Specialist school
Specialist schools, also known as specialised schools or specialized schools, are schools which specialise in a certain area or field of curriculum.
In Europe
Specialist schools have been recognised in Europe for a long period of time. In some countries such as Germany and the Netherlands, education specialises when students are aged 13, which is when they are enrolled to either an academic or vocational school (the former being known in Germany as a gymnasium). Many other countries in Europe specialise education from the age of 16.[4]
Germany
Nazi Germany
The
- boarding schools for boys aged 10–18. They fell under the control of the Schutzstaffel(SS) from 1936.
- Adolf Hitler Schools – These were free-to-attend boarding specialist schools for leadership, serving 12–18-year olds. Students were selected for their leadership skills and Aryan likeness.
- Order Castles – These schools trained elite 25–30-year olds who were expected to become future political and military leaders.
Since 1945
After the
In modern Germany, education becomes specialised from the age of 13, with students attending either academic schools known as gynmnasiums or vocational schools.[4] Vocational specialist schools and academies offer vocational qualifications.[7]
Netherlands
In the Netherlands, many specialist schools exist within the public education system.[8] Education is specialised between vocational and academic schools from the age of 13,[4] however there are many specialist schools in the primary sector of education, with specific types including partnership schools, Dalton schools and brede schools/community schools.[8]
Brede schools (broad schools), also known as extended schools or community schools,
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the term specialist school refers to a school with an emphasis or specialist focus on a certain field or area of the curriculum,
England and Northern Ireland
In England, secondary specialist schools may select up to ten per cent of their yearly student intake for aptitude in their specialism provided that it includes either the performing arts, visual arts,
Under the
Any state secondary school in England, whether they are
Other countries
Australia
Schools that operate specialist education programs exist in all Australian states and territories. These schools are typically associated with the arts or elite sports programs. In
Canada
In Canada, there have been specialized schools in Calgary, Toronto and Niagara Falls. These schools, also known as niche schools and alternative schools,[50][51] are usually selective,[52] however the Toronto District School Board has recently scrapped its old admission arrangements and have made its specialized schools enrol students based on the students' interest in attending the school.[53]
China
In the 1990s, the Chinese government addressed demands for a trained workforce by establishing selective specialist schools. The main type of specialist school is the key school. These are primary and secondary schools serving academic children. Schools can be designated with key status by meeting requirements in facility and teaching quality. Between 15 and 20 per cent of Chinese schools satisfied these criteria in 1999.[54]
China has established Confucius colleges and classrooms across 87 countries.[55] The Ministry of Education has also identified 3,916 middle schools and primary schools as specialist schools for youth football.[56]
Japan
In Japan, the first specialist schools were the
In March 1903, the government increased its oversight over the Senmon Gakkō through Imperial Ordinance 61, officially called the Senmon Gakkō Rei. This ordinance required the schools to seek approval from the
In modern Japan, the Senmon Gakkō are tertiary specialist schools for vocational education with two years of study. The majority of them are private.[62] There are also other private specialist schools in Japan called Senshūgakkō. These offer curricular subjects such as computer programming, languages and bookkeeping.[63] There was previously a system of specialist schools for teacher training which consisted of normal schools, higher normal schools and colleges of arts and sciences. In 2002, former prime minister Yasuhiro Nakasone recommended establishing new specialist schools "to train prospective education professionals", with these schools being "separate from ordinary universities".[64]
New Zealand
In New Zealand, a specialist school is a special school for students with high needs.[65][66] Students with high needs are defined as those with "significant physical, sensory, neurological, psychiatric, behavioural or intellectual impairment". In 2010, students with high needs accounted for three per cent of the student population in New Zealand.[67] The specialist schools can be day specialist schools or residential specialist schools. Day specialist schools teach years 1–13, with students allowed to attend until they reach the age of 21. There are currently 28 such schools across the country, although they may hold satellite classes in mainstream schools to provide their specialist services in a normal educational environment. Residential specialist schools are for high needs students with a "slow rate of learning". Places are offered only when a student has a Specialist Education Agreement or when their needs cannot be met by the schools in their local area.[65][68]
South Africa
In South Africa, a specialist school is an
Singapore
Since 1987, the
United States
There is a successful small tradition of specialized schools for particular curricular areas in the United States. Specialized schools for a variety of subjects such as the performing arts or science exist in some cities, with specialized vocational and technical schools being the most typical.[76] Most of these schools are highly selective,[77] and are often referred to as exam schools.[78]The term specialized school is also used to refer to boarding schools for children with special needs, as boarding provision is a small part of their educational provision.[79]
A large number of charter schools in the United States are specialized schools. In 2015, a study evaluated the diversity between charter schools in 17 cities. The ratio between specialized charter schools and non-specialized charter schools in these cities was found to typically be around 50/50. 55 per cent of enrolled students attended non-specialized charter schools while 45 per cent attended specialized charter schools.[3] There are also two other main types of specialized school in the United States, the magnet school and alternative school.[80] Magnet schools are public schools which specialise in a particular course or curriculum. There were 3,497 of these schools in the United States during the 2019/2020 academic year.[81] Alternative schools are educational establishments with untraditional methods and curriculae, including a specialised curriculum.[82][83] There were 10,900 alternative schools in the United States in the 2000/2001 academic year.[84]
See also
Notes
- ^ September 1993 – April 2011 (England),[31][32] September 2006 – August 2011 (Northern Ireland).[33][34]
- ^ Secondary schools in England had to raise £50,000, though schools with less than 500 students had to raise £20,000 instead,[35] while secondary schools in Northern Ireland had to raise £25,000.[36]
- ^ In England, there were 10 specialisms to choose from.[37] Two more specialisms, applied learning and SEN, were available to mainstream schools as one half of a combined specialism or as a second specialism taken in re-designation. Standalone SEN specialisms were offered exclusively to special schools.[35] Five more specialisms were offered exclusively in Northern Ireland,[38] however most schools were designated with one of the English specialisms; information and communications technology was the only Northern Irish specialism to be granted.[39]
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