Spirochaete

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This article is about the bacterial phylum. For spiral-shaped bacteria in general, see spiral bacteria.

Spirochaetes
Treponema pallidum, a spirochaete which causes syphilis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Spirochaetota
Garrity and Holt 2021[3]
Class: Spirochaetia
Paster 2020[1]: 471–563 [2]
Orders
  • Brachyspirales
  • Brevinematales
  • Leptospirales
  • Spirochaetales
  • "Treponematales"
Synonyms
  • Spirochaetota:
    • "Protozoobacteriales" Prévot 1958
    • "Spirochaetae"
      Cavalier-Smith
      2002
    • "Spirochaetaeota" Oren et al. 2015
    • "Spirochaetes" Garrity and Holt 2001
    • "Spirochaetota" Whitman et al. 2018
  • Spirochaetia:
    • Spirochaetes Cavalier-Smith 2002
    • "Spirochaetia" Cavalier-Smith 2020
    • "Leptospiria" Cavalier-Smith 2020
Cross section of a spirochaete cell
Endoflagella Components. Legend: Fig. 1: A cross-section of a typical spirochete cell showing endoflagella located in the periplasm between the inner cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane. Periplasm, consisting of a gel-like matrix, provides a semi-stable medium to secure endoflagella during rotation. The axial filament, indicated in red, is composed of bundles of endoflagella.
Fig. 2: A side-view of a spirochete cell which shows two axial filaments in opposing motion. One axial filament rotates in a clockwise orientation; an adjacent axial filament rotates in a counter-clockwise orientation. Rotation of the endoflagella creates torsion and drives the corkscrew rotation of the cell.
Fig. 3: An expanded view of the cellular membranes that surround endoflagellum. Both the inner and outer membrane contain a phospholipid bi-layer, with non-polar fatty acid chains in-ward of polar phosphorus heads. Peptidoglycan, the cell wall, provides structure in bacterial microorganisms. Axial filaments are superior to the peptidoglycan.

A spirochaete (

chemoheterotrophic in nature, with lengths between 3 and 500 μm and diameters around 0.09 to at least 3 μm.[7]

Spirochaetes are distinguished from other bacterial phyla by the location of their

guanine-cytosine content and genome size.[11][12]

Pathogenicity

Many organisms within the Spirochaetota phylum cause prevalent diseases. Pathogenic members of this phylum include the following:

antimicrobial drug in medical history, was effective against spirochaetes and primarily used to cure syphilis. Additionally, oral spirochaetes are known to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of human periodontal disease.[17]

Taxonomy and molecular signatures

The class currently consists of 14 validly named genera across 4 orders and 5 families.

Brevinemataceae and Leptospiraceae, respectively. The Spirochaetales order harbours two families, Spirochaetaceae and Borreliaceae. Molecular markers in the form of conserved signature indels (CSIs) and CSPs have been found specific for each of the orders, with the exception of Brevinimetales, that provide a reliable means to demarcate these clades from one another within the diverse phylum.[19] Additional CSIs have been found exclusively shared by each family within the Spirochaetales. These molecular markers are in agreement with the observed phylogenetic tree branching of two monophyletic clades within the Spirochaetales order.[19] CSIs have also been found that further differentiate taxonomic groups within the Borreliaceae family that further delineate evolutionary relationships that are in accordance with physical characteristics such as pathogenicity (viz. Borrelia emend. Borreliella gen. nov.).[21] However, this study has been criticized, and other studies using different approaches do not support the proposed split.[22] The new naming system for the Lyme and relapsing fever Borrelia has not been adopted by the scientific literature.[22]

A CSI has also been found exclusively shared by all Spirochaetota species.[19] This CSI is a 3 amino acid insert in the flagellar basal body rod protein FlgC which is an important part of the unique endoflagellar structure shared by Spirochaetota species.[23] Given that the CSI is exclusively shared by members within this phylum, it has been postulated that it may be related to the characteristic flagellar properties observed among Spirochaetota species.[19][23]

