Spanish Colonial Revival architecture
The Spanish Colonial Revival style (
In the
In Mexico, the Spanish Colonial Revival in architecture was tied to the nationalist movement in arts encouraged by the post-Mexican Revolution government. The Mexican style was primarily influenced by the Baroque architecture of central New Spain, in contrast to the U.S. style which was primarily influenced by the northern missions of New Spain. Subsequently, the U.S. interpretation saw popularity in Mexico and was locally termed colonial californiano.
Tract home design in Southern California and Florida largely descends from the early movement. The iconic terracotta shingles and stucco walls have been standard design of new construction in these regions from the 1970s to present.
Development of style
Mediterranean Revival
The antecedents of the Spanish Colonial Revival Style in the United States can be traced to the
Mission Revival
The possibilities of the Spanish Colonial Revival Style were brought to the attention of architects attending late 19th and early 20th centuries international
Florida
By the early years of the 1910s, architects in Florida had begun to work in a Spanish Colonial Revival style.
California
The major location of design and construction in the Spanish Colonial Revival style was California, especially in the coastal cities. In 1915 the
The city of Santa Barbara adopted the style to give it a unified Spanish character after widespread destruction in the 1925 Santa Barbara earthquake. The County Courthouse designed by William Mooser III and the Arlington Theatre designed by Edwards and Plunkett are prime examples. George Washington Smith designed many residences in Santa Barbara including Casa del Herrero and Jackling House, along with businesses Lobero Theatre and the Santa Barbara News-Press.
Real estate developer
Mexico
The Spanish Colonial Revival of Mexico has a distinct origin from the style developed in the United States. Following the Mexican Revolution, there was a wave of nationalism that emphasized national culture, including in architecture. The neocolonial style arose as a response to European eclecticism (favored during the Porfiriato). The 1915 book La patria y la arquitectura nacional by architect Federico E. Mariscal (es) was influential in advocating viceregal architecture as integral to national identity.[4] During the government of President Venustiano Carranza (serving 1917 to 1920), tax exemptions were offered to those that built houses in a colonial style.[5] In the early 1920s there was a surge of houses built with Plateresque elements; such as grotesques, pinnacles and mixtilinear arches (es).[5]
Secretary of Education José Vasconcelos (who shaped the cultural philosophy of the post-Revolution government) was an active promoter of neocolonial architecture.[6] Traditional materials such as tezontle, cantera and Talavera tiles were incorporated into neocolonial buildings.[5]
The colonial-era
Colonial californiano
The style, as developed in the United States, came full circle to its geographic point of inspiration as in the late 1930s, single-family houses were built in
Australia
Influential Australian architects such as Emil Sodersten and Professor Leslie Wilkinson brought back styles from Italy and Spain in the early 20th century convinced that Mediterranean styles would be well-suited for the Australian climate and lifestyle. Mediterranean style became popular in places like
China
In the 1930s, numerous houses in Spanish Revival style were built in
Spanish East Indies
After being conquered and ruled for the Spanish crown, and for the most part being administered as a territory under the jurisdiction of the kingdom of New Spain (Mexico), the Philippines and Mariana islands received Iberian and Latin-American influences in its architecture. By the time the United States occupied the Philippines, the Mission-style and Spanish Colonial Revival architecture also arrived, with inspirations from California. American architects further developed this style in the Philippines, modernizing the buildings with American amenities.
The best example of the Spanish Colonial Revival architecture and California mission style is the famed Manila Hotel designed by William E. Parsons and built in 1909. Other examples exist throughout the country such as Gota de Leche, Paco Market, and thousands more, especially in the churches and cathedrals throughout the country.
Design elements
Spanish Colonial Revival architecture shares some elements with the earlier
Spanish Colonial Revival architecture is characterized by a combination of detail from several eras of
Structural form:
- Rectangular, courtyard, or L-plan.
- Horizontal massing.
- Predominantly one-story.
- Interior or exterior courtyards.
- Asymmetrical shape with cross-gables and side wings.
