Old page wikitext, before the edit ($1) (old_wikitext) | '{{other uses of}}
{{redirect|Smiley face|other uses|Smiley Face (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox character
| name = Smiley
| image = SNice.svg
| first =
}}
A '''smiley''' (sometimes called a '''happy face''' or '''smiley face''') is a stylized representation of a smiling [[humanoid]] face that is a part of [[popular culture]] worldwide. The classic form designed by [[Harvey Ball]] in 1963 comprises a yellow circle with two black dots representing eyes and a black arc representing the mouth ('''{{emoji|263A}}''') On the Internet and in other [[plain text]] communication channels, the [[emoticon]] form (sometimes also called the '''smiley-face emoticon''') has traditionally been most popular, typically employing a [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]] and a right [[parenthesis]] to form sequences like '''<code>:-)</code>''', '''<code>:)</code>''', or '''<code>(:</code>''' that resemble a smiling face when viewed after rotation through 90 degrees. "Smiley" is also sometimes used as a generic term for any emoticon. The smiley has been referenced in nearly all areas of Western culture including music, movies, and art. The smiley has also been associated with late 1980s and early 1990s [[rave]] culture.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/feb/21/smiley-face-design-history |title=Smiley Face Design History |author= Jon Savage |date=February 21, 2009 |accessdate= October 5, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thump.vice.com/en_ca/article/history-smiley-face-acid-house-rave-culture-shoom|title=A Brief History of the Smiley Face, Rave Culture's Most Ubiquitous Symbol |author=Michaelangelo Matos |date=December 21, 2016 |accessdate=May 1, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.youredm.com/2015/07/23/the-evolution-of-rave-fashion/|title=The Evolution of Rave Fashion |first=Brian |last= Lim |date=July 23, 2015 |accessdate=May 1, 2017}}</ref>
The plural form "smilies" is commonly used,<ref>[[Google Ngram Viewer]]: [https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=smileys%2Csmilies&year_start=1900 smilies vs smileys]</ref> but the variant spelling "[[wikt:smilie|smilie]]" is not as common as the "y" spelling.<ref>[[Google Ngram Viewer]]: [https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=smiley%2Csmilie&year_start=1900 smilie vs smiley]</ref>
==History==
[[File:NYHT Smiley 10th March 1953.jpg|thumb|upright|A poster for ''[[Lili]]'' in 1953]]
In or about 2017, a team of [[archaeology|archaeologists]] led by [[Nicolò Marchetti]] of the [[University of Bologna]] pieced together the fragments of a [[Hittites|Hittite]] pot from approximately 1700 BC that had been found in [[Karkamış]], [[Turkey]]. After it was pieced together, the team saw that it had what appeared to be a large smiley face painted on it.<ref>{{cite news |last=Borschel-Dan |first=Amanda |date=2017-07-19 |title=History’s ‘oldest smile’ found on 4,000-year-old pot in Turkey |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/historys-oldest-smile-found-on-4000-year-old-pot-in-turkey/ |work=The Times of Israel |access-date=2017-07-28}}</ref>
The poet and author [[Johannes V. Jensen]] was amongst other things famous for experimenting with the form of his writing. In a letter sent to publisher Ernst Bojesen in December 1900 he includes both a happy face and a sad face, resembling the modern smiley.
[[File:Smiley 1741 Hennet.jpg|thumb|left|Signature of Bernard Hennet, Abbot of [[Žďár nad Sázavou]] Cistercian cloister, in 1741, with smiley-like drawing]]
A commercial version of a smiley face with the word "THANKS" above it was available in 1919 and applied as a sticker on receipts issued by the Buffalo Steam Roller Company in Buffalo New York. The round face was much more detailed than the one depicted above, having eyebrows, nose, teeth, chin, facial creases and shading, and is reminiscent of "man-in-the-moon" style characterizations.
[[Ingmar Bergman]]'s 1948 film ''[[Port of Call (1948 film)|Port of Call]]'' includes a scene where the unhappy Berit draws a ''sad'' face {{ndash}} closely resembling the modern "frowny", but including a dot for the nose {{ndash}} in lipstick on her mirror, before being interrupted.<ref>''Ingmarbergman.se''. [http://ingmarbergman.se/sites/default/files/hamnstad_1948-26_005_huvudbild_webb.jpg A still from the scene].</ref> In 1953 and 1958, similar happy faces were used in promotional campaigns for the films ''[[Lili]]'' and ''[[Gigi (1958 film)|Gigi]]''.
