View source for Operation Defensive Shield

{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}
{{short description|2002 Israeli military operation}}
{{use mdy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Operation Defensive Shield
| partof            = the [[Second Intifada]]
| image             = File:חומת מגן 18.jpg
| caption           = Israeli soldiers taking cover behind an [[M113 armored personnel carrier|M113 APC]] in [[Qalqilya]], April 2002
| date              = March 29 – May 10, 2002
| place             = [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli-occupied]] [[West Bank]] ([[Palestinian territories]])
| casus             = Series of Palestinian terror attacks on Israeli civilian population, culminating in the [[Passover massacre]]
* [[Operation Determined Path|Operation "Determined Path"]] launched subsequently
| combatant1        = '''{{flag|Israel}}'''
| combatant2        = {{tree list}}
*  '''{{flag|Palestinian Authority}}'''
** {{flag|Fatah}}
** {{flag|Hamas}} 
** {{flag|Palestinian Islamic Jihad}}
{{tree list/end}}
| commander1        = {{flagicon|Israel}} '''[[Ariel Sharon]]'''<br />{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Shaul Mofaz]]<br />{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Yitzhak Eitan]]
| commander2        = {{flagicon|Palestine}} '''[[Yasser Arafat]]'''<br />{{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Mahmoud Tawalbe]]{{KIA}}
| strength1         = 20,000 soldiers 
| strength2         = 10,000 fighters 
| casualties1       = 30 soldiers killed<br />127 soldiers wounded<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/3/Operation%20Defensive%20Shield Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs] See ''Soldiers who fell in action in Operation Defensive Shield''</ref>
| casualties2       = 497 killed (per [[United Nations|UN]] reports)<ref name=jenin_report_press /><br />1,447 wounded<ref name=Ynet>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2002/SG2077.doc.html|title=Operation Defensive Shield (2002)}}</ref><ref name="UN Report">{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/defensiveshield.html|title=Operation Defensive Shield |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library|access-date=19 December 2014}}</ref><br />7,000 detained<ref name=jenin_report_press />
| notes             = {{align|center|{{Location map+ | West Bank
| places =
  {{Location map~ | West Bank
    | label = [[Ramallah]]
    | position = right
    | lat_deg = 31.9
    | lon_deg = 35.2
    }}
  {{Location map~ | West Bank
    | label = [[Tulkarm]]
    | position = right
    | coordinates = {{coord|32.31|35.03}}
  }}
{{Location map~ | West Bank
    | label = [[Qalqilya]]
    | position = left
    | coordinates = {{coord|32.19|34.97}}
  }}
{{Location map~ | West Bank
    | label = [[Bethlehem]]
    | position = right
    | coordinates = {{coord|31.70|35.20}}
  }}
{{Location map~ | West Bank
    | label = [[Jenin]]
    | position = top
    | coordinates = {{coord|32.46|35.3}}
  }}
{{Location map~ | West Bank
    | label = [[Nablus]]
    | position = right
    | coordinates = {{coord|32.22|35.26}}
  }}
{{Location map~ | West Bank
    | label = [[Hebron]]
    | position = right
    | coordinates = {{coord|31.53|35.095}}
  }}
| caption = Cities in the West Bank that saw major combat during Operation Defensive Shield
}}}}
| result            = Inconclusive
| territory        = 
* Israeli forces withdraw from the [[Palestinian enclaves]] in the West Bank
* Temporary drop in Palestinian attacks
* Second Intifada continues until 2005
| units1            = {{tree list}}
* {{armed forces|Israel}}
** {{army|Israel}}
** {{air force|Israel}}
{{tree list/end}}
| units2            = {{tree list}}
* {{Flagicon image|Coat of arms of Palestine (alternative).svg|border=|size=22px}} [[Palestinian Security Services]]
** {{Flagicon image|Emblem of the Palestinian National Security Forces.svg|border=|size=22px}} [[Palestinian National Security Forces]]
* {{flagicon|Fatah}} [[Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades]]
* {{flagicon|Fatah}} [[Tanzim]]
* {{flagicon|Hamas}} [[Al-Qassam Brigades]]
* {{armed forces|Palestinian Islamic Jihad}}
{{tree list/end}}
}}
{{Campaignbox Second Intifada}}

'''Operation Defensive Shield''' ({{langx|he|מִבְצָע חוֹמַת מָגֵן}} {{Transliteration|he|Mīvtzāh Ḥōmat Māgēn}}) was a 2002 Israeli military operation in the [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank|Israeli-occupied West Bank]] during the [[Second Intifada]]. Lasting for just over a month, it was the largest combat operation in the territory since the [[1967 Arab–Israeli War]]. 

The operation began with an Israeli incursion into [[Ramallah]], where [[Yasser Arafat]] was placed under siege at [[Mukataa#Arafat's compound|his compound]]. This was followed by successive incursions into the six largest West Bank cities and their surrounding localities.<ref>Taylor & Francis Group (2004). ''Europa World Year Book 2: Kazakhstan-Zimbabwe''. {{ISBN|1-85743-255-X}} p. 3314.</ref> Israel's military moved into [[Tulkarm]] and [[Qalqilya]] on April 1, into [[Bethlehem]] on April 2, and into [[Battle of Jenin (2002)|Jenin]] and [[Nablus]] on April 3. From April 3 to 21, Israel enforced strict curfews on the Palestinian populace of the West Bank and restricted movements of international personnel, including prohibiting entry to humanitarian and medical personnel and human rights monitors and journalists.<ref name="UNMay7">[http://reliefweb.int/report/israel/report-secretary-general-prepared-pursuant-ga-resolution-es-1010-report-jenin-aes ''Report of the Secretary-General prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution ES-10/10 (Report on Jenin)''.] [[United Nations]], 30 July 2002.</ref>

In May 2002, Israel withdrew from Palestinian cities in the West Bank, but maintained cordons of troops around certain towns and villages, and also continued carrying out raids on Palestinian-populated areas.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/06/04/mideast/index.html "Arafat asks Tenet to pressure Israel, aide says". 4 June 2002.] CNN. </ref>

According to a report by the [[United Nations]]: "Combatants on both sides conducted themselves in ways that, at times, placed civilians in harm's way. Much of the fighting during Operation Defensive Shield occurred in areas heavily populated by civilians and in many cases heavy weaponry was used."<ref name="UNMay7" />

