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<noinclude>{{User:RMCD bot/subject notice|1=Mixed city|2=Talk:Mixed cities#Requested move 4 June 2022}}{{NPOV|date=June 2022}}'''Mixed cities''' ({{lang-he| ערים מעורבות|translit='arim me'oravot}}, {{lang-ar|المدن المختلطة|translit=al-mudun al-mukhtalita}}) or '''Mixed towns''' is an Israeli term for the eight cities in which a significant number of both [[Israeli Jews]] and [[Arab citizens of Israel|Palestinian Arab citizens of Israel]] reside.{{sfn|Tzfadia|2011|p=153}}{{sfn|Falah|1996|p=829|ps=: "The term 'mixed towns' is often used in Israel to describe those towns or cities that contain a substantial portion of Arab residents in their populations. In addition to the five cities stated in the present study, some Israeli studies include Jerusalem, Upper Nazareth and Ma'alot-Tarshiha in the same category (Benjamin, 1975; Romann, 1989: Graicer, 1992)."}} The term “mixed cities” should not be confused with [[Multiculturalism|multicultural cities]], nor understood to imply [[social integration]];{{sfn|Tzfadia|2011|p=160a|ps=: "Israeli mixed cities, particularly after 1948, cannot be perceived as multi-cultural cities, a point poignantly reflected in the absence of this term in the indexes of the reviewed books. Although localities were divided between the culturally distinctive Jews and Arabs, the cities still did not bear the potential to become multi-cultural. This absence of a multi-cultural vision in Israeli mixed cities impinges on the concept of “right to the city.” For example, Yacobi maintains that the Arab community in Lod does not enjoy freedom in the city—it lacks the legitimacy to maintain individual and collective identities and lifestyles, to take part in decision-making, and not to be excluded."}} scholars describe significant [[geographical segregation]] and [[social exclusion]] within each of the eight cities.<ref>{{cite book | editor=H. Yacobi and M. Nasasra| first=Yara|last=Hawari|chapter=Erasing memories of Palestine in settler-colonial urban space: the case of Haifa|title=Routledge Handbook on Middle East Cities | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2019 | isbn=978-1-317-23118-9 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0agDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 | page=117|quote=This rejection of the "mixed city" notion by Johnny and others reflects the spatial reality on ground and the political and social marginalisation faced by the Palestinian community everywhere inside Israel… The narrative of continuous historical coexistence and a mixed present-day reality in Haifa serves to support Israel's self-image as a pluralist and democratic society. In addition to giving the settler-colonial reality legitimacy, the existence of mixed urban spaces leads many to assume that under the current structures of power, a shared life is possible. The reality, however, is a space in which both Palestinian Arabs and Israeli Jews live mostly separately and with vastly different experiences.}}</ref> Most Palestinian Arabs in mixed cities live in marginalized ethnic enclaves,{{sfn|Diab|Shdema|Schnell|2021|p=6|ps=: "Most Arabs live in marginalised ethnic enclaves"}} and studies have shown a significant inequality in municipal resource allocation, and wide socio-economic gaps in welfare, housing and education between the two communities.{{sfn|Tzfadia|2011|p=160b|ps=: "Israeli mixed cities, particularly after 1948, cannot be perceived as multi-cultural cities, a point poignantly reflected in the absence of this term in the indexes of the reviewed books. Although localities were divided between the culturally distinctive Jews and Arabs, the cities still did not bear the potential to become multicultural. This absence of a multi-cultural vision in Israeli mixed cities impinges on the concept of "right to the city." For example, Yacobi maintains that the Arab community in Lod does not enjoy freedom in the city--it lacks the legitimacy to maintain individual and collective identities and lifestyles, to take part in decision-making, and not to be excluded. Thus, Holston's (1999) project to oppose and undermine dominant narratives of the state within the urban framework and to create alternative local narratives that do not necessarily reflect the rationale of the nation, has failed in mixed cities in Israel."}}{{sfn|Yacobi|2009|p=1|ps=: "However, a critical examination forces us to question the term "mixed city," which might originally suggests the integration of society, while instead the reality is controversial. As in other cases of ethnonationalism, a clear spatial and mental division exists between Arabs and Jews in Israel, and hence the occurrence of "mixed" spaces is both exceptional and involuntary. Rather than occurring naturally, it has resulted from a historical process during which the Israeli territory, including cities that were previously Palestinian, has been Judaized. This book attempts to discursivelv undermine the term "mixed city," which raises images of mutual membership while ignoring questions of power, control and resistance."}} |
