Spanish Socialist Workers' Party

Spanish Socialist Workers' Party Partido Socialista Obrero Español
Abbreviation	PSOE
Secretary General	Pedro Sánchez
Deputy Secretary General	María Jesús Montero
President	Cristina Narbona
Founder	Pablo Iglesias Posse
Founded	2 May 1879; 144 years ago (1879-05-02)
Headquarters	C/ Ferraz, 70 28008, Madrid
Newspaper	El Socialista
Student wing	Campus Joven
Youth wing	Socialist Youth of Spain
Membership (2022)	159,943[1]
Ideology	Social democracy[2]
Political position	Centre-left[3][4]
National affiliation	Republican–Socialist Conjunction (1909–1919, 1931–1933) Alliance of the Left (1918) Popular Front (1936–1939)
European affiliation	Party of European Socialists
International affiliation	Progressive Alliance Socialist International
European Parliament group	Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats
Colours	Red
Anthem	"Himno del PSOE"[5] "Anthem of the PSOE"
Congress of Deputies	120 / 350
Senate	88 / 266
European Parliament (Spanish seats)	21 / 59
Regional Parliaments	324 / 1,261
Regional Governments	3 / 19
Local government	20,784 / 60,941
Election symbol
Website
www.psoe.es
Politics of Spain Political parties Elections

The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (Spanish: Partido Socialista Obrero Español [paɾˈtiðo soθjaˈlista oˈβɾeɾo espaˈɲol] ^ⓘ; abbr. PSOE [peˈsoe] ^ⓘ) is a social-democratic^[2][6] political party in Spain. The PSOE has been in government longer than any other political party in modern democratic Spain: from 1982 to 1996 under Felipe González, 2004 to 2011 under José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, and since 2018 under Pedro Sánchez.

The PSOE was founded in 1879, making it the oldest party currently active in Spain. The PSOE played a key role during the Second Spanish Republic, being part of the coalition government from 1931 to 1933 and 1936 to 1939, when the republic was defeated by Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War. The party was then banned under Franco's dictatorship and its members and leaders were persecuted or exiled; the ban was only lifted in 1977 in the transition to democracy that followed Franco's death. Historically Marxist, it abandoned the ideology in 1979.^[7] Like most mainstream Spanish political organizations since the mid–1980s, the PSOE has been considered by experts to have embraced a positive outlook towards European integration.^{[8][n. 1]}

The PSOE has historically had strong ties with the General Union of Workers (UGT), a major Spanish trade union. For a couple of decades, UGT membership was a requirement for PSOE membership. However, since the 1980s the UGT has frequently criticised the economic policies of the PSOE, even calling for general strikes against the PSOE governments on 14 December 1988,^[9] 28 May 1992, 27 January 1994 and 29 September 2010, jointly with the Workers' Commissions, another major trade union in Spain. Both the trade unions and the left have often criticised the economic policies of the PSOE for their economically liberal nature. They have denounced policies including deregulation and the increase in precarious and temporary work, cuts in unemployment and retirement benefits, and the privatisation of big state-owned organisations and public services.^[10] The PSOE has traditionally attracted a higher share of female voters than its rivals.^[11] Same-sex marriage and adoption were legalised in 2005 under the Zapatero Government and, more recently, a transgender rights bill was passed to allow more freedom in regards to gender identity."^{[12][13][14][15]}

The PSOE is a member of the Party of European Socialists, Progressive Alliance and the Socialist International.^[9] The PSOE's 21 Members of the European Parliament sit in the Socialists and Democrats European parliamentary group.

