Spanish Fury
A Spanish Fury (or the Spanish Terror) was a number of violent
The most notorious Spanish Fury was the sack of Antwerp in November 1576. In English, this, and the mutinous campaign of 1576 in general, tends to be what is meant by "Spanish Fury". In Dutch, the term includes a wider range of sackings, in particular the city punishments of 1572.[1][2][3] The events of the Spanish Fury contributed to the creation of anti-Spanish sentiment in many parts of Europe.
Background
Several requests were made for relaxation of religious coercion in the
The
Spanish Furies
By underpaid military under the regular command
Looting a conquered town was not uncommon, and Governor Alba took it a step further by intentionally setting horrifying examples against sympathy for the rebels.[6][7]
- The penitence in a gesture of surrender, from 2 October 1572, under command of Governor Alva's[Note 2] son Fadrique, during three days the city was sacked by his slaughtering, raping and pillaging troops. Alva reported to King Philip II (who later imprisoned him) that "no nail was left in the wall".[8][9][10]
- The Guelders, and in November easily regained Zutphen, which had been taken for Orange in June. Don Fadrique ordered his men to kill the garrison and allowed them to murder and plunder the city. After the Spanish Fury at Zutphen, the counties on its north capitulated.[11]
- By December at Naarden, Holland, the inhabitants negotiated their surrender but the city was sacked and burnt down, and only 60 people survived the Massacre of Naarden.[11]
- The Spanish Fury at Haarlem, in 1573, following the half-year-long Siege of Haarlem[12]
By December 1573, high, yet ineffective, financial expenditures, and complaints about the sheer cruelty of the governor's expeditions, led Philip II to
In October 1576, during the city of
- The Spanish Fury of October 1576 refers to the subsequent punishment of the city with a pillaging bloodbath.[3][13][14][15]
By abandoned military on looting expedition
Upon Requesens' death in March 1576, the Spanish king appointed his own half-brother Don Juan as Governor-General of the Netherlands but hesitated several months before notifying him. Even then, Don Juan did not hurry to proceed to the Netherlands. The abandoned officers and ordinary soldiers were not being paid and started a mutinous looting campaign.
- The Spanish Fury at Brabant.[3]
- The Spanish Fury at Antwerp, the most famous event by this name, also known as the Sack of Antwerp, occurred when the forces coming from Aalst and those from Maastricht met in November 1576. A thousand buildings were torched and as many as 17,000 men, women, and children were killed.[18]
Aftermath
The Pacification of Ghent by which both Calvinists and Catholics decided to expel all Spanish troops, and for which negotiations had been going on since the sack of Aalst, was signed a few days after Antwerp's fate.[17] It was acceded to on 12 February 1577 by governor-general Don Juan when he signed the
By uncontrolled victorious military
Alexander Farnese, son of Margaret of Parma, reconquered a large part of the Netherlands by methods found honourable by friend and foe. Thereupon the Union of Arras was signed and only weeks later, on January 23, 1579, the Union of Utrecht, at which the separation between southern and northern Netherlands became a fact. But the War was not finished.
Between 12 March and 1 July 1579, both sides suffered hard in the siege of Maastricht.[Note 5] The victorious attackers then held a second Spanish Fury at Maastricht which killed all but 400 people out of a population of 30,000.[18]
See also
Notes
- ^ The 80 Years' War can be seen to have started on 13 March 1567 with the defeat of the rebels at Oosterweel, or eleven days later, when besieged Valenciennes surrendered. The rebels' first victory, in May 1568 at Heiligerlee, is by the Dutch often regarded as the start of the War.
- Dukes of Alba that played an active role in the 16th century Netherlands, Fernando and Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, are in the Low Countries, in their present language still, referred to as 'Alva'. Though the usual short name is 'Alba' in English, the Dutch one is occasionally borrowed for English language texts, e.g. chapter "Alva's Throne: Making Sense of the Revolt of the Netherlands" by Henk van Nierop in Graham Darby's The Origins and Development of the Dutch Revolt.
- ^
Queen ISBN 978-0-7499-0982-6. p. 320) In 1558, 'Bloody Mary' had died without such heir, de facto having kept the throne of a country in crisis warm for Elizabeth.
- ^ Philip II would much later appoint another son of his sister Maria and Emperor Maximilian II, Matthias' brother Ernest as governor-general of the Spanish Netherlands.