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The eight mixed Jewish-Arab cities, defined as those with more than 10% of the population registered as "Arabs",{{sfn|Sadeh|2015|p=ii|ps=: "A “mixed city,” according to the definition by the Central Bureau of Statistics, is one where at least 10% of the residents are registered as Arabs."}}{{sfn|Diab|Shdema|Schnell|2021|p=5|ps=: "In all mixed cities, Jews represent 70–90 per cent of the total population."}} include seven within [[Green line (Israel)|Israel-proper]]: [[Haifa]], [[Lod]], [[Ramle]], [[Jaffa]] (now a district of [[Tel Aviv]]), [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], [[Nof HaGalil]] (formerly Nazareth Illit), and [[Ma'alot Tarshiha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iataskforce.org/sites/default/files/resource/resource-262.pdf|title=Topic: Mixed Cities in Israel |date=20 June 2014|publisher=Inter-Agency Task Force on Israeli Arab Issues}}</ref> Approximately 10% of Israeli Arabs live in these seven cities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iataskforce.org/sites/default/files/resource/resource-262.pdf|title=Topic: Mixed Cities in Israel |date=20 June 2014|publisher=Inter-Agency Task Force on Israeli Arab Issues}}</ref> The eighth city is Jerusalem, in which the Arab part of the city, [[East Jerusalem]], has been annexed by Israel but is not recognized as such under international law. |
The eight mixed Jewish-Arab cities, defined as those with more than 10% of the population registered as "Arabs",{{sfn|Sadeh|2015|p=ii|ps=: "A “mixed city,” according to the definition by the Central Bureau of Statistics, is one where at least 10% of the residents are registered as Arabs."}}{{sfn|Diab|Shdema|Schnell|2021|p=5|ps=: "In all mixed cities, Jews represent 70–90 per cent of the total population."}} include seven within [[Green line (Israel)|Israel-proper]]: [[Haifa]], [[Lod]], [[Ramle]], [[Jaffa]] (now a district of [[Tel Aviv]]), [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], [[Nof HaGalil]] (formerly Nazareth Illit), and [[Ma'alot Tarshiha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iataskforce.org/sites/default/files/resource/resource-262.pdf|title=Topic: Mixed Cities in Israel |date=20 June 2014|publisher=Inter-Agency Task Force on Israeli Arab Issues}}</ref> Approximately 10% of Israeli Arabs live in these seven cities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iataskforce.org/sites/default/files/resource/resource-262.pdf|title=Topic: Mixed Cities in Israel |date=20 June 2014|publisher=Inter-Agency Task Force on Israeli Arab Issues}}</ref> The eighth city is Jerusalem, in which the Arab part of the city, [[East Jerusalem]], has been annexed by Israel but is not recognized as such under international law. |
Revision as of 21:08, 6 June 2022
A request that this article title be changed to Mixed city is under discussion. Please do not move this article until the discussion is closed. |
The eight mixed Jewish-Arab cities, defined as those with more than 10% of the population registered as "Arabs",Ma'alot Tarshiha.[3] Approximately 10% of Israeli Arabs live in these seven cities.[4] The eighth city is Jerusalem, in which the Arab part of the city, East Jerusalem, has been annexed by Israel but is not recognized as such under international law.
The eight mixed cities are the main places in Israel in which Jews and Palestinian Arabs encounter each otherSecond intifada it became at the crux of social science scholarship in Israel.[8]
History
In the early 19th century, only
the Palestinian expulsions and fleeing of violence during 1948, Safed and Tiberias were depopulated of all Palestinian Arabs and became exclusively Jewish, whilst Jerusalem was split into Jewish West Jerusalem and Palestinian Arab East Jerusalem
. Of those “original” mixed cities, only Haifa and Jaffa remained mixed after the war. However, after 1948 only about 3,000 of its 70,000 Palestinian Arab residents remained in Haifa, and in Jaffa a similar depopulation took place; these remaining Palestinian Arabs were then moved into small areas of the city by the new Israeli authorities. Today, about 12% of the Haifa’s residents are Palestinian Arab, and 5% of Tel Aviv-Jaffa.
the Palestinian expulsions and fleeing of violence
during 1948. These cities had almost 100% Palestinian Arab populations prior to 1948, but after the war only about 1,000 Palestinian Arabs remained in Ramla and Lod, and 13,000 in Acre, mostly in the poorest segments of society. Internally displaced Palestinians from other areas moved to the cities in subsequent decades; today Palestinian Arabs account for c.30% of Lod’s population, c.25% of Ramle’s and c.30% of Acre’s.