== Background ==
The [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] escalated during the [[Second Intifada]].<ref name=UNreport /> In January and February 2002, 71 people were killed on all sides during attacks from Palestinian terrorists and the Israeli army. March and April 2002 saw a dramatic increase in attacks against Israelis by Palestinian militants such as [[Hamas]], [[Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine|Islamic Jihad]] and the [[Fatah]]-affiliated [[Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades]].<ref name=UNreport>[https://web.archive.org/web/20020806174944/http://www.un.org/peace/jenin/index.html ''Report of the Secretary-General prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution ES-10/10''. August 1, 2002.] </ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3243071.stm "Palestinian Authority funds go to militants". November 7, 2003.] [[BBC]]. </ref><ref>[http://www.pmw.org.il/Latest%20bulletin.html#july12 "Arafat Blames Israel for Tel Aviv Bombing".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315091334/http://www.pmw.org.il/Latest%20bulletin.html#july12 |date=March 15, 2010 }}, [[Palestinian Media Watch]], July 12, 2004</ref> In addition to numerous shooting and grenade attacks, fifteen [[List of Palestinian suicide attacks|suicide bombings]] were carried out in March, an average of one suicide bombing every two days. March 2002 became known in Israel as "Black March".<ref>Falk, Ophir and Henry Morgenstein: ''Suicide Terror: Understanding and Confronting the Threat''.</ref> The large number of attacks severely disrupted daily life in Israel.

The first wave of Israeli incursions took place between 27 February and 14 March.<ref name="UNreport" /> Following nine attacks by Palestinian militants between March 2–5, the [[Cabinet of Israel|Israeli cabinet]] decided to massively expand its military activity against these groups. On March 5, while talking with reporters in the [[Knesset]] cafeteria, Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, pointing to the bloodiest week against Israelis since the start of the [[Second Intifada]], explained the cabinet's decision: "The Palestinians must be hit, and it must be very painful. ... We must cause them losses, victims, so that they feel a heavy price."<ref>{{cite web|date=4 March 2002|url=http://www.nyjtimes.com/Heritage/News/Mar402.htm|title=Weekend of terror leaves 23 Israelis dead|website=www.nyjtimes.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040826040541/http://www.nyjtimes.com/Heritage/News/Mar402.htm|archive-date=2004-08-26}}<br />
- On March 4, the first [[Qassam rocket]] attack of March 2002 was made into Israel; there were no casualties. (Source: IDF Spokesperson Statistics).<br />
- {{cite web|url=http://news.walla.co.il/?w=/22/191379|script-title=he:הלילה: 3 הרוגים בפיגוע בתל אביב — מחבל ירה לעבר המסעדות "מפגש הסטייק" ו"סי פוד מרקט"; 31 נפצעו - 4 קשה; ההרוגים: אלי דהן, יוסף היבי והשוטר סלים ברכאת; הפתח: נקמה על הרג הילדים ברמאללה; כתבת וידאו מצורפת|date=5 March 2002|language=he}}<br />
- {{cite web|url=http://news.walla.co.il/?w=%2F%2F191728|script-title=he:הרוג בפיגוע התאבדות באוטובוס בעפולה — מחבל מתאבד, לבוש מעיל דובון, פוצץ עצמו באוטובוס בקו 823 מנצרת עילית לתל אביב; עוד 11 בני אדם נפצעו; הג'יהאד האיסלאמי נטל אחריות; כתבת וידאו מצורפת|date=5 March 2002|language=he}}<br />
- {{cite news |work=News 1 |script-title=he:הסלמה: 3 הרוגים במפגש הסטייק בת"א; הרוג באוטובוס בעפולה; הרוגה בירושלים |url=http://www.nfc.co.il/Archive/001-D-6138-00.html?tag=23 |language=he |access-date=June 23, 2008 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213412/http://www.nfc.co.il/Archive/001-D-6138-00.html?tag=23 |url-status=dead }}<br />
- {{cite web|url=http://www.gamla.org.il/english/memorial/e310.htm|title=Devorah Friedman|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020616215625/http://www.gamla.org.il/english/memorial/e310.htm|archive-date=2002-06-16}}<br />
- {{cite web|url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/archive/ART/258/091.html|script-title=he:הפעם הקסאם פגע בעיר — אתמול לפנות ערב, אחרי יממה של טרור נורו שתי רקטות קסאם 2 אל שדרות|language=he|author=Eli Bohadana|date=2002-06-03}}<br />
- {{cite web |url=http://sderotmedia.com/?p=54 |title=Qassam rocket attack on Sderot injured a 16-month-old baby |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218034505/http://sderotmedia.com/?p=54 |archive-date=2009-02-18 }}</ref><ref name="TIME1" />

Palestinian attacks continued, with suicide bombings on 9 March (see [[Café Moment bombing]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/3/Suicide%20bombing%20at%20Cafe%20Moment%20in%20Jerusalem%20-%209-Ma |title=Suicide bombing at Cafe Moment in Jerusalem |date=9 March 2002 |publisher=Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215184351/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/3/Suicide%20bombing%20at%20Cafe%20Moment%20in%20Jerusalem%20-%209-Ma |archive-date=15 December 2010 }}</ref> 20 March,<ref>{{cite book |title=Never-Ending Conflict: Israeli Military History |first=Mordechai |last=Bar-On |page=236 |publisher=Stackpole Books |year=2006 |isbn=0-8117-3345-9}}</ref> and 21 March. Shooting and grenade attacks also continued to occur in Israel and [[Israeli settlement]]s. On 27 March, a suicide attack occurred in [[Netanya]], where 30 people were killed in the Park Hotel while celebrating [[Passover]]. The event became known as the [[Passover massacre]]. The following day, a Palestinian gunman infiltrated the Israeli settlement of [[Elon Moreh]] and killed four members of the same family.