- ^ Maastricht was besieged at many other occasions, e.g. it withstood a siege by troops of Liège and Loon in 1407–1408, lost the city's siege of 1673 during the Franco-Dutch War, and the siege of its barrier fortress, in 1748, by the end of the War of the Austrian Succession.
References
- ISBN 978-1-120-15859-8. (paperback pub. by Kessinger Publishing). Archived from the originalon 18 July 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
Philip replied by dispatching Alva and ten thousand troops, who inaugurated the 'Spanish Fury,' in which eighteen thousand six hundred persons were put to death, beside those who were killed in armed resistance.
- ^ Krüger: "Die 'Spaanse Furie' wütete über mehrere Jahre: Mecheln, Zutphen und Naarden wurden geplündert, ebenso Haarlem, Oudewater und Bommende. Am Schlimmsten aber traf es Antwerpen"
- ^ a b c Van der Schoot, Y. "De Hervorming te Brugge" (PDF) (in Dutch). Protestantse Kerk Brugge, Brugge, Belgium. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
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- ^ "Coornhert en de Opstand: geen 'zoete vrijheid' zonder religievrede" (PDF). Part from introduction to: J. Gruppelaar, Coornhert Politieke geschriften. Opstand en Religievrede, Amsterdam, AUP, 2009 (in Dutch). Online by Weet en Durf, Netherlands. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
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- ^ Baelde (1976) p. 376
- ^ Arnade (2008) p. 225–226
- Alba was accused of following his own whims rather than Philip's . According toMedinaceli reported to the king that 'Excessive rigour, the misconduct of some officers and soldiers, and the Tenth Penny, are the cause of all the ills, and not heresy or rebellion.' ... One of the governor’s officers reported that in the Netherlands 'the name of the house of Alba' was held in abhorrence."
- ^ Arnade (2008) p. 226–229 For the sack of Mechelen, Arnade also refers to: Marnef, Guido Het Calvinistisch bewind te Mechelen, 1580–85. Kortrijk-Heule, 1987.
- ^ Elsen, Jean (February 2007). "De nood- en belegeringsmunten van de Nederlandse opstand tegen Filips II – Historisch kader" (PDF). Collection J.R. Lasser (New York). Nood- en belegeringsmunten, Deel II (in Dutch). Jean Elsen & ses Fils s.a., Brussels, Belgium. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
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- ^ a b Allen, Charlotte. "First Things – Books in Review: Harline, Craig; Put, Eddy. A Bishop's Tale: Mathias Hovius Among His Flock in Seventeenth-Century Flanders. Yale University Press. 387 pp". First Things, New York, USA, (c) 2001 upd. July 2002. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
The Spanish Fury, which ruined Mechelin's economy, was followed by the English Fury, an invasion in 1580 launched by the Dutch ally Elizabeth I that included a spree of burning, looting, and clergy–killing
- ^ a b Arnade (2008) p. 232–244
- ^ "De geschiedenis van het duodorp Halfweg en Zwanenburg – Of: de historie van 1 Russische tsaar, 3000 Spaanse soldaten en enkele miljoenen suikerbieten" (in Dutch). Vereniging Dorpsraad Zwanenburg-Halfweg, Netherlands. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
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- ^ Hooft, Pieter Corneliszoon; ed. Hellinga, W.; ed. Tuynman, P. (1642–1647). "Nederlandsche Historien, Vol. 11". Nederlandsche Historien (in Dutch). University Press Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1972 (Online by dbnl, 2007). pp. 463–464. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
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- ^ Motley (1855) Vol. III, chapter V. 1576–1577
- ^ "Don Juan" (in Dutch). Municipality of Maastricht. 2008. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
- ^ Baelde (1976) p. 374
- ^ a b Morris (1998) p. 273
- ^ ISBN 9781136577369.
- ^ Russel, William (1789). "Part I. From the Rise of the Modern Kingdoms to the Peace of Westphalia, in 1648". The History of Modern Europe: With an Account of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, and a View of the Progress of Society from the Rise of the Modern Kingdoms to the Peace of Paris in 1763. Vol. 3. G.G.J. – J. Robinson – A. Hamilton. pp. 9–11. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
Bibliography
- Arnade, Peter J. (2008). Beggars, iconoclasts, and civic patriots: the political culture of the Dutch Revolt. Cornell University Press. p. 352. ISBN 978-0801474965. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
- Tracy, James D (2008). The Founding of the Dutch Republic – War, Finance, and Politics in Holland, 1572–1588. Oxford University Press, Oxford. p. 343. ISBN 978-0199209118.
