Splendid fairywren
Splendid fairywren | |
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A male splendid fairywren in New South Wales, Australia | |
Female | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Maluridae |
Genus: | Malurus |
Species: | M. splendens
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Binomial name | |
Malurus splendens | |
Splendid fairywren range | |
Synonyms | |
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The splendid fairywren (Malurus splendens) is a
Like other fairywrens, the splendid fairywren is notable for several peculiar behavioural characteristics; the birds are socially monogamous and sexually promiscuous, meaning that although they form pairs between one male and one female, each partner will mate with other individuals and even assist in raising the young from such trysts.[2] Male wrens pluck pink or purple petals and display them to females as part of a courtship display.[3]
The habitat of the splendid fairywren ranges from forest to dry scrub, generally with ample vegetation for shelter. Unlike the eastern superb fairywren, it has not adapted well to human occupation of the landscape and has disappeared from some urbanised areas. The splendid fairywren mainly eats insects and supplements its diet with seeds.
Taxonomy and systematics
The splendid fairywren is one of eleven species of the genus Malurus, commonly known as fairywrens, found in Australia and lowland New Guinea.[4] Within the genus it is most closely related to the superb fairywren. These two "blue wrens" are closely related to the purple-crowned fairywren of north-western Australia.[5]
Specimens were initially collected at
The splendid fairywren is also alternatively named the splendid blue wren.
Subspecies
Initially, three of the subspecies were considered separate species as they were each originally described far from their borders with the others. However, as the interior of Australia was explored, it became apparent there were areas of hybridisation where subspecies overlapped. Thus in 1975, they were then reclassified as subspecies of the splendid fairywren. There are four subspecies currently recognized:[15]
- Banded fairywren (M. s. splendens) - (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830): Also named the banded wren or banded blue wren. This is the nominate subspecies and is found in much of central and southern Western Australia.
- Turquoise fairywren (M. s. callainus) - mallee country across much of South Australia and the southern Northern Territory. It has lighter blue or turquoise upperparts than the splendid fairywren, as well as a black rump.
- Black-backed fairywren (M. s. melanotus) - Gould, 1841: Originally described as a separate species.[17] Also named the black-backed wren, it is found in the mallee country of South Australia (Sedan area north-east of Adelaide) through western Victoria, western New South Wales and into south-western Queensland. It differs from the nominate subspecies in having a black back and whitish lower belly.
- M. s. emmottorum - Schodde & Mason, IJ, 1999: Named after Angus Emmott, a farmer and amateur biologist from western Queensland.[18] Found in south-western Queensland.[19]
Evolutionary history
In his 1982 monograph, ornithologist Richard Schodde proposed a southern origin for the common ancestor of the superb and splendid fairywrens. At some time in the past it was split into southwestern (splendid) and southeastern (superb) enclaves. As the southwest was drier than the southeast, once conditions were more favourable, the splendid forms were more able to spread into inland areas. These split into at least three enclaves which subsequently evolved in isolation in the following drier glacial periods until the current more favourable climate saw them expand once again and interbreed where they overlap. This suggests the original split was only very recent as the forms had insufficient time to speciate. Further molecular studies may result in this hypothesis being modified.[20] A 2017 genetic study using both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA found the ancestors of the superb and splendid fairywrens diverged from each other around 4 million years ago, and their common ancestor diverged around 7 million years ago from a lineage that gave rise to the white-shouldered, white-winged and red-backed fairywrens.[21]
Description
The splendid fairywren is a small, long-tailed bird 14 cm (5.5 in) long. Exhibiting a high degree of
Distribution and habitat
The splendid fairywren is widely distributed in the arid and semi-arid zones of Australia. Habitat is typically dry and shrubby; mulga and mallee in drier parts of the country and forested areas in the southwest.