[[File:WMCA good guys sweatshirt 1962.gif|thumb|upright|The [[WMCA (AM)|WMCA]] 1962 sweatshirt]]
The smiley was first introduced to popular culture as part of a promotion by New York radio station [[WMCA (AM)|WMCA]] beginning in 1962. Listeners who answered their phone "WMCA Good Guys!" were rewarded with a "WMCA good guys" sweatshirt that incorporated a happy face into its design. Thousands of these sweatshirts were given away.<ref>{{citation |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/9059885/Smileys-People-Radio-4-The-million-dollar-smile.html |title= Smiley's People (Radio 4): The million dollar smile |author= Alastair Sooke |date= February 3, 2012 |work= The Telegraph |quote= [Loufrani] points out that a smiley face was a key feature of a well-known promotional campaign for a radio network on America’s East Coast in the late Fifties.}}</ref><ref name=nyt2001 /><ref name=lennox /> The WMCA smiley was yellow with black dots as eyes, but it had a slightly crooked smile instead of a full smile, and no creases in the mouth.<ref name=lennox>{{citation |title= Now You Know More: The Book of Answers |series= Now You Know |volume= 2 |author= Doug Lennox, illustrated by Catriona Wight |edition= illustrated |publisher= Dundurn |year= 2004 |isbn= 9781550025309 |page= 50 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=P4gCzZsOY0UC&pg=PA50&lpg=PA50&dq=smiley+wmca&source=bl&ots=bQzVepXuqN&sig=BOcZ7SGOWHMENa5Yyuirjn6S_mg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rbgaUJGHLNO00QWl_oGgDQ&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=smiley%20wmca&f=false }}</ref>
According to the [[Smithsonian Institution]], the smiley face as we know it today was created by [[Harvey Ross Ball]], an [[American people|American]] [[graphic artist]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stamp|first1=Jimmy|title=Who really invented the Smiley face|date=13 March 2013|publisher=Smithsonian|location=Washington DC|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/who-really-invented-the-smiley-face-2058483/?no-ist|accessdate=29 May 2015}}</ref> In 1963, [[Harvey Ball]] was employed by State Mutual Life Assurance Company of [[Worcester, Massachusetts]] (now known as [[Hanover Insurance]]) to create a happy face to raise the morale of the employees. Ball created the design in ten minutes and was paid $45 (equivalent to US$330 in 2012 currency). His rendition, with bright yellow background, dark oval eyes, full smile and creases at the sides of the mouth,<ref name=lennox/> was imprinted on more than fifty million buttons and became familiar around the world. The design is so simple that it is certain that similar versions were produced before 1963, including those cited above. However, Ball’s rendition, as described here, has become the most iconic version.<ref name=nyt2001>{{cite news |first=William H. |last=Honan |title=H. R. Ball, 79, Ad Executive Credited With happy Face |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/14/us/h-r-ball-79-ad-executive-credited-with-smiley-face.html |publisher=The New York Times|date=April 14, 2001 |accessdate=August 29, 2009}}</ref><ref name="Adams">{{cite web |first=Cecil|last=Adams |work=The Straight Dope |title=Who invented the smiley face? |date=23 April 1993 |accessdate= 18 April 2011 |url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/961/who-invented-the-smiley-face}}</ref> In 1967, Seattle graphic artist George Tenagi drew his own version at the request of advertising agent, David Stern. Tenagi's design was used in an advertising campaign for Seattle-based University Federal Savings & Loan. The ad campaign was inspired by [[Lee Adams]]'s lyrics in "Put on a Happy Face" from the musical ''[[Bye Bye Birdie]]''. Stern, the man behind this campaign, incorporated the Happy Face in his run for Seattle mayor in 1993.<ref name="Adams"/>
[[Image:BTBbeatdis.jpg|left|thumb|200px|''Beat Dis'' by Bomb the Bass (1988) features the "bloodied" version of the popular smiley icon.]]
The graphic was further popularized in the early 1970s by Philadelphia brothers Bernard and Murray Spain, who seized upon it in September 1970 in a campaign to sell novelty items. The two produced buttons as well as coffee mugs, [[t-shirts]], [[bumper stickers]] and many other items emblazoned with the symbol and the phrase "Have a happy day" (devised by Gyula Bogar),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lameadventures.com/tag/web/|title=web - Lame Adventures|publisher=lameadventures.com}}</ref> which mutated into "[[Have a nice day]]". Working with New York button manufacturer NG Slater, some 50 million happy face badges were produced by 1972.<ref name="Peter Shapiro 2001, pp44-49">Peter Shapiro, "Smiling Faces Sometimes", in ''The Wire'', issue 203, January 2001, pp. 44–49.</ref>
In 1972, Frenchman [[Franklin loufrani|Franklin Loufrani]] became the first person to legally trademark the smiley face. He used it to highlight the good news parts of the newspaper ''[[France Soir]]''. He simply called the design "Smiley" and launched [[The Smiley Company]]. In 1996 Loufrani's son Nicolas Loufrani took over the family business and transformed it into a huge multinational corporation. Nicolas was outwardly skeptical of Harvey Ball's claim to creating the first smiley face. After all, the design that his father came up with and Ball's design were nearly identical. Loufrani argued that the design is so simple that no one person can lay claim to having created it. As evidence for this, Loufrani's website points to early cave paintings found in France (2500 BC) that he claims are the first depictions of a smiley face. Loufrani also points to a 1960 radio ad campaign that reportedly made use of a similar design.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/who-really-invented-the-smiley-face-2058483/?no-ist|title=Who Really Invented the Smiley Face?|author=Jimmy Stamp|work=Smithsonian}}</ref>
In the UK, the happy face has been associated with [[psychedelic culture]] since [[Ubi Dwyer]] and the [[Windsor Free Festival]] in the 1970s and the [[electronic dance music]] culture, particularly with [[acid house]], that emerged during the [[Second Summer of Love]] in the late 1980s. The association was cemented when the band [[Bomb the Bass]] used an extracted smiley from ''[[Watchmen]]'' on the centre of its ''[[Beat Dis]]'' hit single.