- Burg, David F. (2003). A World History of Tax Rebellions – An Encyclopedia of Tax Rebels, Revolts, and Riots from Antiquity to the Present. Routledge, New York & London, 2004 (Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005). pp. 168–170: 1567 Revolt of the Netherlands. ISBN 0415924987. (alk. paper). (Master e-book). (Adobe eReader format). Or, if and while it is (again) available, the most relevant chapter only:
- Burg, David F (2003). A World History of Tax Rebellions – An Encyclopedia of Tax Rebels, Revolts, and Riots from Antiquity to the Present, chapter 1567 Revolt of the Netherlands. Taylor and Francis, London, Routledge, 2004. ISBN 978-0203500897. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2011.)
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ignored (help
- Burg, David F (2003). A World History of Tax Rebellions – An Encyclopedia of Tax Rebels, Revolts, and Riots from Antiquity to the Present, chapter 1567 Revolt of the Netherlands. Taylor and Francis, London, Routledge, 2004.
- Morris, Terence Alan (1998). Europe and England in the sixteenth century. Routledge, London, UK & New York, 1998 (Taylor & Francis eLibrary, 2003). p. 359. ISBN 978-0415150415. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
- Duffy, Christopher (1979). Siege Warfare: The Fortress in the Early Modern World, 1494–1660, chapter Four. The Eighty Years War in the Netherlands 1566–1648. Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, London – Broadway House, Henley on Thames, 1979. pp. 58–105. ISBN 071008871X. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
- Baelde, Michel (1976). "De pacificatie van Gent in 1576 – Hoop en twijfel in de Nederlanden, in: BMGN: Low Countries Historical Review, Vol. 91" (PDF). Koninklijk Nederlands Historisch Genootschap, the Netherlands (in Dutch). p. 393. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
- Krüger, Norbert. "Herzogtum Brabant, Freiheitskriege 1568–1648". Krüger, Norbert (in German). Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
- Motley, John Lothrop (1855). The Rise of the Dutch Republic. (Online Project Gutenberg, 2006 upd. 2009). Vol. I 1555–66, II 1566–74, and III 1574–84
External links
- "William the Silent". Journal of the Dutch Burgher Union of Ceylon Vol. VIII Parts I, II & III (PDF). Dutch Burgher Community, Colombo, Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka). 1915. pp. 11–28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2011. – A (northern) Dutch recount of the 16th century retated to the Seventeen Provinces
- Groen van Prinsterer, Guillaume. Archives ou correspondance inédite de la maison d'Orange-Nassau (première série) (in Old French and Dutch). Leiden, 1847 (Online by dbnl, 2009).
- Vol. I 1552–65, II 1566, III 1567–72, IV 1572–74, V 1574–77, VI 1577–79, VII 1579–81, VIII 1581–84, Suppl., Cont.
- German translation: Groen van Prinsterer, Guillaume (1837). "Nº 1, 2, 3: Archives ou correspondance inédite de la maison d'Orange-Nassau". Heidelberger Jahrbücher der Literatur, 30-er Jg. (1837) (in German). Translated by Schlosser. Heidelberg University J.C.B. Mohr. pp. 1–87. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
- the book's article on this Wikipedia)
- "Vargas, Juan de – Spaans jurist en politicus – Madrid, 1517 – Spanje, 1575–1580 – Biografie". (chapter is shortened online translation of: Versele, Julie. Nouvelle Biographie Nationale 7, Brussels, 2003). De Tachtigjarige Oorlog (in Dutch). Universiteit Leiden, Netherlands. 26 April 2010. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
- "Roda, Jerónimo de – Spaans politicus en rechtsgeleerde, lid van de Raad van Beroerten, lid van de Raad van State – Murcia, omstreeks 1525–1530 – Grenada, 1580". (chapter is shortened online translation of: Versele, Julie. Nouvelle Biographie Nationale 7, Brussels, 2003). De Tachtigjarige Oorlog (in Dutch). Universiteit Leiden, Netherlands. 26 April 2010. Archived from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
- Algra, Ale; Algra, Hendrik (1956). "Dispereert niet. Twintig eeuwen historie van de Nederlanden". Digitale bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse letteren (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 August 2011. (In particular Part I; A reformist point of view)