The unique cities of
Nof Hagalil and Ma'alot-Tarshiha
became mixed through Palestinian Arab immigration and a municipal merger, respectively.
Current demographics
Historical percentages[9] | Current[10] | Index of dissimilarity[11] | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ottoman Palestine | Mandatory Palestine | Israel | ||||||||||||||||
1872[12] | 1922[13] | 1945[14] | 1951[14] | 1990[14] | Percentage | Population | ||||||||||||
Jews | Arabs | Jews and Others | Arabs | Jews | Arabs | Jews | Arabs | Jews | Arabs | Jews and others | Arabs | Jews and others | Arabs | Total | ||||
Jerusalem (including occupied East Jerusalem) | 26% | 74% | 55% | 45% | 62% | 38% | n.a. | n.a. | 72% | 28% | 61% | 39% | 584,352 | 366,797 | 951,149 | 96% | ||
Jaffa | 0% | 100% | 42% | 58% | 30% | 70% | 98% | 2% | 96% | 4% | 63% | 37% | 29,000 | 17,000 | 46,000 | 82% (Tel Aviv-Yafo) | ||
Acre | 1% | 99% | 3% | 97% | 0.4% | 99.6% | 73% | 27% | 77% | 23% | 67% | 33% | 33,331 | 16,171 | 49,502 | 2% | ||
Nof HaGalil (formerly Nazareth Illit) | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 70% | 30% | 29,209 | 12,730 | 41,939 | 25% | ||||
Lod | 0% | 100% | 0.1% | 99.9% | 0.1% | 99.9% | 93% | 7% | 79% | 21% | 70% | 30% | 56,789 | 24,142 | 80,931 | 73% | ||
Ramla | 0% | 100% | 0.5% | 99.5% | 0% | 100% | 89% | 11% | 83% | 17% | 76% | 24% | 58,292 | 18,694 | 76,986 | 71% | ||
Ma’alot-Tarshiha | 0% | 100% | 0% | 100% | 0% | 100% | 0% | 100% | 78% | 22% | 17,251 | 4,870 | 22,121 | 79% | ||||
Haifa | 2% | 98% | 26% | 74% | 55% | 45% | 95% | 5% | 91% | 9% | 88% | 12% | 249,773 | 33,963 | 283,736 | 74% |
See also
Bibliography
General
- Yacobi, H. (2009). The Jewish-Arab City: Spatio-politics in a Mixed Community. Routledge Studies on the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-134-06584-4. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
- Klein, M.; Watzman, H. (2014). Lives in Common: Arabs and Jews in Jerusalem, Jaffa and Hebron. Hurst. ISBN 978-0-19-939626-9. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
- Monterescu, D.; Rabinowitz, D. (2016). Mixed Towns, Trapped Communities: Historical Narratives, Spatial Dynamics, Gender Relations and Cultural Encounters in Palestinian-Israeli Towns. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-09531-6. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
- Shohamy, E.G.; Rafael, E.B.; Barni, M. (2010). "Linguistic Landscape in Mixed Cities in Israel from the Perspective of 'Walkers': The Case of Arabic". Linguistic Landscape in the City. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 978-1-84769-297-9. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
- Cohen, E. (1973). Integration Vs. Separation in the Planning of a Mixed Jewish-Arab City in Israel. Levi Eshkol Institute for Economic, Social and Political Research, Hebrew University. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
- Tzfadia, Erez (2011). "Mixed Cities in Israel: Localities of Contentions". Israel Studies Review. 26 (1). Berghahn Books: 153–165. )
- Karlinsky, Nahum (2021-08-09). "Revisiting Israel's Mixed Cities Trope". Journal of Urban History. 47 (5). SAGE Publications: 1103–1129. S2CID 236980585.
- Tzfadia, E.; Yacobi, H. (2011). Rethinking Israeli Space: Periphery and Identity. Routledge Advances in Middle East and Islamic Studies. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-72605-7. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
- Rabinowitz, Dan; Monterescu, Daniel (2008). "Reconfiguring the "Mixed Town": Urban Transformations of Ethnonational Relations in Palestine and Israel". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 40 (2). Cambridge University Press: 195–226. )
- Falah, Ghazi (1996). "Living Together Apart: Residential Segregation in Mixed Arab-Jewish Cities in Israel". Urban Studies. 33 (6). SAGE Publications: 823–857. S2CID 153654851.