== In text ==
{{main|Emoticon}}
The earliest known smiley-like image in a written document was drawn by a [[Slovaks|Slovak]] notary to indicate his satisfaction with the state of his town's municipal financial records in 1635.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pitt.edu/~votruba/qsonhist/smileyoldestslovakia.html |title=17th-century Emoji |last=Votruba |first=Martin |work=Slovak Studies Program |publisher=University of Pittsburgh }}</ref> A disputed early use of the smiley in a printed text may have been in [[Robert Herrick (poet)|Robert Herrick]]'s poem ''To Fortune'' (1648),<ref>{{cite news|last=Madrigal|first=Alexis C.|title=The First Emoticon May Have Appeared in ... 1648|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/04/the-first-emoticon-may-have-appeared-in-1648/360622/|accessdate=15 April 2014|newspaper=[[The Atlantic]]|date=14 April 2014}}</ref> which contains the line "Upon my ruines (smiling yet :)". Journalist Levi Stahl has suggested that this may have been an intentional "orthographic joke", while this occurrence is likely merely the colon placed inside parentheses rather than outside of them as is standard typographic practice today -- (smiling yet): . There are citations of similar punctuation in a non-humorous context, even within Herrick's own work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2014/04/15/emoticon_robert_herrick_s_17th_century_poem_to_fortune_does_not_contain.html|title=Emoticon: Robert Herrick's 17th century poem "To Fortune" does not contain a smiley face.|work=Slate Magazine}}</ref> It is likely that the parenthesis was added later by modern editors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://text-patterns.thenewatlantis.com/2014/04/smileys-emoticons-typewriter-art.html|title=smileys, emoticons, typewriter art|work=Text Patterns - The New Atlantis}}</ref>
On the [[Internet]], the smiley has become a visual means of conveyance that uses images. The first known mention on the Internet was on September 19, 1982, when [[Scott Fahlman]] from [[Carnegie Mellon University]] wrote:
{{cquote|I propose that [sic] the following character sequence for joke markers: :-) . Read it sideways. Actually, it is probably more economical to mark things that are NOT jokes, given current trends. For this, use: :-(.<ref>[http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~sef/Orig-Smiley.htm Fahlman's original message] Retrieved October 27, 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~sef/sefSmiley.htm|title=Smiley Lore :-)|work=cmu.edu}}</ref>}}
In Software, yellow graphical smileys have been used for many different purposes, including games.<ref>[http://pdroms.de/files/atari2600/smiley screenshot of smiley use on Atari 2600]</ref> One of the earliest uses of smileys in chat systems was in [[Yahoo! Messenger]] from 1998, where it can be seen in the user list next to each user, and it was also used as an icon for the application. In 2001, SmileyWorld launched the website "The official Smiley dictionary",<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010331043601/http://www.smileydictionary.com/ The smiley dictionary, as it looked in march 2001]</ref> with smileys proposed to replace ASCII emoticons (i.e. emojis). In November 2001, and later, smiley emojis inside the actual chat text was adopted by several chat systems, including Yahoo Messenger.
The smiley is the printable version of characters 1 and 2 of (black-and-white versions of) [[codepage 437]] (1981) of the first [[IBM PC]] and all subsequent PC compatible computers. For modern computers, all versions of [[Microsoft Windows]] after [[Windows 95]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://wgl.typ.pl/help/enintro.htm#fonts.multi.wgl4 |title= WGL Assistant v1.1: The Multilingual Font Manager |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080324205903/http://wgl.typ.pl/help/enintro.htm |archivedate= 24 March 2008 |postscript=.}}</ref> can use the smiley as part of [[Windows Glyph List 4]], although some [[computer font]]s miss some characters, and some characters cannot be reproduced by programs not compatible with [[Unicode]].<ref>[http://www.microsoft.com/typography/links/News.aspx?NID=901 Announcing WGL Assistant. Announcement: WGL Assistant V1.1 Beta available], comp.fonts, 27 July 1999, Microsoft Typography – News archive.</ref> It also appears in Unicode's [[Basic Multilingual Plane]].<ref>[[:wikibooks:Unicode/Character reference/2000-2FFF]]</ref>
{|
|-
| colspan="3"|Unicode smiley characters:
|-
| style="text-align:center;font-size:200%;"|☺||U+263A||{{key press|Alt}}+{{key press|1}}||White Smiling Face
|-
| style="text-align:center;font-size:200%;"|☻||U+263B||{{key press|Alt}}+{{key press|2}}||Black Smiling Face
|-
| colspan="3"|Unicode also contains the "sad" face:
|-
| style="text-align:center;font-size:200%;"|☹||U+2639||||White Frowning Face
|}
== Licensing and legal issues ==
[[File:Authentic Worcester-made smiley face, Harvey Ball.jpg|thumb|right|Authentic Worcester-made smiley face, by Harvey Ball]]