Notable architects
One of the most accomplished architects of the style was George Washington Smith who practiced during the 1920s in Santa Barbara, California. His own residences El Hogar (1916, a.k.a. Casa Dracaena) and Casa del Greco (1920) brought him commissions from local society in Montecito and Santa Barbara. An example landmark house he designed is the Steedman estate Casa del Herrero in Montecito, now a registered National Historic Landmark and restored historic house—landscape museum. Other examples are the Jackling House and Lobero Theatre also in California.
In California
Bertram Goodhue and Carleton Winslow initiated the style as the dominant historical regional style in California; they also influenced Hawaiian architecture in the 1920s. Notable in Californian architecture were the following architects:[10]
- John Byers, AIA
- Birge Clark, FAIA
- Edwards and Plunkett
- Elmer Grey, AIA
- Sumner P. Hunt, AIA
- Reginald Johnson, FAIA
- William Templeton Johnson, FAIA
- Julia Morgan, AIA (AIA Gold Medalist)
- Wallace Neff, FAIA
- Lionel Pries
- Richard Requa
- Lilian Jeannette Rice, AIA
- Lutah Maria Riggs, FAIA
- Clarence J. Smale
- George Washington Smith
- Robert H. Spurgeon Jr.
- Paul Revere Williams, FAIA (AIA Gold Medalist)
Currently:
- Kevin A. Clark
- Marc Appleton, AIA
- Michael Burch, FAIA
- Thomas Bollay, AIA
In Florida
In Florida notable architects include:[10]
- John Elliot
- Maurice Fatio, AIA
- Harry Griffin, AIA
- Richard Kiehnel, AIA of Kiehnel and Elliott
- Addison Mizner
- Wallace Neff, FAIA
- Albert Pierce
- James Gamble Rogers II, FAIA
- Robert Weed, FAIA
- Marion Wyeth, FAIA
In Hawaii
- Louis Davis
- G. Robert Miller, AIA
- Bertram Goodhue FAIA's junior partner, Hardie Phillip, FAIA
List of example structures
- San Diego, California: by Bertram Goodhue, for the Panama–California Exposition(1915-15).
- Casa del Herrero, Montecito, California, architects George Washington Smith and Lutah Maria Riggs, 1926.
- The Main Quad and many buildings in the campus of Stanford University, designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, 1886–1891.
- "Casa Dracaena" (a.k.a. El Hogar or Heberton House), George Washington Smith residence #1, 1916.
- Glendale Southern Pacific Railroad Depot, by Maurice Couchot & Kenneth MacDonald, Jr. in Glendale, California, opened 1923.
- Santa Barbara County Courthouse, by William Mooser III, in Santa Barbara, California, completed 1929.
- George Fearn House in Mobile, Alabama, completed 1904.
- Farmer's Bank in Vero Beach, Florida, completed in 1914.
- Adamson House, "Taj Mahal of Tile" by Stiles O. Clements, in Malibu, California, completed 1930.
- Alice Lynch Residence in Los Angeles, California, completed in 1922
- San Diego, California, 1917–1930
- Naval Training Center, San Diego, California, completed 1923 (Buildings 1–26, and Officer's Quarters "A"-"D"). Other phases completed 1936 (Barracks 27–30, Camp Lawrence), and 1942 (Camp Luce).
- Quapaw Baths building in Bathhouse Row, Hot Springs, Arkansas, completed in 1922.
- "Casa de las Campañas" in Los Angeles, California, completed in 1928.
- Hollywood, California, completed 1924.
- Frank H. Upham House in Altadena, California, completed 1928.
- Azalea Court Apartments in Mobile, Alabama, completed in 1928.
- "La Casa Nueva", Workman and Temple Family Estate, in City of Industry, California, completed 1927.
- Castillo Serrallés in Ponce, Puerto Rico, completed in the 1930s.
- Newhall, California, completed in the early 1920s.
- Gaylord Suites in San Francisco, California, completed in 1928.
- Randolph Air Force Base (various structures) near San Antonio, Texas, designed in 1929.
- Hollywood, Homewood, Alabama, a 1926 residential development in Homewood, Alabama.
- El Capitan Theatre, Hollywood, built in 1928.
- "Death Valley Ranch", "Scotty's Castle", a landmark in Death Valley National Park, which was begun in 1922 and had construction on the original design continue sporadically as late as 1943.