History

Restoration regime (1879–1931)

The PSOE was founded by Pablo Iglesias on 2 May 1879 in the Casa Labra tavern in Tetuán Street near the Puerta del Sol at the centre of Madrid.^[16][17] Iglesias was a typesetter who had become in contact in the past with the Spanish section of the International Workingmen's Association and with Paul Lafargue.^[17] The first program of the new political party was passed in an assembly of 40 people on 20 July of that same year. The bulk of the growth of the PSOE and its affiliated trade union, the Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT) was chiefly restricted to the Madrid-Biscay-Asturias triangle up until the 1910s.^[18] The obtaining of a seat at the Congress by Pablo Iglesias at the 1910 Spanish general election in which the PSOE candidates presented within the broad Republican–Socialist Conjunction became a development of great symbolical transcendence and gave the party more publicity at the national level.^[19]

The PSOE and the UGT took a leading role in the general strike of August 1917 in the context of the events leading to the Spanish crisis of 1917 during the conservative government of Eduardo Dato. The strike was crushed by the army as a result of further undermining of the constitutional order.^[20] The members of the organizing committee (Julián Besteiro, Francisco Largo Caballero, Daniel Anguiano and Andrés Saborit) were accused of sedition and sentenced to life imprisonment.^[21] Sent to the prison of Cartagena,^[21] they were released a year later after being elected to the Cortes in the 1918 Spanish general election. During the 1919−1921 crisis of the socialist internationals, the party experienced tensions between the members endorsing the Socialist International and the advocates for joining the Communist International. Two consecutive splits of dissidents willing to join the Communist International, namely the Spanish Communist Party in 1920^[22] and the Spanish Communist Workers' Party in 1921,^[23] broke away from the PSOE and soon merged to create the Communist Party of Spain (PCE). The PSOE was a member of the Labour and Socialist International between 1923 and 1940.^[24]

After the death of Pablo Iglesias in 1925, Julián Besteiro replaced him as president of both the PSOE and the UGT. During the 1923–1930 dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera, corporatist PSOE and UGT elements were willing to engage in limited collaboration with the regime, against the political stance defended by other socialists such as Indalecio Prieto and Fernando de los Ríos, who instead advocated a closer collaboration with republican forces.^[25] The last years of the dictatorship saw a divergence emerge among the corporatist which was personified by Francisco Largo Caballero, who began to endorse the rapport with bourgeois republicans; and Julián Besteiro, who continued to show great distrust towards them.^[26] Besteiro's refusal to participate in the Revolutionary Committee led to his resignation as president both of the party and the trade union in February 1931.^[27] He was replaced as president of the party by Remigio Cabello.^[28]

Second Republic and Civil War (1931–1939)

After the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic on 14 April 1931, three PSOE members were included in the cabinet of the provisional government, namely Indalecio Prieto (Finance), Fernando de los Ríos (Education) and Francisco Largo Caballero (Labour). The socialist presence remained in the rest of cabinets of the Social-Azañist Biennium (1931–1933).

After the November 1933 general election which marked a win for the centre-right forces in a climate of increasing polarization and growing unemployment, along with a desire to make amends for the mistake of not having sided with the republicans in the election against the united right, Largo Caballero adopted a revolutionary rhetoric, calling for violent revolution and a transitionary dictatorship of the proletariat.^[29][30] Indalecio Prieto had also participated in the increasingly aggressive rhetoric, having already condemned the heavy-hand repression of the December 1933 largely anarchist uprising by the government, that has been cheered on by the CEDA leaders on parliament.^[31] The Socialist Youth of Spain (JSE) also engaged into a shrilling revolutionary rhetoric while Besteiro firmly opposed the insurrectionary drift of the militancy.^[32]

The formation of a new cabinet that included CEDA ministers in October 1934 was perceived among the left as a reaction,^[33] with the CEDA party being indistinguishable from contemporary fascism to most workers^[34] while CEDA leader Gil-Robles had advocated the establishment of a corporative state already in the 1933 electoral campaign.^[35] The UGT called for a nationwide general strike for 5 October which developed into a full-blown insurrection (the Revolution of 1934) in the mining region of Asturias which was vocally supported by socialists such as Largo Caballero and Prieto. After the end of the revolt, whose repression was entrusted to generals Francisco Franco and Manuel Goded, most PSOE and UGT leaders were jailed.^[36]

A growing rift between Prieto and Largo Caballero (with disparate views of politics, albeit sharing a general pragmatist approach) formed in 1935 while Besteiro's hold on the party diminished significantly.^[37] Followers of Indalecio Prieto would ultimately become "estranged from the party left".^[38] The PSOE formed part of the broad left-wing Popular Front electoral coalition that stood for election in the 1936 Spanish general election and achieved a victory in seats over the right.