Behaviour and ecology
Like all fairywrens, the splendid fairywren is an active and restless feeder, particularly on open ground near shelter, but also through the lower foliage. Movement is a series of jaunty hops and bounces,[33] with its balance assisted by a proportionally large tail, which is usually held upright and rarely still. The short, rounded wings provide good initial lift and are useful for short flights, though not for extended jaunts.[34] However, splendid fairywrens are stronger fliers than most other fairywrens.[35] During spring and summer, birds are active in bursts through the day and accompany their foraging with song. Insects are numerous and easy to catch, which allows the birds to rest between forays. The group often shelters and rests together during the heat of the day. Food is harder to find during winter and they are required to spend the day foraging continuously.[36]
Groups of two to eight splendid fairywrens remain in their territory and defend it year-round.[25] Territories average 4.4 ha (11 acres) in woodland-heath areas;[37] size decreases with increasing density of vegetation and increases with the number of males in the group.[35] The group consists of a socially monogamous pair with one or more male or female helper birds that were hatched in the territory, though they may not necessarily be the offspring of the main pair. Splendid fairywrens are sexually promiscuous, each partner mating with other individuals and even assisting in raising the young from such trysts. Over a third of offspring are the result of an 'extramarital' mating.[2] Helper birds assist in defending the territory and feeding and rearing the young.[38] Birds in a group roost side-by-side in dense cover as well as engaging in mutual preening.[35]
Major nest predators include
Courtship
Several courtship displays by splendid fairywren males have been recorded; the 'sea horse flight,' so named for the similarity of movements to those by a seahorse, is an exaggerated undulating flight where the male, with his neck extended and his head feathers erect, flies and tilts his body from horizontal to vertical and by rapidly beating wings is able to descend slowly and spring upwards after alighting on the ground.[41] The 'face fan' display may be seen as a part of aggressive or sexual display behaviours; it involves the flaring of the blue ear tufts by erecting the feathers.[42]
Another interesting habit of males of this and other fairywren species during the reproductive season is to pluck petals (in this species, predominantly pink and purple ones which contrast with their plumage) and show them to female fairywrens.[3] Petals often form part of a courtship display and are presented to a female in the male fairywren's own or another territory. Outside the breeding season males may sometimes still show petals to females in other territories, presumably to promote themselves.[43] It is notable that fairywrens are socially monogamous and sexually promiscuous: pairs will bond for life,[44] but regularly mate with other individuals; a proportion of young will have been fathered by males from outside the group. Young are often raised not by the pair alone, but with other males who also mated with the pair's female assisting. Thus, petal-carrying might be a behaviour that strengthens the pair-bond. Petal carrying might also be a way for extra males to gain matings with the female. In either case, the data does not strongly link petal-carrying and presenting to a copulation soon thereafter.
Researchers at Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago published a paper in Behavioral Ecology in 2010 showing that male splendid fairywrens sing display-like vocalizations (Type II song) in response to predator calls. The trills "hitchhike" on the predator's vocalization and the female splendid fairywrens, which have become more alert due to the predator calls, also respond more strongly to this type II song than when it's given without a predator call preceding it.[45]
Breeding
Breeding occurs from late August through to January, though heavy rain in August may delay this. The nest is built by the female; it is a round or domed structure made of loosely woven grasses and spider webs, with an entrance in one side close to the ground and well-concealed in thick and often thorny vegetation, such as Acacia pulchella or a species of Hakea.[46] One or two broods may be laid during the breeding season. A clutch of two to four dull white eggs with reddish-brown splotches and spots, measuring 12 mm × 16 mm (0.47 in × 0.63 in), are laid.[47] Incubation takes about two weeks.[48] The female incubates the eggs for 14 or 15 days; after hatching, nestlings are fed and their fecal sacs removed by all group members for 10–13 days, by which time they are fledged.[49] Young birds remain in the family group as helpers for a year or more before moving to another group, usually an adjacent one, or assuming a dominant position in the original group.[50] In this role they feed and care for subsequent broods.[46]
Splendid fairywrens also commonly play host to the brood parasite Horsfield's bronze cuckoo (Chalcites basalis),[51] with the shining bronze cuckoo (Chalcites lucidus) also recorded.[52]
Feeding
The splendid fairywren is predominantly
Cultural depictions
The bird was intended to be illustrated on an Australia Post 45c pre-stamped envelope released on 12 August 1999;[56] however, a superb fairywren was mistakenly illustrated instead.[57]
References
- . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ .
