Spaniards

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Spaniards
Españoles (Spanish)[a]
Total population
Spain nationals 41,539,400[1]
(for a total population of 47,059,533)

Hundreds of millions of Hispanic Americans of full or partial Spanish ancestry[2][3][4][5][6][7]
Nationals abroad: 2,183,043[8]

Total abroad: 2,654,723,
Catholic Christianity
Minority Irreligion[34][35]

Spaniards,

Latin language, of which Spanish
is the largest and the only one that is official throughout the whole country.

Commonly spoken regional languages include, most notably, the sole surviving indigenous language of

Iberia, Basque, as well as other Latin-descended Romance languages like Spanish itself, Catalan and Galician. Many populations outside Spain have ancestors who emigrated from Spain and share elements of a Hispanic culture. The most notable of these comprise Hispanic America
in the Western Hemisphere.

The

ancient Romans. At the end of the Western Roman Empire, the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe, invaded the Iberian Peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces, including the Suebi, Alans and Vandals. Eventually, the Visigoths would forcibly integrate all remaining independent territories in the peninsula, including the Byzantine province of Spania, into the Visigothic Kingdom
, which more or less unified politically, ecclesiastically, and legally all the former Roman provinces or successor kingdoms of what was then documented as Hispania.

In the early eighth century, the Visigothic Kingdom was conquered by the

Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula, termed al-Andalus, soon became autonomous from Baghdad. The handful of small Christian pockets in the north left out of Muslim rule, along the presence of the Carolingian Empire near the Pyrenean range, would eventually lead to the emergence of the Christian kingdoms of León, Castile, Aragon, Portugal and Navarre. Along seven centuries, an intermittent southwards expansion of the latter kingdoms (known in historiography as the Reconquista) took place, culminating with the Christian seizure of the last Muslim polity (the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada) in 1492, the same year Christopher Columbus arrived in the New World. During the centuries after the Reconquista, the Christian kings of Spain persecuted and expelled ethnic and religious minorities such as Jews and Muslims through the Spanish Inquisition.[36]

A process of political conglomeration among the Christian kingdoms also ensued, and the late 15th-century saw the dynastic union of Castile and Aragon under the

Spanish Habsburg
kings between 1580 and 1640.

In the early modern period, Spain had one of the largest empires in history, which was also one of the first global empires, leaving a large cultural and linguistic legacy that includes over 570 million Hispanophones,[37] making Spanish the world's second-most spoken native language, after Mandarin Chinese. During the Golden Age there were also many advancements in the arts, with the rise of renowned painters such as Diego Velázquez. The most famous Spanish literary work, Don Quixote, was also published during the Golden Age of the Spanish Empire.

The population of Spain has become more diverse due to immigration of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. From 2000 to 2010, Spain had among the highest per capita immigration rates in the world and the second-highest absolute net migration in the world (after the

Galicians
among others.

History

Early populations

Lady of Elche, a piece of Iberian sculpture from the 4th century BC
A young Hispano-Roman nobleman from the 1st century BC
Marble bust of Roman Emperor Trajan, born in Roman Hispania (in Italica near modern-day Seville)

The earliest modern humans inhabiting the region of Spain are believed to have been

Paleolithic peoples, who may have arrived in the Iberian Peninsula as early as 35,000–40,000 years ago. The Iberians are believed to have arrived or emerged in the region as a culture between the 4th millennium BC and the 3rd millennium BC, settling initially along the Mediterranean coast.[citation needed
]

Then

Carthaginians successively settled trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast over a period of several centuries. Interaction took place with Indigenous peoples. The Second Punic War between the Carthaginians and Romans was fought mainly in what is now Spain and Portugal.[40]

The

Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula including Spanish, which eventually became the main language in Spain evolved from Roman expansion. Hispania emerged as an important part of the Roman Empire and produced notable historical figures such as Trajan, Hadrian, Seneca, Martial, Theodosius, and Quintilian
.