In September 1936, a few months into the Spanish Civil War (which lasted until 1939), a cabinet presided over by Largo Caballero was formed (he also held the functions of Minister of War). In November, Largo Caballero succeeded in bringing some CNT members into his government. The left socialist caballeristas were revolutionary in rhetoric, although in reality they proposed moderate reformist policies while in government.^[38] The May Days of 1937 in Barcelona destabilised the government which was replaced by a new cabinet led by Juan Negrín, another socialist.

Clandestinity and exile (1939–1974)

With the PSOE reduced to clandestinity during the

Disputes between the followers of Indalecio Prieto (who had exiled to Mexico) and Juan Negrín over the political strategy of the Republican government in exile soon arose. Negrín, whose 1937–1939 spell at the government in wartime was seen negatively by large elements of both caballerista and prietista extraction, had become vilified.^[40] The party was re-organized along new lines in 1944 in the 1st Congress in Exile that took place in Toulouse and in which Rodolfo Llopis became the party's new secretary-general.^[41]

The PSOE congresses in exile during the post-war period were marked by strong anti-communist positions as a reflection of how the exiles remembered the last events of the Civil War (which featured bitter strifes with the communists) and in line with the stance of other parties of the Socialist International during the Cold War, neglecting any kind of rapprochement with the Communist Party of Spain (PCE).^[42] The relative void left in Spain by the PSOE, with a Toulouse-based direction lacking in dynamism and innovation, was filled by the PCE and other new clandestine organizations such as the Agrupación Socialista Universitaria (ASU), the Popular Liberation Front (FELIPE) or later the Enrique Tierno Galván's Socialist Party of the Interior.^[43] The Toulouse executive board became increasingly detached from the party in Spain in the 1960s an insurmountable chasm between the former and the party in the interior was already defined by 1972.^[44]

Return to democracy

González leadership (1974–1996)

The 25th party congress was held in

At the 27th party congress in May 1979, González resigned because the party would not abandon its Marxist character. In September of that year, the extraordinary 28th congress was called in which González was re-elected when the party agreed to move away from Marxism. Western European social-democratic parties supported González's stand and the

Although the party had opposed NATO, most party leaders supported keeping Spain inside the organisation after reaching the government. The González administration organised a referendum on the question in 1986, calling for a favourable vote, and won. The administration was criticised for avoiding the official names of North Atlantic Treaty Organisation and NATO, using the unofficial Atlantic Alliance terms. A symbol of this U-turn is Javier Solana who campaigned against NATO but ended up years later as its Secretary General. The PSOE supported the United States in the Gulf War (1991). PSOE won the 1986, 1989 and 1993 general elections. Under the Gonzalez administration, public expenditure on education, health, and pensions rose in total by 4.1 points of the country's GDP between 1982 and 1992.^[45]

Economic crisis and

In the 2003 Catalan regional election, the PSOE's Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC) increased its vote total, but ended up in second place after Convergence and Union. After a period of negotiations, the party formed a pact with the Initiative for Catalonia Greens, the Republican Left of Catalonia and the United and Alternative Left, governing Catalonia until 2010.

In the

After waning popularity throughout their second term, mainly due to their handling of the worsening economic climate in Spain in the aftermath of the 2007–2008 financial crisis, the PSOE was defeated in the 2011 Spanish general election by the conservative People's Party.^{[citation needed]} Shortly after, an extraordinary congress was held in which Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba, former Deputy to Zapatero and Minister of the Interior, was elected Secretary-General defeating Carme Chacón, the other candidate, who stood for the Zapatero platform. This victory caused huge internal divisions and weakened the party's external image.

In 2013, the PSOE held a political conference which introduced a completely new platform, widely seen as a move to the left in an attempt to regain votes from parties such as the United Left, whose popularity rose steadily due to the general discontent with the two-party system and spending cuts. That platform was the basis for the 2014 European Parliament election manifesto, promoted as a solid alternative to the conservative plan for Europe. The expectations inside the party which chose Elena Valenciano as their election candidate were optimistic, but the PSOE suffered another defeat due to the appearance of new parties such as Podemos which managed to gain the support of left-wing voters, with PSOE winning 14 seats. Shortly thereafter, Rubalcaba resigned as Secretary-General and an Extraordinary Congress was convoked.

