Special Corps of Gendarmes
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Separate Corps of Gendarmes Отдельный корпус жандармов | |
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Agency overview | |
Formed | 1827 |
Dissolved | 1917 |
Employees | 5,200 soldiers |
Jurisdictional structure | |
Operations jurisdiction | Russian Empire |
General nature | |
Operational structure | |
Overseen by | Guberniya |
The Separate Corps of Gendarmes (Russian: Отдельный корпус жандармов) was the uniformed security police of the Imperial Russian Army in the Russian Empire during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Its main responsibilities were law enforcement and state security.
The responsibilities of the Gendarmes also included the execution of court orders, pursuit of fugitives, riot control, and detainment of "unusual" criminals. Gendarmes could also be assigned to assist local police and officials.
Establishment
The precursors of the Corps were the Imperial Army
Organisation
In 1836, the Gendarmerie of the Internal Guards was transformed into the Separate Corps of Gendarmes, under the Chief of Gendarmes. The Commander of the Corps and Chief of Staff of the Corps were also Directors of the Third Section under the executive director. The Corps was divided into seven territorial Districts, six of them located in Russia and one in the
As of 1867 statute, the Corps consisted of:
- Main Directorate
- Surveillance staff
- Caucasus, Warsaw and Siberia Districts
- GubernialDirectorates (56)
- UyezdDirectorates (50)
- Railroad Directorates
- St. Petersburg, Moscow and Warsaw divisions
- Mounted units (13)
Expanded role
In 1871, the Gendarmes acquired the right to investigate both political and criminal cases, as the judicial investigators were dismissed.
Only the most competent army officers holding noble ranks could be appointed to the Corps of Gendarmes. In August 1880, both the
Following the 1902 assassination of MVD Minister
Disbandment
During the February 1917 Russian Revolution, Gendarmes stationed at Kronstadt remained loyal to the tsarist regime, fired on demonstrators and were later imprisoned for trial.[1] On 17 March [O.S. 4 March] 1917 the Corps of Gendarmes was formally abolished by the order of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma, along with the regular tsarist police.[2]
Directors
- Alexander von Benckendorff (1826–1844, its founder and first chief)
- Vasily Andreyevich Dolgorukov (?–?)
- Aleksandr Potapov (1861–1864)
- Pyotr Andreyevich Shuvalov (1866–?)
- Alexander Drenteln (1878–1880)
- Pyotr Dmitrievich Sviatopolk-Mirskii(1900–1905)
Ranks and uniforms
The Gendarmes used cavalry ranks of the Russian military ranks system introduced in 1826. Most branches of the Separate Corps wore light blue uniforms in contrast to the dark green of the regular army and police. Gendarmes of the Railroad Directorates were, however, distinguished by dark blue tunics.
Rank insignia 1884-1907
- Commissioned officer ranks
Rank group | General / flag officers | Senior officers | Junior officers | Officer cadet | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Генерала-от-кавалерии Generala-ot-kavalerii |
Генера́л-лейтена́нт Generál-leytenánt |
Генера́л-майо́р Generál-mayór |
Полко́вник Polkóvnik |
Подполко́вник Podpolkóvnik
|
Майо́р Majór |
Ротмистр Rotmistr
|
Штабс-ротмистр Shtabs-rotmistr |
Поручик Poruchik |
Корнет Kornet |
- Other ranks
Rank group | Senior NCOs | Junior NCOs | Enlisted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Вахмистр Vakhmistr |
Ста́рший унтер-офицер Stárshiy unter-ofitser |
Мла́дший унтер-офицер Mládshiy unter-ofitser |
Ефре́йтор Efréĭtor
|
жандарм Zhandarm |
See also
- Jailbirds of Kerensky
- Ministry of Police of Imperial Russia
- National Guard of Russia
- Police Department of Russia
- Internal Troops
References
- ISBN 978-0-7126-6775-3.
- S2CID 261865665.
Further reading
- Political police and political terrorism in Russia (second half of XIX – beginning of XX). Collection of documents. Compiled by V.I. Kochanov, N.N. Parfyonova, M.V. Sidorova, Ye. I. Sherbakova. Moscow, AIRO-XX (2000). ISBN 5-88735-079-2. (in Russian)
External links
- Official history of the (in Russian)