The

Geiseric, removed to North Africa after a few conflicts with another Germanic tribe, the Visigoths. The latter were established in Toulouse
and supported Roman campaigns against the Vandals and Alans in 415–19 AD.

The Visigoths became the dominant power in Iberia and reigned for three centuries. They were highly romanized in the eastern Empire and already Christians, so they became fully integrated into the late Iberian-Roman culture.

The

Suebic Kingdom. In 447 AC they converted to Roman Catholicism under King Rechila
.

After being checked and reduced in 456 AD by the Visigoths, the Suebic Kingdom survived to 585 AD. It was decimated as an independent political unit by the Visigoths, after having been involved in the internal affairs of their kingdom.

Middle Ages

After two centuries of domination by the

invaded by a Muslim force under Tariq Bin Ziyad in 711. This army consisted mainly of ethnic Berbers from the Ghomara tribe, who were reinforced by Arabs from Syria once the conquest was complete. Only a remote mountainous area in the far north retained independence, eventually developing as the Christian Kingdom of Asturias
.

Muslim Iberia became part of the Umayyad Caliphate and would be known as

Shiite rulers of Tunis
and frequently raided the small Christian kingdoms in the North.

The

Almoravids
went on to conquer and annex all the Taifa kingdoms.

In 1086 the Almoravid ruler of Morocco,

Alfonso VI, King of Castile and León. In that year, Tashfin crossed the straits to Algeciras and inflicted defeat on the Christian army at the Battle of Sagrajas. By 1094, Yusuf ibn Tashfin had removed all Muslim princes in Iberia and had annexed their states, except for the one at Zaragoza. He also regained Valencia from the Christians. About this time a massive process of conversion to Islam
took place, and Muslims comprised the majority of the population in Spain by the end of the 11th century.

The Almoravids were succeeded by the

Almohads, another Berber dynasty, after the victory of Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur over the Castilian Alfonso VIII at the Battle of Alarcos in 1195. In 1212 a coalition of Christian kings under the leadership of the Castilian Alfonso VIII defeated the Almohads at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. But the Almohads continued to rule Al-Andalus for another decade, though with much reduced power and prestige. The civil wars following the death of Abu Ya'qub Yusuf II rapidly led to the re-establishment of taifas. The taifas, newly independent but weakened, were quickly conquered by the kingdoms of Portugal, Castile, and Aragon. After the fall of Murcia (1243) and the Algarve (1249), only the Emirate of Granada
survived as a Muslim state, tributary of Castile until 1492.

Iberian Kingdoms in 1400

In 1469 the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile signaled a joining of forces to attack and conquer the Emirate of Granada. The King and Queen convinced the

Muhammad XII surrendered the fortress palace, the renowned Alhambra
.

Spain conquered the Canary Islands between 1402 and 1496. Their indigenous Berber population, the Guanches, were gradually absorbed by intermarrying with Spanish settlers.

Spanish conquest of the Iberian part of Navarre was begun by Ferdinand II of Aragon and completed by Charles V. The series of military campaigns extended from 1512 to 1524, while the war lasted until 1528 in the Navarre to the north of the Pyrenees. Between 1568 and 1571, Charles V armies fought and defeated a general insurrection of the Muslims of the mountains of Granada. Charles V then ordered the expulsion of up to 80,000 Granadans from the province and their dispersal throughout Spain.

The union of the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon as well as the conquest of Granada, Navarre and the Canary Islands led to the formation of the Spanish state as known today. This allowed for the development of a Spanish identity based on the Spanish language and a local form of Catholicism. This gradually developed in a territory that remained culturally, linguistically and religiously very diverse.

A majority of Jews were forcibly

Mudejar population was similarly outlawed. Furthermore, between 1609 and 1614, a significant number of Moriscos— (Muslims who had been baptized Catholic) were expelled by royal decree.[41]
Although initial estimates of the number of Moriscos expelled such as those of Henri Lapeyre reach 300,000 moriscos (or 4% of the total Spanish population), the extent and severity of the expulsion has been increasingly challenged by modern historians. Nevertheless, the eastern region of Valencia, where ethnic tensions were highest, was particularly affected by the expulsion, suffering economic collapse and depopulation of much of its territory.