Sánchez leadership (2014–present)

This party congress was the first to use a primary election system with three candidates, namely Pedro Sánchez, Eduardo Madina and José Antonio Pérez Tapias. Sánchez was elected with 49% of the vote of the affiliates and therefore became Secretary-General on 27 July 2014.

In the

With the exception of the

On 26 May 2019, the PSOE became the largest Spanish party in the European Parliament following the 2019 European Parliament election. The PSOE gained six seats to bring their total to 20 and won all but eight provinces in the country. 26 May also saw regional elections for every region in the country except Valencia, Catalonia, Andalusia, the Basque Country and Galicia. In every region, the PSOE gained seats and votes from the 2015 regional elections. The PSOE finished first in terms of votes and seats in every region except for Cantabria, where the Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC) finished first and the PSOE third behind the PP; and Navarra, where the conservative regionalist NA+ finished first and the Socialist Party of Navarre finished second. PSOE governments were re-elected in Castilla-La Mancha and Extremadura, with the party receiving an absolute majority of seats in both regions. The party took over the Presidency of the Canary Islands with the support of New Canaries and Podemos, ending 26 years of Canarian Coalition government. On the same date, the PSOE became the largest party in the municipalities following the local elections.

Following months of political deadlock, Sánchez called a second general election in seven months. In the

On 2021, PSOE started a podcast called Donde hay partido.^[49]

Political ideology

From Marxism to social democracy

The PSOE was founded with the purpose of representing and defending the interests of the

The PSOE defines itself as social democratic, left-wing and progressive.^[50][51][52] It is grouped with other self-styled socialists, social democrats and labour parties in the Party of European Socialists, and supports pro-Europeanism.^[53] During his shift to the left in 2017, party leader Pedro Sánchez stood for a refoundation of social democracy in order to transition to a post-capitalist society and end neoliberal capitalism^[54] as well as for the indissoluble link between social democracy and Europe.^[55]

Federalism

During the Second Spanish Republic, the structure of the state was still open within the party, with two differing views, namely a centralist view as well as a federal one competing against one another.^[56] The later years of the Francoist dictatorship saw a period in which the PSOE defended the right to "self-determination of the peoples of Spain", as a reflection of a newer ideological and a pragmatist approach of the party.^[57] Ultimately, the party, while sticking to their preference for a federal system, gradually ceased to mention the notion of self-determination during the Spanish transition to democracy.^[58] Ideas in support of to the independence of the autonomous territories of Catalonia, the Basque Country and Galicia, have been adopted by some elements of the party, while the others in the PSOE are heavily critical of said notions, because, as they see it, the principle of territorial equality among the autonomous communities would be under threat if the autonomous territories became independent.^[59]

Electoral performance

Restoration and Republican Cortes

Restoration Cortes (1876–1923) Republican Cortes (1931–1939)
Election	Leading candidate	Coalition	Seats	+/–	Status
1907	Pablo Iglesias Posse	None	0 / 404	0	No seats
1910		within CRS	1 / 404	1	Opposition
1914		within CRS	1 / 408	0	Opposition
1916		within CRS	1 / 409	0	Opposition
1918		within AI	6 / 409	5	Opposition
1919		within CRS	6 / 409	0	Opposition
1920		None	4 / 409	2	Opposition
1923		None	7 / 409	3	Opposition
1931	Francisco Largo Caballero	within CRS	116 / 470	109	Coalition (1931–1933)
					Opposition (1933)
1933		None	59 / 473	57	Opposition
1936	Indalecio Prieto	within FP	99 / 473	40	Opposition (1936)
					Coalition (1936–1939)