The rights to the Smiley trademark in one hundred countries are owned by the Smiley Company.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/05/business/worldbusiness/05smiley.html?pagewanted=all | work=The New York Times | first=Thomas | last=Crampton | title=Smiley Face Is Serious to Company | date=5 July 2006}}</ref> Its subsidiary SmileyWorld Ltd, in London, headed by Nicolas Loufrani, creates or approves all the Smiley products sold in countries where it holds the trademark.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vice.com/en_id/article/j5pyyb/the-man-who-owns-the-smiley-face|title=The Man Who Owns the Smiley Face|date=2017-08-10|work=Vice|access-date=2018-01-24|language=en-id}}</ref> The Smiley brand and logo have significant exposure through licensees in sectors such as clothing, home decoration, perfumery, plush, stationery, publishing, and through promotional campaigns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.licensing.biz/company-profiles/24/Smiley-Licensing |title=Smiley Licensing | Company Profile by |publisher=Licensing.biz |date= |accessdate=2013-03-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229123013/http://www.licensing.biz/company-profiles/24/Smiley-Licensing |archivedate=February 29, 2012 }}</ref> The Smiley Company is one of the 100 biggest licensing companies in the world, with a turnover of US$167 million in 2012.<ref>http://www.rankingthebrands.com/PDF/Top%20125%20Global%20Licensors%202011,%20License%20Global.pdf</ref> The first Smiley shop opened in London in the [[Boxpark]] shopping centre in December 2011.<ref>{{cite web|author=Giedrius Ivanauskas |url=http://madeinshoreditch.co.uk/2012/01/16/boxpark-shoreditch-interview-with-nicolas-loufrani-ceo-of-smiley/ |title=Boxpark Shoreditch: Interview with Nicolas Loufrani CEO of Smiley | Made in Shoreditch - A Magazine About Style, Innovation, Dining, Nightlife and People in Shoreditch |publisher=Made in Shoreditch |date=2012-01-16 |accessdate=2013-03-14}}</ref>
=== United States ===
In 1997, Franklin Loufrani and Smiley World attempted to acquire trademark rights to the symbol (and even to the word "smiley" itself) in the United States. This brought Loufrani into conflict with [[Wal-Mart]], which had begun prominently featuring a happy face in its "Rolling Back Prices" campaign over a year earlier. Wal-Mart responded first by trying to block Loufrani's application, then later by trying to register the smiley face itself; Loufrani in turn sued to stop Wal-Mart's application, and in 2002 after the issue went to court,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4984138.stm| date=8 May 2006| title=Wal-Mart seeks smiley face rights| publisher=BBC News| accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref> where it would languish for seven years before a decision.
Wal-Mart began phasing out the smiley face on its vests<ref name="phase">{{cite journal
| first =Mark
| last = Kabel
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| date =October 22, 2006
| title =Wal-Mart phasing out smiley face vests
| journal = Associated Press
| volume =
| issue =
| pages =
| id =
| url =
}}</ref> and its website<ref>{{cite journal
| first =Richard
| last =Williamson
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| date = October 30, 2006
| title = The last days of Wal-Mart's smiley face
| journal = Adweek
| volume =
| issue =
| pages =
| id =
| url = http://adweek.blogs.com/adfreak/2006/10/the_last_days_o.html
}}</ref> in 2006. Despite that, Wal-Mart sued an online parodist for alleged "trademark infringement" after he used the symbol (as well as various [[portmanteau]]s of "Wal-", such as "Walocaust"). The District Court found in favor of the parodist when in March 2008, the judge concluded that Wal-Mart's smiley face logo was not shown to be "inherently distinctive" and that it "has failed to establish that the smiley face has acquired secondary meaning or that it is otherwise a protectible trademark" under [[United States trademark law|U.S. law]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.citizen.org/litigation/forms/cases/getlinkforcase.cfm?cID=206| date=28 March 2008| title=Smith v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.| publisher=Citizen Vox}} The relevant text is in the Order granting summary judgment: Timothy C. Batten, Sr., "ORDER" (03/21/2008)", section "B. Threshold Issue: Trademark Ownership", case "1:06-cv-00526-TCB", document 103, pages 15-19</ref>
In June 2010, Wal-Mart and the Smiley Company founded by Loufrani settled their 10-year-old dispute in front of the Chicago federal court. The terms remain confidential.<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-01/sony-astellas-intel-apple-wal-mart-intellectual-property.html Sony, Astellas, Intel, Apple, Wal-Mart, Warner: Intellectual Property] Victoria Slind-Flor, Jul 1, 2011, Bloomberg. The case is Loufrani v. Wal-Mart Stores Inc., 1:09-cv- 03062, U.S. District Court, Northern District of Illinois (Chicago).</ref> In 2016, Wal-Mart brought back the smiley face on its website, social media profiles, and in selected stores.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2016/06/02/news/companies/walmart-smiley/index.html|title=Walmart's Smiley is back after 10 years and a lawsuit|last=Smith|first=Aaron|date=2016-06-02|website=CNNMoney|access-date=2017-01-18}}</ref>
{{clear}}
== See also ==
* [[Pareidolia]]
* [[Apophenia]]
* [[Body language]]