- Yiftachel, Oren; Yacobi, Haim (2003). "Urban Ethnocracy: Ethnicization and the Production of Space in an Israeli 'Mixed City'". Environment and Planning D: Society and Space. 21 (6). SAGE Publications: 673–693. S2CID 55728367.
- Shdema, Ilan; Haj-Yahya, Nasreen; Schnell, Izhak (2018-01-29). "The social space of Arab residents of mixed Israeli cities". Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography. 100 (4). Informa UK Limited: 359–376. S2CID 148677166.
- Diab, Ahmed Baker; Shdema, Ilan; Schnell, Izhak (2021-07-28). "Arab integration in new and established mixed cities in Israel". Urban Studies. SAGE Publications: 004209802110213. S2CID 237700652.
- Sadeh, Shuki (2015-12-25). "A Growing Arab Middle Class Makes a Home in Jewish Cities". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 2022-05-25.
Specific locations
- Monterescu, D. (2015). Jaffa Shared and Shattered: Contrived Coexistence in Israel/Palestine. Public Cultures of the Middle East and North Africa. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-01683-6. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
- Shtern, Marik (2016). "Urban neoliberalism vs. ethno-national division: The case of West Jerusalem's shopping malls". Cities. 52. Elsevier BV: 132–139. ISSN 0264-2751.
- Zubi, Himmat (2018). "The Ongoing Nakba: Urban Palestinian Survival in Haifa". In Nahla Abdo; Nur Masalha (eds.). An Oral History of the Palestinian Nakba. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 182–208. ISBN 978-1-78699-351-9. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
- Karlinsky, Nahum (2012). "The Limits of Separation: Jaffa and Tel Aviv before 1948: The Underground Story" (PDF). In Maoz Azaryahu; S. Ilan Troen (eds.). Tel-Aviv at 100: Myths, Memories and Realities. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 138–164.
Population data
References
- ^ Sadeh 2015, p. ii: "A “mixed city,” according to the definition by the Central Bureau of Statistics, is one where at least 10% of the residents are registered as Arabs."
- ^ Diab, Shdema & Schnell 2021, p. 5: "In all mixed cities, Jews represent 70–90 per cent of the total population."
- ^ "Topic: Mixed Cities in Israel" (PDF). Inter-Agency Task Force on Israeli Arab Issues. 20 June 2014.
- ^ "Topic: Mixed Cities in Israel" (PDF). Inter-Agency Task Force on Israeli Arab Issues. 20 June 2014.
- ^ Afif Abu Much (2020-12-09). "The New Mixed Cities". Tel Aviv Review of Books. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
- ^ Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, "Settlements".
- ^ Sadeh 2015, p. iii: "Some 16,000 Arabs are estimated to be living in 16 cities not officially defined as mixed, or in predominantly Jewish neighborhoods of big cities such as Haifa, Jerusalem and Tel Aviv."
- ^ Tzfadia 2011, p. 153.
- ^ Monterescu & Rabinowitz 2016, p. 7: Figure 1.1 Demographic ratio (Arabs:Jews) in selected Mixed Towns in Palestine/Israel, 1800–2003
- ^ 2020 data from the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, except for Jaffa (included within Tel Aviv-Yafo in the CBS statistics) from Haaretz: Lior, Ilan (2011-02-28). "Tel Aviv to build affordable housing for Jaffa's Arab residents". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
- ^ Assaf-Shapira, Yair (2019-12-20). "Segregation and Dissimilarity". Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
- ^ Scholch, Alexander. “The Demographic Development of Palestine, 1850-1882.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 17, no. 4, 1985, pp. 485–505. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/163415. Accessed 4 Jun. 2022.
- ^ 1922 census of Palestine, page 9: Jerusalem 34460 Jews and others, 28118 Arabs, 62578 total; Jaffa 20160 Jews and others, 27549 Arabs, 47709 total; Acre 180 Jews and others, 6240 Arabs, 6420 total; Nof HaGalil (uninhabited); Lod 11 Jews and others, 8092 Arabs, 8103 total; Ramla 35 Jews and others, 7277 Arabs, 7312 total; Ma’alot-Tarshiha 1880 Arabs only; Haifa 6382 Jews and others, 18252 Arabs, 24634 total.
- ^ a b c Falah 1996, p. 830.