On March 29, the Israeli government announced Operation Defensive Shield, terming it a large-scale [[Counter-terrorism|counter-terrorist]] offensive.<ref name=UNreport/><ref name="MajZiv"/><ref name="PMnDM">{{cite web|publisher= Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Speeches%20by%20Israeli%20leaders/2002/Statements%20by%20PM%20Sharon%20and%20DM%20Ben-Eliezer%20at%20pres|title=Statements by PM Sharon and DM Ben-Eliezer at press conference following Cabinet meeting-29-Mar-2002|date=29 Mar 2002}}</ref> The [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) issued emergency call-up notices for 30,000 reserve soldiers, the largest call-up since the [[1982 Lebanon War]].<ref>{{cite book |title=War Without End: Israelis, Palestinians, and the Struggle for a Promised Land |first=Anton |last=La Guardia |page=[https://archive.org/details/warwithoutendisr00lagu/page/348 348] |year=2003 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=0-312-31633-X |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/warwithoutendisr00lagu/page/348 }}</ref><ref name=Time>{{cite magazine|author=Rees, Matt |date=May 13, 2002|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]|url-access=subscription|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1002406-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406171450/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1002406-1,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 6, 2008|title=Untangling Jenin's Tale}}</ref> The same day, two Israelis were stabbed in the Gaza settlement of [[Netzarim (settlement)|Netzarim]]. Two suicide bombings occurred the next day, and another one took place the day after that.{{cn|date=January 2023}}

Overall, in March 2002, some 130 Israelis including approximately 100 noncombatants were killed in Palestinian attacks, while a total of 238 Palestinians including at least 83 noncombatants were killed in the same month by the IDF.<ref name="MajZiv">{{cite news|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3303440,00.html|title=ynet האלוף זיו: גל חדש של פיגועים בדרך - חדשות|work=ynet|access-date=19 December 2014|date=2006-09-13|last1=רבינובסקי|first1=טל}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+since+2000/Victims+of+Palestinian+Violence+and+Terrorism+sinc.htm Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403024612/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-%2BObstacle%2Bto%2BPeace/Palestinian%2Bterror%2Bsince%2B2000/Victims%2Bof%2BPalestinian%2BViolence%2Band%2BTerrorism%2Bsinc.htm |date=2007-04-03 }}, Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs</ref><ref>Source: [http://www.btselem.org/english/Statistics/Casualties_Data.asp?Category=1&region=TER Btselem casualty statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013054058/http://www.btselem.org/English/Statistics/Casualties_Data.asp?Category=1&region=TER |date=2009-10-13 }}. Note that the combatant status of many of the Palestinian dead is unknown. It is only known that they were killed during IDF operations in Palestinian population centres. B'Tselem however has determined that at least 83 of the Palestinians killed during March 2002 were noncombatants.</ref>

== Stated goals ==
The stated goals of the operation (as conveyed to the Israeli [[Knesset]] by Prime Minister [[Ariel Sharon]] on April 8, 2002) were: <blockquote>to catch and arrest terrorists and, primarily, their dispatchers and those who finance and support them; to confiscate weapons intended to be used against Israeli citizens; to expose and destroy facilities and explosives, laboratories, weapons production factories and secret installations. The orders are clear: target and paralyze anyone who takes up weapons and tries to oppose our troops, resists them or endangers them—and to avoid harming the civilian population. </blockquote>IDF officers also noted that incursions would force Palestinian militants "to exert their energy by defending their homes in the camps instead of by plotting attacks on Israelis."<ref name="TIME1">{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=18 March 2002|author=Matt Rees|url-access=subscription|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1002012,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022134525/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1002012,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 22, 2010 |title=Streets Red With Blood}}</ref>

The Palestinian attachment to the UN report on Operation Defensive Shield challenged the validity of the Israeli claim that it was targeting "terrorists," noting that,<ref name="UNreport" /> <blockquote>[...]&nbsp;the record shows clearly that the nature of the actions taken, the amount of harm inflicted on the population and the practical results prove completely different political goals&nbsp;[...] the Israeli occupying forces have consistently targeted the Palestinian police and security forces, instead of "terrorists", and have consistently tried to destroy the Palestinian Authority and declared it an "enemy", instead of groups hostile to peace in the Middle East.</blockquote>

== Operation ==
{{More citations needed|date=August 2010}}

Operation Defensive Shield was announced on March 29, but it is widely assumed preparations began nearly a month before. In early April, the IDF was conducting major military operations inside all Palestinian cities, but the majority of the fighting centered on [[Bethlehem]], [[Jenin]], [[Nablus]], and [[Ramallah]]. Over 20,000 Israeli reservists were activated during the conflict.<ref>{{cite book |publisher=Yedioth Aharonoth Books and Chemed Books |isbn=978-965-511-767-7 |last=Harel |first=Amos |author2=Avi Isacharoff |title=The Seventh War |pages=274–275 |location=Tel-Aviv |year=2004}}</ref>

===Jenin===
{{see also|Battle of Jenin (2002)}}
[[File:חומת מגן 29.jpg|thumb|Israeli soldiers in Jenin]]
According to Israeli authorities, Jenin became a central base for terror groups and terror attacks mounted by several organizations, including [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]], [[Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades]], and [[Hamas]]. The IDF spokesman attributed 23 of the 60 suicide bombers that attacked Israel in 2002 to Palestinians from Jenin.<ref>{{cite web|title=Suicide Bombers from Jenin |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=October 18, 2008 |date=July 2, 2002 |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/7/Suicide%20Bombers%20from%20Jenin |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705043647/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/7/Suicide%20Bombers%20from%20Jenin |archive-date=July 5, 2008 }}</ref>

On April 2, more than 1,000 IDF soldiers entered the camp, calling civilians and non-combatants to leave. An estimated 13,000 Palestinians were housed in Jenin prior to the operation.

The operation was led by the 5th Infantry Brigade, which had not yet been trained in [[Close combat|close-quarters combat]]. During a series of sweeps, the Israeli military claimed the entire camp was booby-trapped. At least 2,000 bombs and booby traps were planted throughout the camp.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/04/22/jenin.fighter/index.html|title=Palestinian fighter describes 'hard fight' in Jenin|date=April 23, 2002|access-date=19 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109035330/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/04/22/jenin.fighter/index.html|archive-date=9 January 2008}}</ref> In response to the discovery, the Israelis dispatched [[IDF Caterpillar D9|combat bulldozer]]s to detonate any bombs that were placed in the streets.

Israeli commanders were still not confident that soldiers would be safe from booby traps and [[improvised explosive device]]s (IEDs). A rapid ground attack would clearly be costly in IDF lives, but political pressure from the United States and elsewhere required a rapid end to the fighting. Former defense minister [[Shaul Mofaz]] promised combat-operations would be over by April 6, but that was clearly impossible.<ref name="hare">{{cite book |publisher=Yedioth Aharonoth Books and Chemed Books |isbn=978-965-511-767-7 |last=Harel |first=Amos |author2=Avi Isacharoff |title=The Seventh War |location=Tel-Aviv |year=2004|language=he}}</ref> The IDF slowly advanced into the city, encountering fierce resistance. Most of the fighting was conducted by infantry fighting house-to-house, while armored bulldozers were used to clear away booby traps and IEDs. Air support was limited to helicopter gunships firing wire-guided missiles.<ref>Dershowitz, Alan (2002): ''The Case for Israel''. </ref> Palestinian commander [[Mahmoud Tawalbe]] was killed during the battle. According to a British military expert, he was killed by an Israeli bulldozer, while the Palestinians claimed that blew himself up to collapse a house on Israeli soldiers.