* [[Mirror neuron]]
* [[Facial Action Coding System]]
* [[Acid2]]
* [[Emoji]]
* [[Emoticon]]
* [[Galle (Martian crater)]]
* [[Kolobok]]
* [[Mr. Yuk]]
* [[Pac-Man (character)]]
* [[Red John]]
* [[Social intelligence]]
* [[Autism spectrum]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
{{commons and category|Smiley|Smilies}}
* [http://www.fantazia.org.uk/Scene/smileyhistory.htm History of the Acid House Smiley Face]
* [https://hdsmileys.com Modern Emoticon, emoji and smileys resource]
[[Category:Emoticons]]
[[Category:Face]]
[[Category:Pictograms]]
[[Category:Typographical symbols]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit ($1) (new_wikitext) | '{{other uses of}}
{{redirect|Smiley face|other uses|Smiley Face (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox character
| name = Smiley
| image = SNice.svg
| first =
}}
A '''smiley''' (sometimes called a '''happy face''' or '''smiley face''') is a stylized representation of a smiling [[humanoid]] face that is a part of [[popular culture]] worldwide. It looks like this (☺), which you can get by pressing alternate and 1 simultaneously. The classic form designed by [[Harvey Ball]] in 1963 comprises a yellow circle with two black dots representing eyes and a black arc representing the mouth ('''{{emoji|263A}}''') On the Internet and in other [[plain text]] communication channels, the [[emoticon]] form (sometimes also called the '''smiley-face emoticon''') has traditionally been most popular, typically employing a [[Colon (punctuation)|colon]] and a right [[parenthesis]] to form sequences like '''<code>:-)</code>''', '''<code>:)</code>''', or '''<code>(:</code>''' that resemble a smiling face when viewed after rotation through 90 degrees. "Smiley" is also sometimes used as a generic term for any emoticon. The smiley has been referenced in nearly all areas of Western culture including music, movies, and art. The smiley has also been associated with late 1980s and early 1990s [[rave]] culture.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/feb/21/smiley-face-design-history |title=Smiley Face Design History |author= Jon Savage |date=February 21, 2009 |accessdate= October 5, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thump.vice.com/en_ca/article/history-smiley-face-acid-house-rave-culture-shoom|title=A Brief History of the Smiley Face, Rave Culture's Most Ubiquitous Symbol |author=Michaelangelo Matos |date=December 21, 2016 |accessdate=May 1, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.youredm.com/2015/07/23/the-evolution-of-rave-fashion/|title=The Evolution of Rave Fashion |first=Brian |last= Lim |date=July 23, 2015 |accessdate=May 1, 2017}}</ref>
The plural form "smilies" is commonly used,<ref>[[Google Ngram Viewer]]: [https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=smileys%2Csmilies&year_start=1900 smilies vs smileys]</ref> but the variant spelling "[[wikt:smilie|smilie]]" is not as common as the "y" spelling.<ref>[[Google Ngram Viewer]]: [https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=smiley%2Csmilie&year_start=1900 smilie vs smiley]</ref>
==History==
[[File:NYHT Smiley 10th March 1953.jpg|thumb|upright|A poster for ''[[Lili]]'' in 1953]]
In or about 2017, a team of [[archaeology|archaeologists]] led by [[Nicolò Marchetti]] of the [[University of Bologna]] pieced together the fragments of a [[Hittites|Hittite]] pot from approximately 1700 BC that had been found in [[Karkamış]], [[Turkey]]. After it was pieced together, the team saw that it had what appeared to be a large smiley face painted on it.<ref>{{cite news |last=Borschel-Dan |first=Amanda |date=2017-07-19 |title=History’s ‘oldest smile’ found on 4,000-year-old pot in Turkey |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/historys-oldest-smile-found-on-4000-year-old-pot-in-turkey/ |work=The Times of Israel |access-date=2017-07-28}}</ref>
The poet and author [[Johannes V. Jensen]] was amongst other things famous for experimenting with the form of his writing. In a letter sent to publisher Ernst Bojesen in December 1900 he includes both a happy face and a sad face, resembling the modern smiley.
[[File:Smiley 1741 Hennet.jpg|thumb|left|Signature of Bernard Hennet, Abbot of [[Žďár nad Sázavou]] Cistercian cloister, in 1741, with smiley-like drawing]]
A commercial version of a smiley face with the word "THANKS" above it was available in 1919 and applied as a sticker on receipts issued by the Buffalo Steam Roller Company in Buffalo New York. The round face was much more detailed than the one depicted above, having eyebrows, nose, teeth, chin, facial creases and shading, and is reminiscent of "man-in-the-moon" style characterizations.
[[Ingmar Bergman]]'s 1948 film ''[[Port of Call (1948 film)|Port of Call]]'' includes a scene where the unhappy Berit draws a ''sad'' face {{ndash}} closely resembling the modern "frowny", but including a dot for the nose {{ndash}} in lipstick on her mirror, before being interrupted.<ref>''Ingmarbergman.se''. [http://ingmarbergman.se/sites/default/files/hamnstad_1948-26_005_huvudbild_webb.jpg A still from the scene].</ref> In 1953 and 1958, similar happy faces were used in promotional campaigns for the films ''[[Lili]]'' and ''[[Gigi (1958 film)|Gigi]]''.