Historically, all families belonging to the Spirochaetota phylum were assigned to a single order, the

synapomorphic characteristic, so that the distributions of different CSIs provide the means to identify different orders and families within the phylum and so justify the phylogenetic divisions.[19]

Phylogeny

See also: Bacterial taxonomy
16S rRNA based
LTP_08_2023[24][25][26]
 120 single copy marker proteins based GTDB 08-RS214[27][28][29]
Spirochaetia
Brevinematales
Brevinemataceae

Brevinema

Brachyspirales
Spirochaetales
"Exilispiraceae"

Exilispira

Thermospiraceae

Thermospira

"Leptospirae"
"Leptospiria"
"Turneriellales"
"Turneriellaceae"

Turneriella

Leptospirales
"Leptonemataceae"

Leptonema

Leptospiraceae

Leptospira

"Euspirochaetae"
"Brevinematia"
Brevinematales
Brevinemataceae

Brevinema

"Brachyspirae"
Brachyspirales
"Exilispiria"
"Exilispirales"
"Exilispiraceae"

Exilispira

Spirochaetia
"Entomospirales"
"Entomospiraceae"

"Entomospira"

DSM‑17781
DSM‑17781

Spirochaeta cellobiosiphila

Spirochaetales_E
DSM‑19205

Thiospirochaeta

Spirochaetaceae_B

Spirochaeta species-group 2

Oceanispirochaeta

"Sphaerochaetales"
"Marispirochaetales"
"Marispirochaetaceae"

Marispirochaeta

"Sediminispirochaetales"
"Sediminispirochaetaceae"

Sediminispirochaeta

Spirochaetales_A
Spirochaetaceae_A

Spirochaeta thermophila

"Salinispirales"
"Salinispiraceae"

Spirochaeta lutea

Salinispira

DSM‑8902

Spirochaeta africana

"Alkalispirochaetaceae"

Alkalispirochaeta

"Treponematales"

Taxonomy

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[30] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).[31]

See also

References

  1. ISBN 978-0-387-95042-6
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  2. S2CID 222147003
    .
  3. S2CID 239887308
    .
  4. ^ "SPIROCHAETE | Meaning & Definition for UK English | Lexico.com". Lexico Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021.
  5. ^ Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary. Elsevier.
  6. ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0
    .
  7. PMID 8346204
    .
  8. PMID 32260454
    .
  9. ^ Carroll KC, Hobden JA, Miller S (2019). "Spirochetes and Other Spiral Microorganisms". Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology. McGraw-Hill Education. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  10. ISBN 9781292235103
    .
  11. ^ a b Paster BJ (2011). "Phylum XV. Spirochaetes Garrity and Holt.". In Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Garrity GM, Staley JT (eds.). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. New York: Springer. p. 471.
  12. ^ a b Paster BJ (2011). "Family I. Sprochaetes Swellengrebel 1907, 581AL.". In Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Garrity GM, Staley JT (eds.). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. New York: Springer. pp. 473–531.
  13. S2CID 220576544
    .
  14. PMID 34161868
    .
  15. PMID 8805079
    .
  16. PMID 14718105
    .
  17. S2CID 215818931
    .
  18. ^ Schoch CL, Ciufo S, Domrachev M, Hotton CL, Kannan S, Khovanskaya R, et al. "TherSpirochaetia". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  19. ^
    PMID 23908650
    .
  20. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.062521-0
    .
  21. PMID 24744012
    .
  22. ^
    PMID 31214329
    .
  23. ^
    PMID 12730325
    .
  24. ^ "The LTP". Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  25. ^ "LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  26. ^ "LTP_08_2023 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  27. ^ "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  28. ^ "bac120_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  29. ^ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  30. ^ Euzéby JP. "Spirochaetes". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  31. ^ Schoch CL, Ciufo S, Domrachev M, Hotton CL, Kannan S, Khovanskaya R, et al. "Spirochaetes". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 20 July 2018.

External links

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