On the third day of operations, an IDF unit wandered into a Palestinian ambush. Thirteen Israeli soldiers were killed and three of the bodies were captured before a [[Shayetet 13]] naval commando unit could retrieve them.

After the ambush, the Israeli military developed a tactic that allowed units to advance farther and more safely into the camps. Israeli commanders would send an armored bulldozer to ram the corner of a house, creating a hole.<ref name="hare"/> An [[IDF Achzarit]] would then enter the hole, allowing troops to clear the house without going through booby-trapped doors. Palestinian resistance was halted following the adoption of the bulldozer method, and most residents of the Hawashin neighborhood surrendered before it was leveled. Palestinian commander Hazem Qabha refused to surrender and was killed.

Throughout the [[Battle of Jenin (2002)|Battle of Jenin]], and for a few days afterwards, the city and its refugee camp were under total closure. There was much concern at the time about possible human rights violations occurring in the camp. Allegations of a massacre in Jenin were spread by Palestinians in order to create pressure on Israel to halt the operation. Claims of complete destruction of the Jenin refugee camp, a massacre of 500 civilians, and mass graves being dug by Israeli soldiers were proven false after a United Nations investigation. Reports of a large-scale massacre were found to be untrue, a result of confusion resulting from the Israeli refusal to allow entry to outside observers, and/or Palestinian [[media manipulation]].<ref>{{cite news|date=3 May 2002|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1965471.stm|work=BBC News|title='No Jenin massacre' says rights group}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[USA Today]]|date=1 August 2002|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2002-08-01-unreport-jenin_x.htm|title=U.N. report: No massacre in Jenin}}</ref>

Ultimately, the Jenin incursion resulted in the deaths of 52 Palestinians. According to Israel, five were civilians and the rest were militants. [[Human Rights Watch]] reported that 27 militants and 22 civilians, as well as three unidentified persons, had been killed, based mostly on witness interviews.<ref name=Time/> Israeli losses totalled 23 soldiers killed and 75 wounded.

===Nablus===
{{see also|Battle of Nablus}}
[[File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Standing Guard in Nablus.jpg|thumb|Israeli soldiers in Nablus]]
[[File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Paratrooper Brigade Serving During Defensive Shield.jpg|thumb|Israeli paratroopers serving in Nablus as part of Operation Defensive Shield]]

The IDF launched an incursion into [[Nablus]] with two regular infantry brigades and one reserve armored brigade. The city was estimated to have held over 8,000 Palestinian militants, in addition to [[Palestinian National Security Forces|Palestinian security forces]]. Israeli forces quickly occupied most of the city. Clashes took place around refugee camps, and Israeli attack helicopters fired rockets at Palestinian positions in the main square and neighboring streets. The main attack focused on the Nablus Casbah. The [[Golani Brigade]] entered the Casbah, engaging the Palestinians in heavy street combat and using [[armored bulldozer]]s and [[IDF Achzarit|Achzarit]] APCs to clear away barricades. Many militants withdrew to the western part of the city, where they were attacked by the [[Paratroopers Brigade]]. Troops gradually moved into the city by destroying walls within houses to get into the next house (known as [[mouse-holing]]/[[Rhizome Manoeuvre]]), in order to avoid booby-trapped doors and road-side bombs. The paratroopers advanced by sending several small units to take over houses at the same time and confuse the Palestinians, and relied heavily on [[sniper]] units. Palestinian militants often exposed their positions by firing at Israeli forces in another direction. During the battle over 70 Palestinian militants were killed, while the IDF lost one officer to friendly fire.<ref name="hare"/> The Palestinians surrendered on April 8.

Nablus was placed under curfew on April 4, as the battle was beginning. The city remained under curfew until April 22. During the operation, the IDF arrested over 100 Palestinians and discovered several explosives laboratories. High-ranking wanted persons fled east to [[Tubas (city)|Tubas]], and were arrested a week later.{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}}

===Bethlehem===
{{see also|Siege of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem}}
IDF forces including the Jerusalemite Reserve Infantry Brigade entered Jerusalem with infantry, warplanes, and tanks while a special forces [[Shaldag Unit]] targeted the Church of the Nativity to deny it to the people of Bethlehem as a place of refuge as it had been in the past. In response to the IDF offensive hundreds of Bethelemites including Bethlehem's Governor sought refuge in the church, the helicopters of the Shaldag unit arriving half an hour too late.<ref name="archives.cnn.com">{{cite news |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/04/24/mideast.bethlehem/ |work=CNN |title=Children to be released from Church of the Nativity |date=2002-04-24 |access-date=January 22, 2006 |archive-date=April 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417145336/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/04/24/mideast.bethlehem/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Fox News">{{cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/church-of-nativity-a-mess-but-suffers-little-permanent-damage |work=Fox News |title=Church of Nativity a Mess, but Suffers Little Permanent Damage |date=2002-05-10 |access-date=2007-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205153321/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,52445,00.html |archive-date=2007-02-05 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On April 3 the IDF laid siege to the church surrounding it with an elite paratrooper brigade specializing in sniper operations who used tactics including carrying out simulated attacks.<ref name=bbctsob>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/correspondent/2029661.stm|work=BBC News|title=The siege of Bethlehem|access-date=19 December 2014|date=2002-06-07}}</ref> The Vatican's top foreign policy expert Archbishop Jean-Louis Taura stated that while the Palestinians have joined the Vatican in bilateral agreements where they have undertaken to respect and maintain the status quo regarding Christian holy places and the rights of Christian communities, "to explain the gravity of the current situation, let me begin with the fact that the occupation of the holy places by armed men is a violation of a long tradition of law that dates back to the Ottoman era. Never before have they been occupied – for such a lengthy time – by armed men."<ref name="ReutersVat">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2012/06/29/palestinians-seek-un-funds-heritage-status-for-bethlehem-nativity-church/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701011301/http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2012/06/29/palestinians-seek-un-funds-heritage-status-for-bethlehem-nativity-church/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-07-01|title=Palestinians seek UN funds, heritage status for Bethlehem Nativity Church|work=Reuters|access-date=19 December 2014|date=2012-06-29}}</ref> For five weeks the Israelis held the city and church under curfew, with periodic breaks, continuing the siege on the church. Israeli snipers were given orders to shoot anyone in the church carrying a gun on sight,<ref name="bbctsob"/> seriously wounding an Armenian monk who the IDF said looked armed,<ref name="bbctime">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1950331.stm|work=BBC News|title=Timeline: Bethlehem siege|access-date=19 December 2014|date=2002-05-10}}</ref> and killing the mentally impaired church bell-ringer<ref name=chicagtrib>{{cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2002/04/05/bullet-quiets-churchs-bell/|title=Bullet quiets church's bell|work=Chicago Tribune|date=April 5, 2002 |access-date=19 December 2014}}</ref> who was shot as he left to ring the bells as he had done for three decades.<ref name="csmon0">{{cite journal|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0513/p12s01-wome.html/%28page%29/2|title=Church of Nativity opens its doors|author=The Christian Science Monitor|journal=The Christian Science Monitor|access-date=19 December 2014|date=2002-05-13}}</ref><ref name="pbscron">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/siege/etc/cron.html|title=Chronology Of The Siege - The Siege Of Bethlehem - FRONTLINE - PBS|website=[[PBS]]|access-date=19 December 2014}}</ref> He was left to die, bleeding in the square for hours. Six other men were killed by the IDF during the siege. On March 10 the siege ended, with a deal seeing some militants deported to the Gaza Strip, and the rest exiled to Cyprus.<ref name="archives.cnn.com"/><ref name="Fox News"/>