[[File:WMCA good guys sweatshirt 1962.gif|thumb|upright|The [[WMCA (AM)|WMCA]] 1962 sweatshirt]]
The smiley was first introduced to popular culture as part of a promotion by New York radio station [[WMCA (AM)|WMCA]] beginning in 1962. Listeners who answered their phone "WMCA Good Guys!" were rewarded with a "WMCA good guys" sweatshirt that incorporated a happy face into its design. Thousands of these sweatshirts were given away.<ref>{{citation |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/9059885/Smileys-People-Radio-4-The-million-dollar-smile.html |title= Smiley's People (Radio 4): The million dollar smile |author= Alastair Sooke |date= February 3, 2012 |work= The Telegraph |quote= [Loufrani] points out that a smiley face was a key feature of a well-known promotional campaign for a radio network on America’s East Coast in the late Fifties.}}</ref><ref name=nyt2001 /><ref name=lennox /> The WMCA smiley was yellow with black dots as eyes, but it had a slightly crooked smile instead of a full smile, and no creases in the mouth.<ref name=lennox>{{citation |title= Now You Know More: The Book of Answers |series= Now You Know |volume= 2 |author= Doug Lennox, illustrated by Catriona Wight |edition= illustrated |publisher= Dundurn |year= 2004 |isbn= 9781550025309 |page= 50 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=P4gCzZsOY0UC&pg=PA50&lpg=PA50&dq=smiley+wmca&source=bl&ots=bQzVepXuqN&sig=BOcZ7SGOWHMENa5Yyuirjn6S_mg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rbgaUJGHLNO00QWl_oGgDQ&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=smiley%20wmca&f=false }}</ref>
According to the [[Smithsonian Institution]], the smiley face as we know it today was created by [[Harvey Ross Ball]], an [[American people|American]] [[graphic artist]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stamp|first1=Jimmy|title=Who really invented the Smiley face|date=13 March 2013|publisher=Smithsonian|location=Washington DC|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/who-really-invented-the-smiley-face-2058483/?no-ist|accessdate=29 May 2015}}</ref> In 1963, [[Harvey Ball]] was employed by State Mutual Life Assurance Company of [[Worcester, Massachusetts]] (now known as [[Hanover Insurance]]) to create a happy face to raise the morale of the employees. Ball created the design in ten minutes and was paid $45 (equivalent to US$330 in 2012 currency). His rendition, with bright yellow background, dark oval eyes, full smile and creases at the sides of the mouth,<ref name=lennox/> was imprinted on more than fifty million buttons and became familiar around the world. The design is so simple that it is certain that similar versions were produced before 1963, including those cited above. However, Ball’s rendition, as described here, has become the most iconic version.<ref name=nyt2001>{{cite news |first=William H. |last=Honan |title=H. R. Ball, 79, Ad Executive Credited With happy Face |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/04/14/us/h-r-ball-79-ad-executive-credited-with-smiley-face.html |publisher=The New York Times|date=April 14, 2001 |accessdate=August 29, 2009}}</ref><ref name="Adams">{{cite web |first=Cecil|last=Adams |work=The Straight Dope |title=Who invented the smiley face? |date=23 April 1993 |accessdate= 18 April 2011 |url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/961/who-invented-the-smiley-face}}</ref> In 1967, Seattle graphic artist George Tenagi drew his own version at the request of advertising agent, David Stern. Tenagi's design was used in an advertising campaign for Seattle-based University Federal Savings & Loan. The ad campaign was inspired by [[Lee Adams]]'s lyrics in "Put on a Happy Face" from the musical ''[[Bye Bye Birdie]]''. Stern, the man behind this campaign, incorporated the Happy Face in his run for Seattle mayor in 1993.<ref name="Adams"/>
[[Image:BTBbeatdis.jpg|left|thumb|200px|''Beat Dis'' by Bomb the Bass (1988) features the "bloodied" version of the popular smiley icon.]]
The graphic was further popularized in the early 1970s by Philadelphia brothers Bernard and Murray Spain, who seized upon it in September 1970 in a campaign to sell novelty items. The two produced buttons as well as coffee mugs, [[t-shirts]], [[bumper stickers]] and many other items emblazoned with the symbol and the phrase "Have a happy day" (devised by Gyula Bogar),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lameadventures.com/tag/web/|title=web - Lame Adventures|publisher=lameadventures.com}}</ref> which mutated into "[[Have a nice day]]". Working with New York button manufacturer NG Slater, some 50 million happy face badges were produced by 1972.<ref name="Peter Shapiro 2001, pp44-49">Peter Shapiro, "Smiling Faces Sometimes", in ''The Wire'', issue 203, January 2001, pp. 44–49.</ref>
In 1972, Frenchman [[Franklin loufrani|Franklin Loufrani]] became the first person to legally trademark the smiley face. He used it to highlight the good news parts of the newspaper ''[[France Soir]]''. He simply called the design "Smiley" and launched [[The Smiley Company]]. In 1996 Loufrani's son Nicolas Loufrani took over the family business and transformed it into a huge multinational corporation. Nicolas was outwardly skeptical of Harvey Ball's claim to creating the first smiley face. After all, the design that his father came up with and Ball's design were nearly identical. Loufrani argued that the design is so simple that no one person can lay claim to having created it. As evidence for this, Loufrani's website points to early cave paintings found in France (2500 BC) that he claims are the first depictions of a smiley face. Loufrani also points to a 1960 radio ad campaign that reportedly made use of a similar design.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/who-really-invented-the-smiley-face-2058483/?no-ist|title=Who Really Invented the Smiley Face?|author=Jimmy Stamp|work=Smithsonian}}</ref>
In the UK, the happy face has been associated with [[psychedelic culture]] since [[Ubi Dwyer]] and the [[Windsor Free Festival]] in the 1970s and the [[electronic dance music]] culture, particularly with [[acid house]], that emerged during the [[Second Summer of Love]] in the late 1980s. The association was cemented when the band [[Bomb the Bass]] used an extracted smiley from ''[[Watchmen]]'' on the centre of its ''[[Beat Dis]]'' hit single.