The Islamic legacy in Spain has been long lasting, and among many others, accounts for two of the eight

Cordoba Mosque;[42] the Palmeral of Elche [43] is listed as a World Heritage Site due to its uniqueness.[44]

Those who avoided expulsion or who managed to return to Spain merged into the dominant culture.[45] The last mass prosecution against Moriscos for crypto-Islamic practices took place in Granada in 1727, with most of those convicted receiving relatively light sentences. By the end of the 18th century, Indigenous Islam and Morisco identity were considered to have been extinguished in Spain.[46]

Colonialism and emigration

Spanish and Portuguese empires in 1790

In the 16th century, following the military conquest of most of the new continent, perhaps 240,000 Spaniards entered American ports. They were joined by 450,000 in the next century.

the Americas, particularly Argentina, Uruguay, Mexico,[citation needed] Brazil, Chile, Venezuela, and Cuba.[49] From 1840 to 1890, as many as 40,000 Canary Islanders emigrated to Venezuela.[50] 94,000 Spaniards chose to go to Algeria in the last years of the 19th century, and 250,000 Spaniards lived in Morocco at the beginning of the 20th century.[49]

By the end of the Spanish Civil War, some 500,000 Spanish Republican refugees had crossed the border into France.

Sephardic Jewish descendants had reclaimed Spanish citizenship.[52][53]

The population of Spain has become more diverse due to immigration of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. From 2000 to 2010, Spain had among the highest per capita immigration rates in the world and the second-highest absolute net migration in the world (after the United States).[38] Immigrants now make up about 10% of the population. But Spain's prolonged economic crisis between 2008 and 2015 reduced economic opportunities, and both immigration rates and the total number of foreigners in the country declined. By the end of this period, Spain was becoming a net emigrant country.

Ancestry

Historical origins and genetics

Spanish people, like most Europeans, largely descend from three distinct lineages:[54] Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, descended from populations associated with the Paleolithic Epigravettian culture;[55] Neolithic Early European Farmers who migrated from Anatolia during the Neolithic Revolution 9,000 years ago;[56] and Yamnaya Steppe herders who expanded into Europe from the Pontic–Caspian steppe of Ukraine and southern Russia in the context of Indo-European migrations 5,000 years ago.[54]

Ethnology of the Iberian Peninsula c. 300 BC

The Spanish people's genetic pool largely derives from the pre-Roman inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula:

There are also some genetic influences from

Middle Eastern genetic contributions, particularly in the Southern and Western Iberian Peninsula.[66][67][62][68][69][70][61]

Peoples of Spain

Nationalities and regions

Conversation in a Sevillian Courtyard, 19th century by José Jiménez Aranda

Within Spain, there are various nationalities and regional populations including the

Galician-Portuguese
).

Respect to the existing

León, and Andalusia, while in others (like Catalonia, Basque Country or Galicia) there are stronger national sentiments
. Many of them refuse to identify themselves with the Spanish ethnic group and prefer some of the following:

Nationalities and regional identities

Romani minority

Spain is home to one of the largest communities of

exonym "gypsies", Spanish: gitanos). The Spanish Roma, which belong to the Iberian Kale subgroup (calé
), are a formerly-nomadic community, which spread across Western Asia, North Africa, and Europe, first reaching Spain in the 15th century.

Data on ethnicity is not collected in Spain, although the Government's statistical agency CIS estimated in 2007 that the number of Gitanos present in Spain is probably around one million.[71] Most Spanish Roma live in the autonomous community of Andalusia, where they have traditionally enjoyed a higher degree of integration than in the rest of the country. A number of Spanish Calé also live in Southern France, especially in the region of Perpignan.