===Ramallah===
{{see also|Arafat's Compound}}
[[File:חומת מגן 5.jpg|thumb|Israeli soldiers in Ramallah]]
IDF infantry and armor entered [[Ramallah]] on March 29 and entered the [[Mukataa]], Yasser Arafat's presidential compound. The Israelis forced their way through the compound's perimeter and quickly occupied it. Arafat was given refuge in a few of the compound's rooms, along with assorted advisors, security personnel and journalists. In an effort to isolate Arafat physically and diplomatically, access to the compound was restricted, and Arafat was not allowed to leave. The IDF occupied the city after several hours of street fighting in which some 30 Palestinians were killed. Ramallah was then placed under a tight curfew as soldiers conducted searches and made arrests. The IDF arrested more than 700 people, among them [[Marwan Barghouti]], a top Palestinian militant leader suspected of directing numerous suicide bombings and other attacks against Israelis. Barghouti was later tried in Israel and sentenced to life imprisonment. The day after Marwan Barghouti's arrest, Taleb Barghouti was arrested.

On April 2, Israeli tanks and [[Armored personnel carrier|APCs]] surrounded the headquarters of the [[Preventive Security Force]] in nearby [[Beitunia]] as Israeli helicopter gunships flew overhead. Hundreds of heavily armed police officers and prisoners wanted by Israel were inside. Israeli troops used loudspeakers to announce that the compound's four buildings were to be destroyed and demand that everyone inside step out. Hundreds of police officers and fugitives emerged from the compound and surrendered to the Israeli army, and the facility was damaged by rockets. The Israelis extensively searched the facility and uncovered numerous incriminating documents, including a plan to recruit female Israeli soldiers as spies.<ref name="zionism-israel">{{cite web|url=http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Defensive_Shield.htm|title=Operation Defensive Shield|access-date=19 December 2014}}</ref> Weapons stolen from the IDF were also discovered.<ref>Sharon, Gilad (2011): ''Sharon: The Life of a Leader''. </ref>

The Israelis forced the hundreds of policemen and fugitives who surrendered to strip naked, fearing that some were armed or packed with explosives. They were then given jumpsuits, loaded onto buses and taken to [[Ofer Prison]]. [[Shin Bet]] asked [[Jibril Rajoub]], head of the Preventive Security Force, to point out which men were police officers and which were fugitives. Rajoub instead identified his policemen as fugitives and the fugitives as policemen, and the fugitives were all released. Shin Bet retaliated by releasing an official account that branded Rajoub as a traitor for turning over the fugitives in a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]-brokered deal, costing Rajoub his job.<ref>Hassan Yusef, Mosab: ''Son of Hamas: A Gripping Account of Terror, Betrayal, and Political Intrigue''.</ref>

The UN report on the subject noted: "It was not only the Palestinian people whose movement was restricted during Operation Defensive Shield. In many instances, humanitarian workers were not able to reach people in need to assess conditions and deliver necessary assistance because of the sealing of cities, refugee camps and villages during the operation. There were also cases of Israeli forces not respecting the neutrality of medical and humanitarian workers and attacking ambulances."<ref name="UNMay7"/>

In reply to these complaints, the IDF stated that the curfew was placed in order to prevent civilians from being caught in gunfights and getting hurt. Palestinian ambulances were stopped for checks following the discovery of an [[explosive belt]] in a [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Crescent]] [[ambulance]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/ambulances.html|title=Al-Aqsa Intifada: IDF Checkpoints & Palestinian Ambulances|publisher=Jewish Virtual Library|date=June 2002}}</ref>

===Tulkarm===
IDF Reserve Paratroop Battalion 55 entered [[Tulkarm]] with armored support. Palestinian militants abandoned their weapons and melted into the local population, and nine were killed by the IDF. A [[Tegart fort]] that had served as their headquarters was destroyed by an Israeli airstrike. The IDF also raided nearby villages, arresting hundreds of wanted men.<ref name="zionism-israel"/>

===Hebron===
On April 4, gendarmes from an [[Israel Border Police]] undercover unit surrounded a house in [[Hebron]] where a member of the [[Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades]] who supplied weapons to militants was holed up, along with his brother. The gendarmes demanded that the two men surrender. Shots were fired at the troops, killing one of the gendarmes. After a gun battle lasting several hours, troops stormed the house, discovering the suspect's wounded brother. The arms merchant was found to have fled.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il |title=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |work=GxMSDev |access-date=19 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117094828/http://mfa.gov.il/ |archive-date=2009-01-17 }}</ref>

