Special Operations Forces (Russia)

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Special Operations Forces
Силы специальных операций
Sily spetsial'nykh operatsiy
Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War
Commanders
Current
commander
Major General Valery Flyustikov
Insignia
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The Special Operations Forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, commonly known as the Special Operations Forces (SOF; Russian: Силы специальных операций; ССО,

Russian Federation
. It is also a structural and an independent unit of the Armed Forces.

The first units of what would become the Special Operations Forces were transferred from the

counter-proliferation, foreign internal defense operations and undertaking the most complex special operations and clandestine missions for protecting interests of the Russian Federation.[23][24]

SOF are distinct from the

Main Intelligence Directorate and whose subsequent subordination was left unclear[25][21] until 2013 where the decision was reversed and GRU special forces units were reassigned to GRU divisions and placed under GRU authority again.[26] Russia's SOF are manned exclusively by professional personnel hired on contract, of which all are full-time servicemen consisting of commissioned officers and regular soldiers.[21]

On 26 February 2015, President Vladimir Putin decreed that 27 February be the Day of the SOF, according to multiple Russian official news agencies[27] (albeit not acknowledged formally), to mark the establishment of Russian control over the building of the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea in Simferopol, Crimea on 27 February 2014.[28][21]

Mission and methods

Russian SOF operators.

The Special Operations Forces are a highly mobile, well-trained and equipped, constant combat prepared special operations force of the Russian Ministry of Defense. Designed for performing specific tasks, the SOF have the ability to function both within the country and abroad, in peacetime and in wartime (with application of military force, by necessity).

The Russian Ministry of Defense defines the term "special operation" as "methods and ways of fighting not characteristic of conventional forces: reconnaissance and

counter-terrorism, counter-sabotage, counterintelligence, guerrilla, counter-guerrilla and other activities".[29][30]

The SOF have been primarily

cruise missile strikes, serving as military advisors training Syrian government troops, seek and destroying critical enemy objects, disruption behind enemy lines through ambushes, high value targeted assassinations and retaliation strikes against select groups of fighters.[31]

History

Within the Russian Federation

In 2009, as a part of the comprehensive reform of the Russian Federation's Armed Forces, Special Operations Directorate, subordinate directly to the Chief of the General Staff, was created on the basis of the

GRU's 322nd Specialist Training Center in the Moscow region (Military Unit 92154).[20] The unit saw extensive action in the Caucasus region and earned the nickname podsolnukhi (sunflowers), a nickname given to the soldiers assigned to the unit while serving in Chechnya. It was reported that Colonel Oleg Martianov, who later became a member of the board of the Military-Industrial Commission, was one of the founders and first commander of the SOF from 2009 to 2013.[32]

In 2012, the Special Operations Directorate was reorganized as Special Operations Command, which was followed by plans to upscale the Forces manpower up to 9 special purpose brigades.[21]

On 6 March 2013, General Valery Gerasimov announced the creation of the Special Operations Forces. While speaking to foreign military attaches in Moscow, he said: "After reviewing the practice of the formation, training and the use of special operations forces in the leading countries of the world, Russia's Defense Ministry has also begun to create them... A corresponding command was created, which is engaged in planning work and implements a plan of training of the Armed Forces... A set of documents has already been elaborated to determine the direction of development, methods of training and application of these forces".[22][33]

On 15 March 2013, according to Russian media reports, the creation of the Special Operations Center of the Ministry of Defense for around 500 professional soldiers began in the suburban village of Kubinka-2. The Formation of the Center was scheduled to be completed by the end of 2013. The center would be directly subordinate to the Special Operations Forces Command of the Russian Ministry of Defense.

At the end of April 2013, units of the Special Operations Forces conducted a special tactics exercise at Elbrus mountains at an altitude of 4,500 meters. The exercise was dedicated to practice transportation of one of the SOF units by military transport aviation and army aviation, as well as air insertion of personnel and cargo into target the area.[34][35]

During peacetime, the SOF may also be called in to execute certain specialised homeland security operations. In May 2013, the General Staff said that the unit would be tasked with security of the 2014 Winter Olympic Games in Sochi and that the SOF now comprised air and naval components.[36] Again, when Russia hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup, the SOF and FSB special forces units took charge of ensuring the security.[37]

The SOF also conducted counter-terrorism and special operations during the insurgency in the North Caucasus region disguised as other Spetsnaz units.