Cortes Generales

Cortes Generales
Election	Leading candidate	Congress				Senate		Government
		Votes	%	Seats	+/–	Seats	+/–
1977	Felipe González	5,371,866	29.32 (#2)	118 / 350	—	54 / 207	—	Opposition
1979		5,469,813	30.40 (#2)	121 / 350	3	69 / 208	15	Opposition
1982		10,127,392	48.11 (#1)	202 / 350	81	134 / 208	65	Majority
1986		8,901,718	44.06 (#1)	184 / 350	18	124 / 208	10	Majority
1989		8,115,568	39.60 (#1)	175 / 350	9	107 / 208	17	Minority
1993		9,150,083	38.78 (#1)	159 / 350	16	96 / 208	11	Minority
1996		9,425,678	37.63 (#2)	141 / 350	18	81 / 208	15	Opposition
2000	Joaquín Almunia	7,918,752	34.16 (#2)	125 / 350	16	60 / 208	21	Opposition
2004	José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero	11,026,163	42.59 (#1)	164 / 350	39	89 / 208	29	Minority
2008		11,289,335	43.87 (#1)	169 / 350	5	96 / 208	7	Minority
2011	Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba	7,003,511	28.76 (#2)	110 / 350	59	54 / 208	42	Opposition
2015	Pedro Sánchez	5,545,315	22.00 (#2)	90 / 350	20	47 / 208	7	Snap election
2016		5,443,846	22.63 (#2)	85 / 350	5	43 / 208	4	Opposition (2016–2018)
								Minority (2018–2019)
Apr. 2019		7,513,142	28.67 (#1)	123 / 350	38	123 / 208	81	Snap election
Nov. 2019		6,792,199	28.00 (#1)	120 / 350	3	93 / 208	30	Coalition
2023		7,821,718	31.68 (#2)	121 / 350	1	72 / 208	21	Coalition

European Parliament

European Parliament
Election	Leading candidate	Votes	%	Seats	+/–
1987	Fernando Morán	7,522,706	39.06 (#1)	28 / 60	—
1989		6,275,552	39.57 (#1)	27 / 60	1
1994		5,719,707	30.79 (#2)	22 / 64	5
1999	Rosa Díez	7,477,823	35.33 (#2)	24 / 64	2
2004	Josep Borrell	6,741,112	43.46 (#1)	25 / 54	1
2009	Juan Fernando López Aguilar	6,141,784	38.78 (#2)	23 / 54	8
2014	Elena Valenciano	3,614,232	23.01 (#2)	14 / 54	9
2019	Josep Borrell	7,369,789	32.86 (#1)	21 / 59	7

Results timeline

Year	ES	EU		AN	AR	AS	CN	CB	CM	CL	CT	CE	EX	GL	IB	RI	MD	ML	MC	NC	PV	CV
1977	29.3	N/A		N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
1978
1979	30.4																			18.9
1980											22.4										14.2
1981														19.6
1982	48.1			52.6
1983					46.8	52.0	41.5	38.4	46.7	44.4			53.0		34.7	47.2	50.5		52.2	35.6		51.4
1984											30.1										23.0
1985														28.7
1986	44.1			47.0																	22.0
1987		39.1			35.7	38.9	27.8	29.6	46.3	34.0			49.2		32.5	39.6	38.4		43.7	27.7		41.3
1988											29.8
1989	39.6	39.6												32.7
1990				49.6																	19.8
1991					40.3	41.0	33.0	34.8	52.2	36.4			54.2		30.1	42.4	36.6		45.3	33.4		42.8
1992											27.5
1993	38.8													23.7
1994		30.8		38.7																	16.8
1995					25.7	33.8	23.1	25.1	45.7	29.7	24.9	13.1	43.9		24.0	34.1	29.7	19.9	31.9	20.9		34.0
1996	37.6			44.1
1997														19.5
1998																					17.4
1999		35.3			30.8	46.0	24.0	33.1	53.4	33.1	37.9	7.4	48.5		22.0	35.3	36.4	9.4	35.9	20.3		33.9
2000	34.2			44.3
2001														21.8							17.8
2002
2003					37.9	40.5	25.4	30.0	57.8	36.8	31.2	8.7	51.7		24.5	38.2	40.0	12.0	34.1	21.2		36.0
																	39.0
2004	42.6	43.5		50.4
2005														33.2							22.5
2006											26.8
2007					41.1	42.0	34.5	24.5	52.0	37.7		8.7	53.0		27.6	40.4	33.6	18.2	32.0	22.5		34.5
2008	43.9			48.4
2009		38.8												31.0							30.4
2010											18.4
2011	28.8				29.0	29.9	21.0	16.4	43.4	29.7		11.7	43.4		21.4	30.3	26.3	8.6	23.9	15.9		28.0
2012				39.6		32.1					14.4			20.6							18.9
2013
2014		23.0
2015	22.0			35.4	21.4	26.5	19.9	14.0	36.1	25.9	12.7	14.0	41.5		18.9	26.7	25.4	12.6	23.9	13.4		20.6
2016	22.6													17.9							11.9
2017											13.9
2018				27.9
2019	28.7	32.9			30.8	35.3	28.9	17.6	44.1	34.8		25.6	46.8		27.4	38.7	27.3	14.4	32.5	20.6		24.2
	28.0
2020														19.4							13.5
2021											23.0						16.8
2022				24.1						30.1
2023	31.7				29.6	36.5	27.2	20.6	45.1			21.0	39.9		26.5	31.9	18.2	10.7	25.6	20.7		28.7
2024		TBD												14.0							14.1
Year	ES	EU		AN	AR	AS	CN	CB	CM	CL	CT	CE	EX	GL	IB	RI	MD	ML	MC	NC	PV	CV
Bold indicates best result to date.   To be decided   Present in legislature (in opposition)   Junior coalition partner   Senior coalition partner