===European Union reaction===
[[Spain|Spanish]] Foreign Minister [[Josep Piqué]], whose country held the EU Presidency, said that "sanctions against Israel are a possible scenario", and that EU states were discussing the possibility, with some reluctant and others wanting to impose sanctions. [[Belgium|Belgian]] Foreign Minister [[Louis Michel]] also said that the EU could rethink its trade relations with Israel. The [[European Parliament]] passed a non-binding resolution calling for economic sanctions on Israel, an arms embargo on both parties, and for the [[European Union]] to "suspend immediately" its trade and cooperation agreement with Israel. It condemned the "military escalation pursued by the Sharon government" and the "oppression of the Palestinian civilian population by the Israeli army", while also condemning suicide bombings. According to [[Yediot Aharonot]], Israel's refusal to allow Spanish EU officials [[Javier Solana]] and Josep Piqué into the [[Mukataa]] to meet with [[Yasser Arafat]], while allowing American envoy [[Anthony Zinni]] to enter, was the "straw that broke the camel's back". The resolution was passed by a vote of 269 to 208, with 22 abstentions.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}

== Casualties ==
{{see also|Israeli casualties of war|Palestinian casualties of war}}

During the fighting, 497 Palestinians were killed and 1,447 were wounded, according to a [[United Nations]] investigation, while 30 Israeli soldiers were killed and 127 were wounded.<ref name=UNreport/> However, the human rights group [[B'Tselem]] only registered 240 Palestinians killed by Israeli security forces in the West Bank during the period in which the operation took place.<ref name="btselem.org">[http://www.btselem.org/statistics/fatalities/before-cast-lead/by-date-of-event/westbank/palestinians-killed-by-israeli-security-forces List of Palestinians killed by Israeli security forces in the West Bank] (''see the 29.03.2002-3.05.2002 period'')</ref>{{Clarification needed|reason=Surely there have been more resolute reports on casualty figures since this time, would be great if someone could please check and amend accordingly! The current framing here—of UN vs. Israeli group info—seems potentially a biased way to frame this information.|date=November 2023}} Approximately 7,000 Palestinians were detained by Israel<ref name=UNreport/> including 396 wanted suspects.<ref name="UN Report"/>

The [[World Bank]] estimated that over $361 million worth of damage was caused to Palestinian infrastructure and institutions,<ref name=UNreport/> $158 million of which came from the aerial bombardment and destruction of houses in [[Nablus]] and [[Jenin]].<ref name="UNMay7"/>

== Strategic outcome ==

The effects of Operation Defensive Shield, as recorded by the Israeli Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center, were an initial drop in half (46 percent) in the number of suicide bombings{{spaced ndash}}from 22 in February–March to 12 in April–May{{spaced ndash}}and a 70 percent drop in executed attacks between the first half of 2002 and the second half (43 January–June, 13 July–December). While 2003 had a total of 25 executed suicide bombings in comparison to 56 in 2002, the main difference was the number of attacks which did not come to realization (184) either due to Israeli interception or problems in the execution. 2003 also saw a 35 percent drop in the number of fatalities from 220 deaths in 2002 to 142 deaths resulting from suicide bombings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/html/final/sp/pa_t/det_8feb_05.htm|language=he|script-title=he:סיכום נתונים אודות הטרור הפלסטיני במהלך העימות הנוכחי עם ישראל עד פסגת שארם אלשיח' (28 ספטמבר 2000 - 8 פברואר 2005)|trans-title=Summary of Palestinian Terrorism Data During the Current Conflict with Israel until the Summit of Sharm El-Sheikh (September 28, 2000 - February 8, 2005)|publisher=www.terrorism-info.org.il|access-date=2008-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524111611/http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/html/final/sp/pa_t/det_8feb_05.htm |archive-date=2011-05-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Beverly Milton-Edwards, Professor of Politics at [[Queen's University Belfast|Queen's University in Belfast]], writes that while aspects of Palestinian terrorism were reduced after the operation, Israel's objective of ending the Al-Aqsa Intifada remained unmet. Israeli destruction of institutions belonging to the Palestinian Authority (PA) and the "emasculation" of the PA and its President, [[Yasser Arafat]], opened a vacuum in the social and welfare system that was rapidly filled by the [[Hamas]], whose popularity grew. Milton-Edwards concludes that, "The unequivocal victory [sought by Israel] eventually remained elusive and the Israelis and Palestinians resumed a variety of forms of low intensity warfare with each other."<ref name=Edwardsp159>Milton-Edwards, 2008, [https://books.google.com/books?id=v-32KcEWVo8C&dq=operation+defensive+shield+march&pg=PA156 p. 157-158]</ref>

== Fact-finding and criticism ==

===UN fact-finding mission===
A UN fact-finding mission was established under [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1405|UN Security Council Resolution 1405]] (April 19, 2002) into Operation Defensive Shield following Palestinian charges that a massacre had occurred in Jenin, which later proved to be false.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}} In its attachment to the UN report the Palestinian Authority decried Israel's "culture of impunity" and called for "an international presence to monitor compliance with international humanitarian law, to help in providing protection to Palestinian civilians and to help the parties to implement agreements reached."<ref name="UNMay7" />

A report of the European Union attached in the report stated, "The massive destruction, especially at the centre of the refugee camp, to which all heads of mission in Jerusalem and Ramallah can testify, shows that the site had undergone an indiscriminate use of force, that goes well beyond that of a battlefield."<ref name="UNMay7" />

The report states that there were numerous reports of the [[Human shields in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict|IDF using Palestinians as human shields]]. Israel denied the allegations.<ref name="jenin_report_press">[https://www.un.org/press/en/2002/SG2077.doc.htm ''Report of Secretary-General on recent events in Jenin, other Palestinian cities''], Press Release. UN, 1 August 2002 (doc.nr. SG2077)</ref>

===Human rights groups===
[[Human Rights Watch]] determined that "Israeli forces committed serious violations of international humanitarian law, some amounting prima facie to war crimes."<ref>[[Human Rights Watch]], May 2002, [http://hrw.org/reports/2002/israel3/israel0502-01.htm#P49_1774 Jenin: IDF Military Operations: Summary], ''Israel, the Occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip, and Palestinian Authority Territories'', Vol 14, No. 3</ref>

[[Amnesty International]] reported that war crimes occurred in the [[Jenin]] refugee camp and in [[Nablus]], including: unlawful killings; a failure to ensure medical or humanitarian relief; demolition of houses and property occurred (sometime with civilians still inside); water and electricity supplies to civilians were cut; torture or other cruel, [[inhuman or degrading treatment]] in arbitrary detention occurred; and Palestinians civilians were used for military operations or as "human shields." According to Amnesty, "the IDF acted as though the main aim was to punish all Palestinians."<ref>{{cite web|title=Israel and the Occupied Territories Shielded from scrutiny: IDF violations in Jenin and Nablus |publisher=Amnesty International |date=4 November 2002 |url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGMDE151432002?open&of=ENG-PSE |access-date=2007-09-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810122713/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGMDE151432002?open&of=ENG-PSE |archive-date=10 August 2007 }}</ref>