- ^ a b Rowley & Russell 1997, pp. 74–75.
- ^ Rowley & Russell 1997, p. 143.
- doi:10.1071/ZO96068..
- ^ Quoy, J.R.C. and Gaimard, J.P. in Dumont-d'Urville, J. (1830). Voyage de découvertes de l'Astrolabe exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les anneés 1826–1827–1828–1829, sous le commandement de M.J. Dumont-d'Urville. Zoologie. Paris: J. Tastu Vol. 1 i p197
- ^ Gould, J. (1833). Untitled. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1:pp106–107
- ISBN 978-0-304-52257-6.
- ^ Sharpe RB (1879). Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or perching birds, in the collection of the British museum. Cichlomorphae, part 1. London: Trustees of the British Museum.
- ^ Sharpe RB (1883). Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or perching birds, in the collection of the British museum. Cichlomorphae, part 4. London: Trustees of the British Museum.
- ^ Sharpe RB (1903). A handlist of the genera and species of birdsVol. 4. London: British Museum.
- ^ Schodde R (1975). Interim List of Australian Songbirds. Melbourne: RAOU.
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- ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "Lyrebirds, scrubbirds, bowerbirds & Australasian wrens". World Bird List Version 7.3. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
- ^ Mathews, G.M. (1922). The Birds of Australia. London: Witherby Vol. 10 [62].
- ^ Gould, J. (1841). The Birds of Australia. London: J. Gould Vol. 3 part 3 pp. [pl. 20].
- ^ transcript – Kerry O'Brien (2000-05-19). "Farmer's biology work recognised by science community". ABC – 7:30 Report. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 2008-04-20. Retrieved 2007-12-09.
- ^ Schodde, R. and Mason, I.J. (1999). The Directory of Australian Birds: Passerines. A Taxonomic and Zoogeographic Atlas of the Biodiversity of Birds in Australia and its Territories. Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO Publishing x 851 pp. [94].
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7018-1051-1.
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- ^ ISBN 978-0-670-90478-5.
- ^ Rowley & Russell 1997, p. 45.
- ^ Rowley & Russell 1997, p. 149.
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- ^ Rowley & Russell 1997, p. 44.
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- ^ Rowley & Russell 1997, p. 151.
- ^ Rowley & Russell 1997, p. 137.
- ^ Rowley & Russell 1997, p. 134.
- ^ Rowley & Russell 1997, p. 42.
- ^ Rowley & Russell 1997, p. 41.
- ^ a b c d Rowley & Russell 1997, p. 153.
- ^ Rowley & Russell 1997, pp. 61–62.
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- ^ Rowley & Russell 1997, p. 99.
- ^ Rowley & Russell 1997, p. 121.
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- ^ Rowley & Russell 1997, p. 76.
- ^ Rowley & Russell 1997, p. 75.
- ^ Rowley & Russell 1997, p. 79.
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- ^ a b Rowley & Russell 1997, p. 154.
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- ^ Brooker MG, Brooker LC (1989). "Cuckoo Hosts in Australia". Australian Zoological Reviews (2): 1–67.
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- ^ Rowley & Russell 1997, pp. 49–52.
- ^ Rowley & Russell 1997, p. 53.
- ^ Australia Post Philatelic Group (August–September 1999). "Birds" (PDF). Stamp Bulletin (251): 7. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
- ^ Australia Post Philatelic Group (October–December 1999). "Note:Birds error" (PDF). Stamp Bulletin (252): 16. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
Cited text
- Rowley, Ian; Russell, Eleanor (1997). Bird Families of the World: Fairy-wrens and Grasswrens. Oxford: ISBN 978-0-19-854690-0.
External links
- "Splendid fairywren media". Internet Bird Collection.
- Splendid fairywren on Birdpedia. Includes soundfile of their call.
- Meliphagoidea – Highlighting relationships of Maluridaeon Tree Of Life Web Project.