Terms

• Baron: unofficial term for the party's regional leaders. They can be very powerful, especially if they run an autonomous community. There have been conflicts between barons and the central directorate in the past. Some barons were Pasqual Maragall (Catalonia), who did not run for re-election in 2006; Juan Carlos Rodríguez Ibarra (Extremadura), who did not run for re-election in 2007; Manuel Chaves (Andalusia), who renounced Andalucia's presidency in 2009 to assume the Third Vice Presidency of the Spanish Government; and José Montilla (Catalonia). The term baron is more colloquial than official, representing the great power regional leaders have in the party, but it has been falling out of use since 2016.
• Compañero ("companion", "comrade"): a term of address among Socialists, analogous to the English comrade and the Russian tovarisch.
• There have been several currents or internal groups within the PSOE based on personal or ideological affinities. Some of them have ended with separation from the PSOE. The failed trial of primary elections for PSOE candidates was an attempt to conciliate currents. Examples of currents are Guerristas (followers of Alfonso Guerra), Renovadores (Renewers, right-wing of the party) or Izquierda Socialista (Socialist Left).

Leaders

The Secretary General is the head of the party as well as its parliamentary chair.

Regional secretary-generals

• Andalusia: Juan Espadas (since 2021)
• Aragon: Javier Lambán (since 2012)
• Asturias: Adrián Barbón (since 2017)
• Balearic Islands: Francina Armengol (since 2012)
• Basque Country: Eneko Andueza (since 2021)
• Canary Islands: Ángel Víctor Torres (since 2017)
• Cantabria: Pablo Zuloaga (since 2017)
• Castile and León: Luis Tudanca (since 2014)
• Castilla-La Mancha: Emiliano García-Page (since 2012)
• Catalonia: Salvador Illa (since 2021)
• Ceuta: Juan Gutiérrez Torres (since 2021)
• Community of Madrid: Juan Lobato (since 2021)
• Extremadura: Guillermo Fernández Vara (since 2008)
• Galicia: Valentín González Formoso (since 2021)
• La Rioja: Concha Andreu (since 2021)
• Melilla: Gloria Rojas (since 2017)
• Murcia: José Vélez (since 2021)
• Navarre: María Chivite (since 2014)
• Valencian Community: Ximo Puig (since 2012)

Notable members

Former logos

• 
  1976–1977 (provisional)
• 
  1977–2001 (co-existed with the 1994 logo until 2001)
• 
  1994–2001
• 
  2013–2015 (variation)
• 
  2017 (variation)
• 
  2019 (variation)

See also

• List of political parties in Spain
• Politics of Spain

References

Informational notes

Citations

Bibliography

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Partido Socialista Obrero Español.

• Official website (in Spanish)