===Destruction of infrastructure and property ===
Scholars have noted "the Israeli military systematically destroy[ing] West Bank infrastructure, including roads, water-treatment and power-generating plants, and telecommunications facilities, as well as official database and documents" during the Operation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Young |first=Gay |date=2004 |editor-last=Kimmerling |editor-first=Baruch |title=Supporting Israel: A Traitorous Stance |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3593985 |journal=Contemporary Sociology |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=410–413 |doi=10.1177/009430610403300406 |jstor=3593985 |issn=0094-3061|url-access=subscription }}</ref> 

==== Destruction of Palestinian Authority property ====
The UN report noted that "United Nations agencies and other international agencies, when allowed into Ramallah and other Palestinian cities, documented extensive physical damage to Palestinian Authority civilian property. That damage included the destruction of office equipment, such as computers and photocopying machines, that did not appear to be related to military objectives. While denying that such destruction was systematic, the Israeli Defence Forces have admitted that their personnel engaged in some acts of vandalism, and are carrying out some related prosecutions."<ref name=jenin_report_press /><ref name=UNreport />

[[Cheryl Rubenberg]] writes that data and records held by Palestinian civilian institutions were systematically destroyed by the IDF; among the institutions affected were the [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS), the Palestinian Authority's Ministries of Culture, Education and Health, and the [[Palestine International Bank]].<ref name=Rubenbergp351>Cheryl Rubenberg, [https://archive.org/details/palestiniansinse0000rube/page/352 <!-- quote=operation defensive shield march. --> ''The Palestinians–In Search of a Just Peace''], pp. 351–352. Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pna.gov.ps/new/repintrod02.pdf |title=Report on the Destruction to Palestinian Governmental Institutions in Ramallah Caused by IDF Forces Between March 29 and April 21, 2002 |access-date=2014-01-05 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030323112115/http://www.pna.gov.ps/new/repintrod02.pdf |archive-date=March 23, 2003}}. Palestinian NGO Emergency Initiative in Jerusalem (PNEIJ), 22 April 2002. The report is also published on [http://www.seruv.org.il/testimonies/destruction_april_ram.htm this website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930114712/http://www.seruv.org.il/testimonies/destruction_april_ram.htm |date=September 30, 2013}}</ref><ref name="pitt.edu">[http://pitt.edu/~ttwiss/irtf/palestinlibsdmg.html ''Damage to Palestinian Libraries and Archives during the Spring of 2002''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224156/http://www.pitt.edu/~ttwiss/irtf/palestinlibsdmg.html |date=2016-03-03}}. University of Pittsburgh, 16 January 2003</ref>

[[Amira Hass]], an Israeli reporter for ''[[Haaretz]]'', criticized the IDF for targeting computer files and printed records, dubbing the offensive "Operation Destroy the Data". She wrote that "this was not a mission to search and destroy the terrorist infrastructure.&nbsp;... There was a decision made to vandalize the civic, administrative, cultural infrastructure developed by Palestinian society".<ref>Hass, Amira. ''Haaretz'', 24 April 2002, {{cite web|url=http://news.haaretz.co.il/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=155181 |title=Operation Destroy the Data |access-date=2007-11-16 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030313224244/http://news.haaretz.co.il/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=155181 |archive-date=March 13, 2003}} on web.archive.org.</ref>

==== Destruction of non-governmental property ====
Large-scale destruction was reported of properties of NGOs, media, universities, cultural centers, and other institutions. Complete libraries and archives, including video and music archives, as well as equipment were looted, vandalized and destroyed. Also demolition of shops and a religious compound were reported.<ref name="pitt.edu"/>

===Jenin massacre allegations===
A great deal of the media attention to Operation Defensive Shield centered around Palestinians claims of a large-scale [[Battle of Jenin (2002)|massacre in Jenin]]. Palestinian cabinet minister Saeb Erekat was widely quoted by the press as saying there were 500 massacred Palestinians in the Israeli assault on Jenin.<ref>[[CNN]], 5 May 2002, [http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0205/05/le.00.html CNN Transcripts: 'Interview with Condoleezza Rice; Last Chance for Arafat?; How to Best Protect the Cockpit?']<br />- "BLITZER: Mr. Erakat, you probably know that you've come under some widespread criticism here in the United States for initially charging that the Israelis were engaged in a massacre in Jenin. Perhaps 500 Palestinians murdered in that massacre, you suggested. But now all of the evidence suggests that perhaps 53 or 56 Palestinians died in that fighting in Jenin.<br />ERAKAT: It depends—first of all, on the number 500, I said 500 but I said at the same time I cannot confirm them because I didn't have the chance to go and pull the rubble out and to clean the rubble out, and I don't know exactly, and I said I cannot confirm it.<br />But what defines a massacre? Israel called, when they had this bombing in the Netanya restaurant, 26 people, they called it a massacre. So what's a massacre?<br />"</ref>

Human Rights Watch found no evidence to sustain claims of massacres or large-scale extrajudicial executions by the IDF in Jenin refugee camp. However, many of the civilian deaths documented amounted to unlawful or willful killings by the IDF according to Human Rights Watch. Many others could have been avoided if the IDF had taken proper precautions to protect civilian life during its military operation, as required by international humanitarian law. Among the civilian deaths were those of Kamal Zgheir, a 57-year-old man who was shot and run over by a tank on a major road outside the camp on April 10, even though he had a white flag attached to his wheelchair; 58-year-old Mariam Wishahi, killed by a missile in her home on April 6 just hours after her unarmed son was shot in the street; Jamal Fayid, a 37-year-old paralyzed man who was crushed in the rubble of his home on April 7 despite his family's pleas to be allowed to remove him; and fourteen-year-old Faris Zaiban, who was killed by fire from an IDF armored car as he went to buy groceries when the IDF-imposed curfew was temporarily lifted on April 11.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/israel3/|title=Jenin: IDF Military Operations|access-date=19 December 2014 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Human Rights Watch stated that of at least 52 Palestinians were killed, at least 27 were suspected to have been armed Palestinian militants.