== In text ==
{{main|Emoticon}}
The earliest known smiley-like image in a written document was drawn by a [[Slovaks|Slovak]] notary to indicate his satisfaction with the state of his town's municipal financial records in 1635.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pitt.edu/~votruba/qsonhist/smileyoldestslovakia.html |title=17th-century Emoji |last=Votruba |first=Martin |work=Slovak Studies Program |publisher=University of Pittsburgh }}</ref> A disputed early use of the smiley in a printed text may have been in [[Robert Herrick (poet)|Robert Herrick]]'s poem ''To Fortune'' (1648),<ref>{{cite news|last=Madrigal|first=Alexis C.|title=The First Emoticon May Have Appeared in ... 1648|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/04/the-first-emoticon-may-have-appeared-in-1648/360622/|accessdate=15 April 2014|newspaper=[[The Atlantic]]|date=14 April 2014}}</ref> which contains the line "Upon my ruines (smiling yet :)". Journalist Levi Stahl has suggested that this may have been an intentional "orthographic joke", while this occurrence is likely merely the colon placed inside parentheses rather than outside of them as is standard typographic practice today -- (smiling yet): . There are citations of similar punctuation in a non-humorous context, even within Herrick's own work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2014/04/15/emoticon_robert_herrick_s_17th_century_poem_to_fortune_does_not_contain.html|title=Emoticon: Robert Herrick's 17th century poem "To Fortune" does not contain a smiley face.|work=Slate Magazine}}</ref> It is likely that the parenthesis was added later by modern editors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://text-patterns.thenewatlantis.com/2014/04/smileys-emoticons-typewriter-art.html|title=smileys, emoticons, typewriter art|work=Text Patterns - The New Atlantis}}</ref>
On the [[Internet]], the smiley has become a visual means of conveyance that uses images. The first known mention on the Internet was on September 19, 1982, when [[Scott Fahlman]] from [[Carnegie Mellon University]] wrote:
{{cquote|I propose that [sic] the following character sequence for joke markers: :-) . Read it sideways. Actually, it is probably more economical to mark things that are NOT jokes, given current trends. For this, use: :-(.<ref>[http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~sef/Orig-Smiley.htm Fahlman's original message] Retrieved October 27, 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~sef/sefSmiley.htm|title=Smiley Lore :-)|work=cmu.edu}}</ref>}}
In Software, yellow graphical smileys have been used for many different purposes, including games.<ref>[http://pdroms.de/files/atari2600/smiley screenshot of smiley use on Atari 2600]</ref> One of the earliest uses of smileys in chat systems was in [[Yahoo! Messenger]] from 1998, where it can be seen in the user list next to each user, and it was also used as an icon for the application. In 2001, SmileyWorld launched the website "The official Smiley dictionary",<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010331043601/http://www.smileydictionary.com/ The smiley dictionary, as it looked in march 2001]</ref> with smileys proposed to replace ASCII emoticons (i.e. emojis). In November 2001, and later, smiley emojis inside the actual chat text was adopted by several chat systems, including Yahoo Messenger.
The smiley is the printable version of characters 1 and 2 of (black-and-white versions of) [[codepage 437]] (1981) of the first [[IBM PC]] and all subsequent PC compatible computers. For modern computers, all versions of [[Microsoft Windows]] after [[Windows 95]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://wgl.typ.pl/help/enintro.htm#fonts.multi.wgl4 |title= WGL Assistant v1.1: The Multilingual Font Manager |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080324205903/http://wgl.typ.pl/help/enintro.htm |archivedate= 24 March 2008 |postscript=.}}</ref> can use the smiley as part of [[Windows Glyph List 4]], although some [[computer font]]s miss some characters, and some characters cannot be reproduced by programs not compatible with [[Unicode]].<ref>[http://www.microsoft.com/typography/links/News.aspx?NID=901 Announcing WGL Assistant. Announcement: WGL Assistant V1.1 Beta available], comp.fonts, 27 July 1999, Microsoft Typography – News archive.</ref> It also appears in Unicode's [[Basic Multilingual Plane]].<ref>[[:wikibooks:Unicode/Character reference/2000-2FFF]]</ref>
{|
|-
| colspan="3"|Unicode smiley characters:
|-
| style="text-align:center;font-size:200%;"|☺||U+263A||{{key press|Alt}}+{{key press|1}}||White Smiling Face
|-
| style="text-align:center;font-size:200%;"|☻||U+263B||{{key press|Alt}}+{{key press|2}}||Black Smiling Face
|-
| colspan="3"|Unicode also contains the "sad" face:
|-
| style="text-align:center;font-size:200%;"|☹||U+2639||||White Frowning Face
|}
== Licensing and legal issues ==
[[File:Authentic Worcester-made smiley face, Harvey Ball.jpg|thumb|right|Authentic Worcester-made smiley face, by Harvey Ball]]