On 2 December 2017, an unnamed mountain with a height of 3,939 meters located on the Sudor ridge in the

Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, was named "Mountain of Special Operations Forces".[38]

Outside the Russian Federation

The SOF has also taken part in anti-piracy operations in the Gulf of Aden, clashing with Somali pirates.

In late February 2014, an unknown number of SOF operators alongside other Russian troops entered Crimea disguised as "little green men" and captured the Crimean Parliament and also began the blockading and capturing of other significant and strategic sites across the peninsula.[4][5]

SOF combat operations in Syria, which began covertly in late 2015

Latakia offensive. They played a crucial role in the Palmyra offensive, provided support to the Syrian Army attempting the recapturing of Raqqa, repelling the ISIL offensive on Palmyra and throughout the Syrian push for Aleppo in the same year.[10]

They returned during the

in 2019.

On 11 December 2017, SOF units provided top-level security for the unannounced visit of Russian President

Sergey Shoygu later personally thanked all the military personnel involved for their exemplary performance of the task.[40]

In February 2022, the SOF was involved in the

full-scale invasion of Ukraine, conducting covert operations targeting critical military infrastructure and support systems of Ukraine and reconnaissance missions behind enemy lines.[41]

Structure and organization

While official numbers are classified, between the Special Purpose Center "Senezh" and the headquarters at the Special Purpose Center "Kubinka-2", analysts believe the size is around 2,000 to 2,500 total personnel. The command has supporting elements providing combat support and combat service support functions. There is a dedicated special aviation brigade that directly controls combat aviation assets at Torzhok, and a squadron of Ilyushin Il-76 transport aircraft at the Migalovo airfield near Tver.[20][42]

The Special Operations Forces Command is similar in role to the U.S.

full operational capability
later in 2013 and also serves as the central command authority for the entire SOF structure of which is subordinate directly to the General Staff.

Training

SOF operatives during HALO training.
SOF operatives in a winter combat training drill.

The training of the officer recruit special operators is carried out in the Ryazan Guards Higher Airborne Command School – RVVDKU (department of special and military intelligence and the department of the use of special forces) and the Novosibirsk Higher Military Command School – NVVKU (department of special intelligence and the chair of the special reconnaissance and airborne training). At "Senezh", potential operators learn skydiving, mountaineering, swimming and military diving, and storming buildings and homes, while "Kubinka-2" focuses on maritime operations and reconnaissance and controls several naval special operations detachments.[20]

There is a cold weather/mountaineering training centre at

North Ossetia–Alania. Several more sensitive centers specialised for training SOF specialists also exist in military secrecy. Depending on the individual tasks the operatives are being prepared for or specialise in, the training varies.[20]

The Special Operations Forces warfare training centers and facilities:

Known operations

  • In 2014,
    Alexey Dyumin, personally conducted operations in Crimea.[47][48] Colonel Alexander Popov served as a detachment commander of the SOF and was directly involved in the events for which he was awarded the honorary title of Hero of the Russian Federation.[49]
  • During the Battle of Palmyra in March 2016, Senior Lieutenant Alexander Prokhorenko was killed after he ordered an airstrike on his location after being surrounded by ISIL fighters and out of ammunition. He was posthumously awarded the honorary title of Hero of the Russian Federation for the heroic feat.[50][51][52]
  • On 10 May 2017, Russian President Vladimir Putin personally awarded medals to four officers of the SOF for showing extraordinary courage combating terrorists in Syria. They were part of a 16-man special forces detachment unit which managed to successfully repulse attacks conducted by over 300 jihadists without any losses. The commander of the unit, Lieutenant Colonel Danila was awarded the honorary title of Hero of the Russian Federation.[53][54]
  • On 16 August 2017, a 4-5 man SOF unit was ambushed by 40
    Islamic State terrorists in the town of Akerbat and being abandoned by Syrian soldiers. After all the other members of his unit were injured, including the commander and the second officer, Lance corporal Denis Portnyagin took upon the whole job himself and killed 14 terrorists in the process and was even ready to blow his grenades to prevent their capture. He was awarded the honorary title of Hero of the Russian Federation for this feat.[55]
  • On 12 January 2018, the Russian Defense Ministry announced that the group of militants responsible for a massive mortar attack targeting the Khmeimim Air Base in Syria on 31 December 2017 which killed two Russian soldiers were liquidated in the course of a special operation. SOF operatives tracked the militants to their base camp near the border of Idlib and destroyed the entire group with a Krasnopol projectile as they were boarding a minibus to leave the base. No mentions were made of which group the militants were affiliated to. Separately, a depot storing militant drones located in Idlib province was destroyed as well.[60][61]
  • On 25 March 2019, the Russian Defense Ministry said that a group of more than 30 terrorists were eliminated in a special operation by the SOF and the Russian Air Force after they were identified. The operation was a retaliation for the terrorist attack in late February 2019 which killed 3 Russian servicemen. The location and affiliation of the terrorists were undisclosed.[62][63]
  • During
    Hurras Al-Din and other various rebel factions.[64]

Casualties

According to the Russian Defence Ministry as of February 2019, there are ten cases among SOF personnel in Syria that have been confirmed to be killed in action.[67] Four members whose status are presumed to have been killed still remains unclear as of September 2019.[68][69]

Hero of the Russian Federation recipients

Commanders

Under the leadership of Maj. Gen. Matovnikov, SOF were critical in Syria.
List of Special Operations Forces commanders
Commander Start of Term End of Term
Col. Oleg Martyanov [ru] 2009 2013
Maj. Gen.
Alexey Dyumin
2014 2015
Maj. Gen. Aleksandr Matovnikov 2015 2018
Maj. Gen. Valery Flyustikov 2018 Incumbent

Weapons

Handguns

Submachine guns

Assault rifles

Sniper rifles

Machine guns

Explosive weapons

Equipment

Apparel

Helmets

  • 6B7-1M
  • Voin-Kiver RSP
  • LSHZ 1+
  • 6B47
  • 5,45 Design Spartan 1
  • 5,45 Design Spartan 2
  • 5,45 Design Spartan 3

Vests

  • 6Sh112 LBV
  • 6Sh117 LBV
  • 6B43 armor vest
  • 6B45
  • 6B46
  • "Redut-M" armour vest
  • STICH PROFI® Loading system plate carrier
  • STICH PROFI® Lightweight plate carrier
  • FORT Defender 2
  • 5.11 Tactec Plate Carrier
  • ARS ARMA Tactec Plate Carrier
  • Raidgear&MBC "Phantom" universal Plate Carrier
  • Raidgear&MBC MBSVest Type 2 and 3 Molle Minus universal bodyarmor
  • Various Crye Precision, Survival corps, SSO/SPSON, Gear Craft, Wartech, FORT, ANA tactical, ARSARMA, Armocom plate carriers
  • FORT Gladiator-A Plate Carrier

Other

  • FORT OVR-3SH Combat Engineering/Demining Kit
  • FORT Fortres K14 protective suit
  • FORT Raid-L protective suit
  • PMK gas mask
  • GKN-7 diving suit
  • Aqualung Amphora rebreather
  • Veer-6 ballistic shield
  • PT-2 thermal monocular
  • Peltor Com Tac XP headset
  • NRS-2 special scout knife
  • ZALA UAVs[73]
  • Strelets reconnaissance, control and communications system[74]
  • Arbalet parachute system

Transport vehicles

Ground vehicles

Aircraft

Watercraft

  • BRP SEA-DOO GTX LTD PWC
  • BRP SEA-DOO RTX-215 PWC
  • RBS BlackShadow DPVs (Diver Propulsion Vehicles)[citation needed]

Gallery

See also

References

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