious affiliation and participate frequently in family-centered ecclesiastical rituals. In both Spain and the United States, events such as first communions and baptisms are felt to be important social obligations that strengthen clan identity.
Socioeconomics
Since Spanish American entrance into the middle class has been widespread, the employment patterns described above have largely disappeared. This social mobility has followed logically from the fact that throughout the history of Spanish immigration to the United States, the percentage of skilled workers remained uniformly high. In the first quarter of the twentieth century, for example, 85 percent of Spanish immigrants were literate, and 36 percent were either professionals or skilled craftsmen. A combination of aptitude, motivation, and high expectations led to successful entry into a variety of fields.[citation needed]
Number of Spanish Americans
Census data
1980
In 1980, 62,747 Americans claimed only Spaniard ancestry and another 31,781 claimed Spaniard along with another ethnic ancestry.[50] 2.6 million or 1.43% of the total U.S. population chose to identify as "Spanish/Hispanic", however this represents a general type of response which will encompass a variety of ancestry groups.[51] Spanish Americans are found in relative numbers throughout United States, particularly in the Southwestern and Gulf Coast. According to the 1980 U.S. census 66.4% reported Spaniard as their main ancestry, while 62.7% reported Spanish/Hispanic as their main ancestry.[52][53][54] The table showing those who self-identified as Spaniard are as follows:
Response | Number | Percent | Northeast | North Central |
South | West | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Single ancestry | 62,747 | 66.4% | 24,048 | 3,011 | 23,123 | 12,565 | |
Multiple ancestry | 31,781 | 33.6% | 9,941 | 2,209 | 11,296 | 8,335 | |
Total reported | 94,528 | 33,989 | 5,220 | 34,419 | 20,900 |
State | Spaniard | Spanish/Hispanic | % |
---|---|---|---|
Florida | 23,698 | 249,196 | 2.6 |
New York | 21,860 | 359,574 | 2.0 |
California | 14,357 | 539,285 | 2.3 |
New Jersey | 8,122 | 126,983 | 1.7 |
Texas | 6,883 | 221,568 | 1.6 |
Colorado | 1,985 | 154,396 | 5.3 |
New Mexico | 1,971 | 281,189 | 21.6 |
Louisiana | 616 | 79,847 | 1.9 |
United States | 94,528 | 2,686,680 | 1.43% |
1990
At a national level the ancestry response rate was high with 90.4% of the total United States population choosing at least one specific ancestry, 11.0% did not specify their ancestry, while 9.6% ignored the question completely. Of those who chose Spaniard, 312,865 or 86.7% of people chose it as their first and main ancestry response while 48,070 or 13.3% chose it as their second ancestry.[55] Totals for the 'Spaniard' showed a considerable increase from the previous census.[56] Table shows population by state of those self identifying as Spaniard.[15][53]
State | Population | % |
---|---|---|
Florida | 78,656 | 0.6 |
California | 74,787 | |
New York | 42,309 | |
Texas | 31,226 | |
New Mexico | 24,861 | |
New Jersey | 23,666 | |
Colorado | 14,052 | |
Arizona | 6,385 | |
United States | 360,935 | 0.1 |
As with the previous census 'Spanish' was considered a general response which may have encompassed a variety of ancestral groups. Over two million self-identified with this response.[57]
2000
In 2000, 299,948 Americans specifically reported their ancestry as "Spaniard", which was a significant decrease over the 1990 data, where in those who reported "Spaniard" numbered 360,858. Another 2,187,144 reported "Spanish"[58] and 111,781 people, reported "Spanish American". To this figures we must adhere some groups of Spanish origin or descent that specified their origin, instead of in Spain, in some of the
- Spaniard – 299,948
- Spanish – 2,187,144
- Spanish American – 111,781
2010
The
- Spaniard – 635,253[61]
Statistics for those who self-identify as ethnic Spaniard, Spanish, Spanish American in the 2010 American Community Survey.