Multiple deaths were also caused by refusal (whether enforced by militia groups or voluntary is disputed) of Palestinian families to leave their houses, of which specific bulldozers, clearing the way for operations, were not alerted of on a house-to-house basis (See [[Gaza War (2008–2009)|Israel–Gaza war 2008–2009]] for similar issues; where IDF warnings were continually issued that specific houses carrying munitions were to be targeted, with Hamas response of forcing families to remain inside their houses.){{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

Initially Israel welcomed an investigation, announcing that it would cooperate fully with the Secretary General's fact-finding effort. According to the United Jewish Communities, Israel made a number of points regarding the team's methodology, in order to "safeguard the impartiality of its work."<ref>[[United Jewish Communities]], 1 May 2002, [http://www.ujc.org/content_display.html?ArticleID=39626 The Israeli Cabinet Decision Regarding the UN Fact Finding Team] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051104033900/http://www.ujc.org/content_display.html?ArticleID=39626 |date=2005-11-04}}</ref> However, Israeli government receptivity to cooperating with the UN fact-finding mission decreased when the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]], [[Kofi Annan]], did not appoint a predominantly technical team with specialized military and forensic expertise, but rather political-administrative figures without such specialized skills (including [[Cornelio Sommaruga]], controversial for previous "Red Swastika" remarks),<ref>''[[Jewish World Review]]'', 10 May 2002 [http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/krauthammer051002.asp "Kofi's Choice: The U.N. secretary general gets entangled in l'Affaire Sommaruga".]</ref> and after Palestinian officials reduced the casualty toll in Jenin on May 1, 2002<ref name="WashTimes0501">{{cite news |author=Martin, Paul |date=1 May 2002 |title=Jenin 'massacre' reduced to death toll of 56 |url=http://www.papillonsartpalace.com/jenin.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927051933/http://www.papillonsartpalace.com/jenin.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=2007-09-17 |work=The Washington Times |page=01 |format=Reprint}}<br />Archived from Washington Times site; as retrieved from [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_go1637/is_200205/ai_n6883602]{{dead link|date=March 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} [http://osdir.com/ml/politics.communism.environmental/2002-05/msg00004.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930024242/http://osdir.com/ml/politics.communism.environmental/2002-05/msg00004.html|date=2007-09-30}}[http://nucnews.net/nucnews/2002nn/0205nn/020501nn.htm#331] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613015348/http://nucnews.net/nucnews/2002nn/0205nn/020501nn.htm#331|date=June 13, 2010}}</ref> to be between 50 and 60 deaths while Israel maintained there were only seven or eight civilian casualties. The charges of a massacre which had sparked demands for a U.N. investigation, had now been dropped. Kofi Annan disbanded the UN fact-finding team in Jenin supposed to determine whether a massacre had taken place with the comment that "[c]learly the full cooperation of both sides was a precondition for this, as was a visit to the area itself to see the Jenin refugee camp at first hand and to gather information. This is why the Secretariat engaged in a thorough clarification process with the Israeli delegation."<ref name="UNMay7" />

In 2002, [[Mohammed Bakri]], a prominent Arab actor and Israeli citizen, directed and produced a documentary ''[[Jenin, Jenin]]'', to portray "the Palestinian truth" about the Battle of Jenin. In the documentary Bakri propagates that indeed a massacre of civilians occurred in Jenin. A French Jewish film maker, [[Pierre Rehov]], also directed a documentary on what happened in Jenin during Defensive Shield. His film, ''[[The Road to Jenin]]'', was produced to counter the claims of a massacre, and to counter the narrative of Mohammed Bakri. [[Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America|CAMERA]] made a review of the two documentary films. According to the review, Bakri has admitted to shortening his film by 25 min in the wake of criticism.

====Reported first-hand allegations====
David Rohde of ''[[The New York Times]]'' on the April 16 reported:
{{quote |Saed Dabayeh, who said he stayed in the camp through the fighting, led a group of reporters to a pile of rubble where he said he watched from his bedroom window as Israeli soldiers buried 10 bodies. "There was a hole here where they buried bodies," he said. "And then they collapsed a house on top of it." The Palestinian accounts could not be verified. "The smell of decomposing bodies hung over at least six heaps of rubble today, and weeks of excavation may be needed before an accurate death toll can be made."<ref>David Rohde, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 16 April 2002, [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03E6DA113CF935A25757C0A9649C8B63 MIDEAST TURMOIL: THE AFTERMATH; The Dead and the Angry Amid Jenin's Rubble]</ref>}}

Stewart Bell of the ''[[National Post]]'' on the April 15 reported that [[Ahmed Tibi]], an Arab member of the Israeli [[Knesset]], said he had met hundreds of Palestinians displaced by what he termed the "massacre" in Jenin. According to Tibi, "Everyone has a tragedy, about executions they saw, about their whole family that was killed, about the most tangible concern—where is my family?" Bell reported that Jenin's population recounted "vivid accounts" of fighting and homes being demolished but first-hand accounts of massacres was scarce. One such rumor was a grocery store owner near Jenin who spoke of seeing Israeli troops using a refrigerated truck to hold the bodies of massacred Palestinians, which he said was still parked on a nearby hill. He refused to elaborate out of fear from "collaborators." Bell reported that a National Post reporter inspected the truck and found that it contained apples and other food for the Israeli soldiers.<ref name="NPost">{{cite news |title=What happened at Jenin? |last=Bell |first=Stewart |date=April 15, 2002 |work=National Post}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of invasions in the 21st century]]
* [[2024 Israeli military operation in the West Bank]], the largest one since Operation Defense Shield

== References ==
{{reflist|40em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |title=The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A People's War |first1=Beverley |last1=Milton-Edwards |edition=Illustrated |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2008 |isbn= 978-0-415-41043-4}}
*{{cite book |title=The Palestinians: in search of a just peace |url=https://archive.org/details/palestiniansinse0000rube |url-access=registration |first1=Cheryl |last1=Rubenberg |author-link1=Cheryl Rubenberg |edition=Illustrated |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-58826-225-7}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/go.asp?MFAH0le00 Passover suicide bombing at Park Hotel in Netanya]
* Goldenberg, Doron: [http://www.israelbooks.com/bookDetails.asp?book=36 ''State of Siege'' (israelbooks.com)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061222131428/http://www.israelbooks.com/bookDetails.asp?book=36 |date=December 22, 2006 }}, Gefen Publishing House, 2003.

{{Israeli-Palestinian conflict |Timeline |state=expanded}}

[[Category:Operation Defensive Shield| ]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2002]]
[[Category:March 2002 in Asia]]
[[Category:April 2002 in Asia]]
[[Category:May 2002 in Asia]]
[[Category:History of Ramallah]]