The rights to the Smiley trademark in one hundred countries are owned by the Smiley Company.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/05/business/worldbusiness/05smiley.html?pagewanted=all | work=The New York Times | first=Thomas | last=Crampton | title=Smiley Face Is Serious to Company | date=5 July 2006}}</ref> Its subsidiary SmileyWorld Ltd, in London, headed by Nicolas Loufrani, creates or approves all the Smiley products sold in countries where it holds the trademark.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vice.com/en_id/article/j5pyyb/the-man-who-owns-the-smiley-face|title=The Man Who Owns the Smiley Face|date=2017-08-10|work=Vice|access-date=2018-01-24|language=en-id}}</ref> The Smiley brand and logo have significant exposure through licensees in sectors such as clothing, home decoration, perfumery, plush, stationery, publishing, and through promotional campaigns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.licensing.biz/company-profiles/24/Smiley-Licensing |title=Smiley Licensing | Company Profile by |publisher=Licensing.biz |date= |accessdate=2013-03-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229123013/http://www.licensing.biz/company-profiles/24/Smiley-Licensing |archivedate=February 29, 2012 }}</ref> The Smiley Company is one of the 100 biggest licensing companies in the world, with a turnover of US$167 million in 2012.<ref>http://www.rankingthebrands.com/PDF/Top%20125%20Global%20Licensors%202011,%20License%20Global.pdf</ref> The first Smiley shop opened in London in the [[Boxpark]] shopping centre in December 2011.<ref>{{cite web|author=Giedrius Ivanauskas |url=http://madeinshoreditch.co.uk/2012/01/16/boxpark-shoreditch-interview-with-nicolas-loufrani-ceo-of-smiley/ |title=Boxpark Shoreditch: Interview with Nicolas Loufrani CEO of Smiley | Made in Shoreditch - A Magazine About Style, Innovation, Dining, Nightlife and People in Shoreditch |publisher=Made in Shoreditch |date=2012-01-16 |accessdate=2013-03-14}}</ref>
=== United States ===
In 1997, Franklin Loufrani and Smiley World attempted to acquire trademark rights to the symbol (and even to the word "smiley" itself) in the United States. This brought Loufrani into conflict with [[Wal-Mart]], which had begun prominently featuring a happy face in its "Rolling Back Prices" campaign over a year earlier. Wal-Mart responded first by trying to block Loufrani's application, then later by trying to register the smiley face itself; Loufrani in turn sued to stop Wal-Mart's application, and in 2002 after the issue went to court,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4984138.stm| date=8 May 2006| title=Wal-Mart seeks smiley face rights| publisher=BBC News| accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref> where it would languish for seven years before a decision.
Wal-Mart began phasing out the smiley face on its vests<ref name="phase">{{cite journal
| first =Mark
| last = Kabel
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| date =October 22, 2006
| title =Wal-Mart phasing out smiley face vests
| journal = Associated Press
| volume =
| issue =
| pages =
| id =
| url =
}}</ref> and its website<ref>{{cite journal
| first =Richard
| last =Williamson
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| date = October 30, 2006
| title = The last days of Wal-Mart's smiley face
| journal = Adweek
| volume =
| issue =
| pages =
| id =
| url = http://adweek.blogs.com/adfreak/2006/10/the_last_days_o.html
}}</ref> in 2006. Despite that, Wal-Mart sued an online parodist for alleged "trademark infringement" after he used the symbol (as well as various [[portmanteau]]s of "Wal-", such as "Walocaust"). The District Court found in favor of the parodist when in March 2008, the judge concluded that Wal-Mart's smiley face logo was not shown to be "inherently distinctive" and that it "has failed to establish that the smiley face has acquired secondary meaning or that it is otherwise a protectible trademark" under [[United States trademark law|U.S. law]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.citizen.org/litigation/forms/cases/getlinkforcase.cfm?cID=206| date=28 March 2008| title=Smith v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.| publisher=Citizen Vox}} The relevant text is in the Order granting summary judgment: Timothy C. Batten, Sr., "ORDER" (03/21/2008)", section "B. Threshold Issue: Trademark Ownership", case "1:06-cv-00526-TCB", document 103, pages 15-19</ref>
In June 2010, Wal-Mart and the Smiley Company founded by Loufrani settled their 10-year-old dispute in front of the Chicago federal court. The terms remain confidential.<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-01/sony-astellas-intel-apple-wal-mart-intellectual-property.html Sony, Astellas, Intel, Apple, Wal-Mart, Warner: Intellectual Property] Victoria Slind-Flor, Jul 1, 2011, Bloomberg. The case is Loufrani v. Wal-Mart Stores Inc., 1:09-cv- 03062, U.S. District Court, Northern District of Illinois (Chicago).</ref> In 2016, Wal-Mart brought back the smiley face on its website, social media profiles, and in selected stores.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2016/06/02/news/companies/walmart-smiley/index.html|title=Walmart's Smiley is back after 10 years and a lawsuit|last=Smith|first=Aaron|date=2016-06-02|website=CNNMoney|access-date=2017-01-18}}</ref>
{{clear}}
== See also ==
* [[Pareidolia]]
* [[Apophenia]]
* [[Body language]]
* [[Mirror neuron]]
* [[Facial Action Coding System]]
* [[Acid2]]
* [[Emoji]]
* [[Emoticon]]
* [[Galle (Martian crater)]]
* [[Kolobok]]
* [[Mr. Yuk]]
* [[Pac-Man (character)]]
* [[Red John]]
* [[Social intelligence]]
* [[Autism spectrum]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
{{commons and category|Smiley|Smilies}}
* [http://www.fantazia.org.uk/Scene/smileyhistory.htm History of the Acid House Smiley Face]
* [https://hdsmileys.com Modern Emoticon, emoji and smileys resource]
[[Category:Emoticons]]
[[Category:Face]]
[[Category:Pictograms]]
[[Category:Typographical symbols]]' |
