Spider mite
Spider mites Temporal range:
| |
---|---|
Tetranychus urticae | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
Class: | Arachnida |
Order: | Trombidiformes |
Superfamily: | Tetranychoidea |
Family: | Tetranychidae Donnadieu, 1875 |
Subfamilies & tribes | |
Bryobinae Berlese
Tetranychinae Berlese
|
Spider mites are members of the Tetranychidae family, which includes about 1,200 species.[1] They are part of the subclass Acari (mites). Spider mites generally live on the undersides of leaves of plants, where they may spin protective silk webs, and can cause damage by puncturing the plant cells to feed.[2] Spider mites are known to feed on several hundred species of plants.
Description
Spider mites are less than 1 mm (0.04 in) in size and vary in color. They lay small, spherical, initially transparent
Life cycle
Hot, dry conditions are often associated with population build-up of spider mites. Under optimal conditions (approximately 27 °C), the
Spider mites, like
To spread to new locations, they make use of ballooning for aerial dispersal.[5]
Genera
The best known member of the group is Tetranychus urticae, which has a cosmopolitan distribution,[6] and attacks a wide range of plants, including peppers, tomatoes, potatoes, beans, corn, cannabis, and strawberries.[3] Other species which can be important pests of commercial plants include Panonychus ulmi (fruit tree red spider mite) and Panonychus citri (citrus red mite).
The family is divided into these
- Bryobinae Berlese
- Bryobini Reck
- Neoschizonobiella Tseng
- Sinobryobia Ma et al.
- Marainobia Meyer
- Bryobia Koch
- Toronobia Meyer
- Pseudobryobia McGregor
- Strunkobia Livshitz & Mitrofanov
- Mezranobia Athias-Henriot
- Eremobryobia Strunkova & Mitrofanov
- Bryobiella Tuttle & Baker
- Hemibryobia Tuttle & Baker
- Hystrichonychini Pritchard & Baker
- Bryocopsis Meyer
- Tetranychopsis Canestrini
- Notonychus Davis
- Dolichonobia Meyer
- Monoceronychus McGregor
- Mesobryobia Wainstein
- Hystrichonychus McGregor
- Parapetrobia Meyer & Rykev
- Peltanobia Meyer
- Tauriobia Livshitz & Mitrofanov
- Aplonobia Womersley
- Paraplonobia Wainstein
- Beerella Wainstein
- Magdalena Baker & Tuttle
- Porcupinychus Anwarullah
- Afronobia Meyer
- Petrobiini Reck
- Neotrichobia Tuttle & Baker
- Schizonobiella Beer & Lang
- Schizonobia Womersley
- Dasyobia Strunkova
- Lindquistiella Mitrofanov
- Edella Meyer
- Petrobia Murray
- Tetranychinae Berlese
- Eurytetranychini Reck
- Atetranychus Tuttle et al.
- Synonychus Miller
- Eurytetranychus Oudemans
- Eurytetranychoides Reck
- Eutetranychus Banks
- Meyernychus Mitrofanov
- Aponychus Rimando
- Paraponychus Gonzalez & Flechtmann
- Sinotetranychus Ma & Yuan
- Anatetranychus Womersley
- Duplanychus Meyer
- Tenuipalpoidini Pritchard & Baker
- Eonychus Gutierrez
- Crotonella Tuttle et al.
- Tenuipalpoides Reck & Bagdasarian
- Tenuipalponychus Channabasavanna & Lakkundi
- Tetranychini Reck
- Brevinychus Meyer
- Sonotetranychus Tuttle et al.
- Mixonychus Meyer & Ryke
- Evertella Meyer
- Panonychus Yokoyama
- Allonychus Pritchard & Baker
- Schizotetranychus Trägårdh
- Yunonychus Ma & Gao
- Yezonychus Ehara
- Neotetranychus Trägårdh
- Acanthonychus Wang
- Mononychellus Wainstein
- Platytetranychus Oudemans
- Eotetranychus Oudemans
- Palmanychus Baker & Tuttle
- Atrichoproctus Flechtmann
- Xinella Ma & Wang
- Oligonychus Berlese
- Hellenychus Gutierrez
- Tetranychus Dufour
- Amphitetranychus Oudemans
Countermeasures
Neem oil
Neem oil may provide control, when combined with a suitable surfactant and diluted with water. As with chemical control, repeated applications are required.[citation needed]
Predatory mites
Predatory mites of the
Harpin Alpha Beta
In some cases, the application of Harpin Alpha Beta protein may help in the treatment and prevention of infestation by stimulating the plant's natural defenses, restoring sap sugar levels and encouraging replacement of damaged tissues.[8] This affects the spider mites' ability to down-regulate the immune response of a plant.[9]
Acaricides
Environmental conditions
Temporarily modifying environmental conditions has proven an effective method for insect pest control including spider mites. Generally dramatically decreased oxygen and increased carbon dioxide concentrations at elevated temperatures can lead to mortality at all developmental stages. However mild CO2 enrichment has been shown to in fact increase mite reproduction.[13] One study determined a concentration of 0.4% O2 and 20% CO2 gave a LT99 (time to 99% mortality) of 113h at 20 °C and 15.5h at 40 °C.[14] Another study reported 100% mortality of various stages of the two spotted spidermite using 60% CO2 and 20% O2 at 30 °C for 16h.[15][clarification needed] Advantages would include decreased ability for resistance development compared to miticides and potential ease of application while drawbacks might include sensitivity of the plant to the conditions, feasibility of application, and human safety.
See also
- Pests and diseases of roses
References
- ISBN 978-90-04-11087-8.
- ^ ISBN 978-4-431-99455-8.
- ^ a b c d Thomas R. Fasulo & H. A. Denmark (December 2009). "Twospotted spider mite". Featured Creatures. University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Retrieved May 20, 2011.
- ISBN 978-0-85664-753-6.
- PMID 27527898.
- ISBN 978-0-85199-527-4.
- ISBN 978-90-04-11087-8.
- ^ "HALO Foliar Plant Feed - Studies". www.halo-harpin.com. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
- ^ "The effect of harpin protein on plant growth parameters, leaf chlorophyll, leaf colour and percentage rotten fruit of pepper plants inoculated with Botrytis cinerea (PDF Download Available)". ResearchGate. June 2006. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
- S2CID 24716020.
- ^ "Table 4. Toxicity to fish of commonly used insecticides, miticides, and nematicides". Virginia Tech. Retrieved 2016-03-22.
- ^ "All Miticides Are Not Created Equal". Home, Yard & Garden Pest Newsletter. University of Illinois. Retrieved 2016-03-22.
- .
- .
- .
External links
- "Spider Mites Web: a comprehensive database for the Tetranychidae". Spider Mites taxonomy, host-plants and distribution. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique(INRA).
- "Bryobia praetiosa, clover mite". Featured Creatures. University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.
- "Oligonychus ilicis, southern red mite". Featured Creatures. University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.
- "Spider mite's secrets revealed" (Press release). Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia. November 24, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2011.