Modern immigration

The population of Spain has become increasingly diverse due to recent immigration. From 2000 to 2010, Spain had among the highest per capita immigration rates in the world and the second highest absolute net migration in the World (after the United States)[38] and immigrants now make up about 10% of the population. Since 2000, Spain has absorbed more than 3 million immigrants, with thousands more arriving each year.[72] In 2008, the immigrant population topped over 4.5 million.[73] These immigrants came mainly from Europe, Latin America, Asia, North Africa, and West Africa.[74]

Languages

Aranese), co-official
  •   Asturian (and Leonese), recognised but not official
  • , recognised but not official
  • Languages spoken in Spain include

    Aranese Gascon (aranés), Aragonese (aragonés), and Leonese
    , each with their own various dialects. Spanish is the official state language, although the other languages are co-official in a number of autonomous communities.

    Peninsular Spanish is typically classified in northern and southern dialects; among the southern ones

    Arabic influence in vocabulary; between the 8th and 12th centuries, Arabic was the dominant language in Al-Andalus[76] and some 4,000 words are of Arabic origin, including nouns, verbs and adjectives.[77] It also has influences from other Romance languages such as French, Italian, Catalan, Galician or Portuguese. Traditionally, the Basque language
    has been considered a key influence on Spanish, though nowadays this is questioned. Other changes are borrowings from English and other Germanic languages, although English influence is stronger in Latin America than in Spain.

    The number of speakers of

    Basques
    also speak Spanish as a first or second language, which boosts the number of Spanish speakers to the overwhelming majority of Spain's population of 46 million.

    Spanish was exported to the Americas due to over three centuries of Spanish colonial rule starting with the arrival of

    Chabacano, which developed by the mixing of Spanish and native Tagalog and Cebuano languages during Spain's rule of the country through Mexico from 1565 to 1898, is spoken in the Philippines (by roughly 1 million people).[78]

    Religion

    Catholics, 2% other faith, and about 25% identified as atheists or declared they had no religion. Survey data for 2019 show Catholics down to 69%, 2.8% "other faith" and 27% atheist-agnostic-non-believers.[75]

    Emigration from Spain

    Distribution of the Spaniards and their descendants around the world.
      Spain
      + 100,000
      + 10,000
      + 1,000
    Fuente de Cibeles in Mexico City, was made in 1980 by the community of Spanish residents in Mexico, is a bronze replica of the fountain located in the Plaza de Cibeles in Madrid.

    Outside of Europe, Latin America has the largest population of people with ancestors from Spain. These include people of full or partial Spanish ancestry.

    People with Spanish ancestry

    Country Population (% of country) Reference Criterion
    Spanish Mexican
    94,720,000 (>80%) [2] estimated: 20-40% as
    Whites
    60-80% as Mestizos
    .
    Spanish American
    50,000,000 (16%) [3] 10,017,244 who identify themselves with direct ancestry from Spain.[81]
    26,735,713 (53.0%) (8.7% of total U.S. population) Hispanics in the United States who identify as white (sometimes mixed with other European origins) or Mestizo via Latin America.
    Spanish Venezuelan
    25,079,923 (90%) [4] 42% as white and 50% as mestizos.
    Spanish Brazilian
    15,000,000 (8%) [5] estimate by Bruno Ayllón.[82]
    Colombia: Spanish Colombian 39,000,000 (86%)[citation needed] Self-description as "Mestizo, white and mulatto"
    Cuba: Spanish Cuban 10,050,849 (89%) [6] Self-description as white, mulatto and mestizo
    Spanish Puerto Rican
    3,064,862 (80.5%) [7][83]
    [84][85]
    Self-description as white.
    83,879 (2%) identified as Spanish citizens
    Spanish Canadian
    325,730 (1%) [86] Self-description
    Spanish Australian
    58,271 (0.3%) [87] Self-description

    The listings above shows the nine countries with known collected data on people with ancestors from Spain, although the definitions of each of these are somewhat different and the numbers cannot really be compared.

    Spanish Uruguayan
    of Uruguay could be included by percentage (each at above 40%) instead of numeral size.

    See also

    Notes

    1. ^ a b Native names and pronunciations:

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