- Scripps College, by Gordon Kaufmann and Sumner Hunt, in Claremont, California, women's college and campus established in 1926 by Ellen Browning Scripps.
- Hamilton Air Force Base, in San Francisco Bay Area near Novato, California, completed in 1934.
- Pima County Courthouse in Tucson, Arizona, designed by Roy Place.
- Benedictine Monastery in Tucson, Arizona, also designed by Roy Place. http://www.tucsonmonastery.com/
- Clausen & Clausen, Davenport, Iowa, constructed in 1909.
- Bakewell and Brown, in Pasadena, California, completed 1927.
- Hortonville Community Hall, by Robert Messmer, in Hortonville, Wisconsin, built in 1912.
- Thomas Jefferson Hotel in Birmingham, Alabama, opened in 1929.
- Adler Hotel in Sharon Springs, New York, built in 1928.[11]
- El Reno Municipal Swimming Pool Bath House in El Reno, Oklahoma, completed in 1935.
- Plaza del Lago in Wilmette, Illinois, completed in 1928 by Henry Gage[12]
- Camarillo State Hospital in Camarillo, California, first phase completed in 1936 by State Architect Howard Spencer Hazen, built to completion in 1957. With the hospital's closure in 1997, the site has been redeveloped into California State University Channel Islands (opened in 2002), with all the new college buildings retaining the Spanish Colonial Revival architecture and Mission Revival architecture, except the John Spoor Broome Library--the only modern-style building on campus.
- Antiga Estação Transmissora da Rádio Farroupilha (former Farroupilha Radio Broadcast Station), an example from Porto Alegre, city in far southern Brazil, opened in 1952, closed in 1986.
Gallery
-
Casa del Prado Theatre & Balboa Park,San Diego, California(1915).
-
Queens College in New York City still uses many of its original Spanish-style buildings, which were built in the early 20th century.
-
Newhall, California, designed by architect Arthur R. Kellyand built between 1924 and 1928.
-
Presidential Palace in Cerro Castillo, Viña del Mar, Chile (1930).
See also
- Mediterranean Revival Style architecture
- Mission Revival Style architecture
- Mar del Plata style - eclectic vernacular architecture from Argentina featuring some Spanish Colonial characteristics
- Revivalism (architecture)
- pavilionserected for this event fall under the style
- Category: Spanish Revival architecture
- Spanish Revival architects
- Spanish Colonial Revival architects
- Spanish Colonial Revival architecture in California
References
- Notes
- ^ Bailey, Gauvin Alexander. Art of Colonial Latin America (London: Phaidon Press 2005): 402-05.
- ^ "File: mw137h3.jpg, (364 × 216 px)". erbzine.com. Retrieved September 6, 2015.
- ^ "File: 79983-004-5084E319.jpg, (391 × 450 px)". media-2.web.britannica.com. November 22, 2004. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
- ISBN 9780803293922. Retrieved May 24, 2017.
- ^ ISBN 9789706892508. Retrieved May 24, 2017.
- ISBN 9780292708532. Retrieved May 24, 2017.
- ISBN 9780742557314.
- ^ "Spanish Mission/Mediterranean, Manly City Council, 2006". manly.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
- ^ "Spanish mission style - Australian Capital Territory". Sydney Morning Herald. October 31, 2007. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
- ^ a b Mediterranean Domestic Architecture in the United States Newcomb, Appleton
- ISBN 9781467122757. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
- )
Further reading
- Gauvin Alexander Bailey, Art of Colonial Latin America. London: Phaidon Press, 2005.
- Newcomb, Rexford, Mediterranean Domestic Architecture in the United States. Marc Appleton, intro. New York: Acanthus Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-926494-13-8
- Weitze, K. (1984). California's Mission Revival. Hennessy & Ingalls, Inc., Los Angeles, CA. ISBN 0-912158-89-1.
- Nolan, David, The Houses of St. Augustine. Sarasota, Pineapple Press, 1995.
- Nylander, Justin A., Casas to Castles: Florida's Historic Mediterranean Revival Architecture. Schiffer, 2010. ISBN 978-0-7643-3435-1
- Mockler, Kim. Maurice Fatio: Palm Beach Architect. New York: Acanthus Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-926494-09-1