Spiritual formation

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Spiritual formation may refer either to the process and practices by which a person may progress in one's spiritual or religious life or to a movement in

• Specific techniques of prayer and meditation^[1]
• A lifestyle integrating spiritual disciplines or exercises^[2]
• Understanding and practice of historical religious philosophy and techniques^[3]
• The knowledge and expression of the truth of God and of self^[4]

There are numerous definitions of spiritual formation and no definitive depiction due to the breadth of the concept and the numerous perspectives from which religious persons may approach it. From a Christian standpoint, most would argue that it is identical with

Christian spiritual formation is distinct from other religious perspectives due to the centrality of Jesus as the model of the process and ultimate goal of formation as well as the activity of the Holy Spirit in the believer to develop them toward maturity.[11] Additionally, in the contemporary Christian tradition, many have emphasized the growth of multiple aspects of the human person, distinguishing between faculties such as the intellectual, emotional, and spiritual, all of which must be developed in tandem for the maturity of the whole person.^[12]

Disciplines

Because the popular understanding of Protestant spiritual formation in the current era arose around a discussion of spiritual disciplines, as noted below, those disciplines have played a significant role in its conceptualization and practice. Such disciplines may be understood as means of exercising and strengthening one's religious and spiritual capacities,^[13] a means of accessing a spiritual reality directly,^[14] or a manner of making oneself available to the activity of God.^[15]

Spiritual disciplines, as a strategy towards spiritual formation, have risen and fallen in popularity over the centuries.^{[citation needed]} Christianity asserts two things: first, transformation of the heart is a work only God can accomplish, and second, we are saved not by our works or efforts, but by God's grace, that is, His unmerited favor;^{[citation needed]} the church has often been tempted to marginalize the usefulness of these disciplines so as not be confused with preaching "justification by works".

However other scholars^[

Quaker theologian Richard Foster in his book, Celebration of Discipline,^[16] includes several internal, external, and corporate disciplines one should engage in through his or her Christian life. These include the following:

• internal disciplines:
  • meditation
  • prayer
  • fasting
  • study
• external disciplines:
  • simplicity
  • solitude
  • submission
  • service
• corporate disciplines, completed within the body of the church:
  • confession
  • worship
  • guidance
  • celebration

History of the Protestant Movement

Spiritual formation in general has been integral to most religions, including Christianity. The religious ideal typically presupposes that one be changed in some manner through interaction with spiritual realities. Therefore, to trace a historical origin of spiritual formation is to examine the history of religion in general.

However, the history of spiritual formation as a specific movement within 20th century Protestantism is possible.

On a popular level, the formation movement emerged, in part, with the publication of Richard Foster's Celebration of Discipline in 1978, which introduced and popularized a set of spiritual disciplines as historical practices beyond Bible study, prayer, and church attendance that may lead to religious maturity and spiritual growth.

Controversy

Validity of Ideals

While some Christians understand spiritual formation to be an integral part of their religion, others perceive it as a diluting of the faith or an attempt by competing religious ideals to infiltrate Christian doctrine and lead adherents astray. Some individuals and organizations, such as Lighthouse Trails Research, interpret spiritual formation as a front for non-Christian mysticism or Roman Catholic influence to enter the Protestant church, which they see as damaging religious doctrine and leading Christians to engage in dangerous practices or leave the faith entirely.

Short-Term Movement

Because spiritual formation has been used, in recent decades, to describe a loose but semi-coherent set of practices and ideals within American Protestantism, many have accused it of merely being a "fad". Such persons dismiss it because of this trendiness, but others have argued that to relegate it only to a small sub-group within the church is to neglect its necessity to Christian practice.^[18]

References