2020
In the most-recent 2020 census 978,978 people reported Spaniard, the tenth most common Hispanic group.[64]
The top 10 states with the largest population who identified their ethnic origins as "Spaniard" in the 2020 census.[65]
U.S. state | Population | |
---|---|---|
California | 192,312 | |
Texas | 120,116 | |
Florida | 83,479 | |
New Mexico | 79,882 | |
Colorado | 58,290 | |
New York | 51,714 | |
Arizona | 36,636 | |
New Jersey | 31,471 | |
Washington | 26,478 | |
Illinois | 18,842 | |
U.S. born | TBA | |
Foreign-born | TBA | |
Total | 978,978 |
In 2020, 866,356 people identified with "Spanish origin", making them the eleventh largest Hispanic group residing in the United States. This number includes people who’s ancestors immigrated directly or indirectly from Spain.[66]
Political participation
With the outbreak of the
Place names of Spanish origin
Year | Population |
---|---|
1980[52] | 94,528
|
1990[53] | 360,935
|
2000[61] | 299,948
|
2010[61] | 635,253
|
2017[67] | 801,636
|
Some Spanish place names in the U.S. include:
- Arizona – possibly from a Spanish word of Basque origin meaning "The Good Oak". However, the toponym does not come from the term Zona Árida.[69]
- Mesa – means "Table"; Spanish explorers used the word because the tops of mesas look like the tops of tables.
- Sierra Vista – "Mountain View"
- California – the state was named for a mythical land described in a popular Spanish novel from around 1500, Las sergas de Esplandián ("The exploits of Esplandián") by Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo.
- Alcatraz Island – "Gannet Island"
- Chula Vista– "Beautiful View"
- Los Angeles – "City of Angels"
- Sacramento – "City of the Sacrament"
- Santa Cruz– "City of the Holy Cross"
- San Diego– "Saint Didacus"
- San Francisco– "Saint Francis"
- San Jose – "Saint Joseph"
- Santa Barbara – "Saint Barbara"
- Florida – "Flowery".
- Boca Raton– "Shallow inlet of sharp–pointed rocks that scrape a ship's cables"
- anglicizationof Cayo Hueso ("Bone Island")
- St. Augustine, Florida – anglicization of San Agustín, founded by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
- Sarasota – "Sheep skin"
- Biscayne Bay – anglicization of Bayo Vizcayno ("Basque Bay")
- Pensacola – Hispanicization of the indigenous name for the region
- Tampa – Hispanicization of the indigenous name for the region
- Miami– Hispanicization of the indigenous name for the region
- Colorado – "Reddish".
- Montana – Montaña, "Mountain".
- Lima – "Lime"
- New Mexico
- Albuquerque, New Mexico – first called La Villa de San Francisco Xavier de Alburquerque, was founded as a Royal city by order of Don Francisco Cuervo y Valdés, 34th Governor of New Mexico, on February 7, 1706.
- Española, New Mexico – "Spanish Woman"
- Santa Fe – "Holy Faith"
- Las Cruces – "The Crosses"
- Madrid – although pronounced "MAD–rid", the city was named for the capital of Spain.
- Texas – Tejas in Spanish and "Slates" in English.
- El Paso– "The Pass"
- Amarillo – "Yellow"
- San Antonio – "St. Anthony"
- Nevada – the name comes from the Spanish Nevada (Spanish: [neˈβaða]), meaning "Snow-covered",[70] after the Sierra Nevada ("Snow-covered mountain range").
- Las Vegas– "The Meadows"
- Oregon – Orejón, "big ear", or could come from Aragón.
People
See also
About Spanish Americans
- Spanish-American relations
- Spanish immigration to Hawaii
- Spanish cuisine
- Asturian Americans
- Canarian Americans
- Isleño
- Galician Americans
- Basque Americans
- Catalan Americans
- Floridanos
- Californio
- Tejano
- Nuevomexicano (New Mexican Spanish)
- Origins of New Mexico Families: A Genealogy of the Spanish Colonial Period
- El Centro Español de Tampa
- Centro Asturiano de Tampa
- History of Ybor City
About Hispanic Americans and Spanish Canadians
- White Americans
- Spanish Canadians
- Criollo people
- Hispanic Society of America
- Notable Hispanics
- White Hispanic
- White Latin Americans
- Hispanic
- Hispanic and Latino Americans
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Further reading
- Colahan, Clark. "Spanish Americans." Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 4, Gale, 2014), pp. 271–281. Online
- Martinelli, Phyllis Cancilla and Ana Varela-Lago (eds.), Hidden Out in the Open: Spanish Migration to the United States, 1875-1930. Louisville: University Press of Colorado, 2019.
- Ramírez, Roberto R. (2004). We the People: Hispanic Population in the United States. Census 2000 Special Reports. U.S. Census Bureau.
External links
- Hispanic Society of America Museum in New York City
- Colahan, Clark (2008). Spanish American Heritage. Multicultural America.
- Pérez, Juan M. (October 2005). The Hispanic Role in America. Coloquio Revista Cultural.
- Survey: 2005 American Community Survey:Hispanic Origin. U.S. Census Bureau.
- Asturian-American Migration Forum. A discussion board for the descendants of Asturian-Americans.