Spike protein

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the spike protein in coronaviruses, see Coronavirus spike protein.
glycosylated and its glycans are shown in orange.[1]
3D print of one of the trimeric spikes of SARS-CoV-2

In virology, a spike protein or peplomer protein is a protein that forms a large structure known as a spike or peplomer projecting from the surface of an enveloped virus.[2][3]: 29–33  The proteins are usually glycoproteins that form dimers or trimers.[3]: 29–33  [4]

History and etymology

The term "peplomer" refers to an individual spike from the viral surface; collectively the layer of material at the outer surface of the

viral taxonomy, such as the Lwoff–Horne–Tournier system proposed in the 1960s, used the appearance and morphology of the "peplos" and peplomers as important characteristics for classification.[5][7][8] More recently, the term "peplos" is considered a synonym for viral envelope.[6]
: 362 

Properties

Spikes or peplomers are usually rod- or club-shaped projections from the viral surface. Spike proteins are

nucleocapsid.[3]: 51–2  They are usually glycoproteins, more commonly via N-linked than O-linked glycosylation.[3]
: 33 

Functions

Spikes typically have a role in

influenza virus has two surface proteins with these two functions, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.[6]: 329  The binding site for the cell-surface receptor is usually located at the tip of the spike.[3]: 33  Many spike proteins are membrane fusion proteins.[9] Being exposed on the surface of the virion, spike proteins can be antigens.[6]
: 362 

Examples

Spikes or peplomers can be visible in

retroviruses.[3]
: 33 

Coronaviruses

SARS-like coronaviruses), have an additional shorter surface protein known as hemagglutinin esterase.[13]

The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated identification of viral particles in electron micrographs of patient tissue samples. A number of reports misidentified normal subcellular structures as coronaviruses due to their superficial resemblance to coronavirus morphology, and because the distinctive spikes of coronaviruses are apparent by negative stain but much less visible in thin section.[14]

Influenza viruses

Most

influenza virus subgroups have two surface proteins described as peplomers, neuraminidase (an enzyme) and hemagglutinin (also a class I fusion protein). Some instead have a single hemagglutinin esterase protein with both functions.[3]
: 356–9 

Retroviruses

gp120, both expressed from the env gene, collectively forming a spike protein complex that mediates viral entry.[15]

Gallery

Electron micrographs
of viruses with surface spikes

See also

References

  1. ^ Solodovnikov, Alexey; Arkhipova, Valeria (29 July 2021). "Достоверно красиво: как мы сделали 3D-модель SARS-CoV-2" [Truly beautiful: how we made the SARS-CoV-2 3D model] (in Russian). N+1. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  2. The Free Dictionary
    . Farlex. 2011. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-0123751560.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  4. ISBN 9780128145166
    .
  5. ^
    PMID 5330240
    .
  6. ^
    ISBN 9780080920368
    .
  7. PMID 14467544
    .
  8. PMID 13931895
    .
  9. PMID 25866377
    .
  10. PMID 32833200
    .
  11. S2CID 221503034
    .
  12. PMID 33619260
    .
  13. PMID 21994708
    .
  14. PMID 33600302
    .
  15. PMID 22864288
    .

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