Dominica

Edit links
Coordinates: 15°25′N 61°20′W / 15.417°N 61.333°W / 15.417; -61.333
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Sport in Dominica
)
Not to be confused with the Dominican Republic.

15°25′N 61°20′W / 15.417°N 61.333°W / 15.417; -61.333

Commonwealth of Dominica
Waitukubuli (
Island Carib)
Dominik (Dominican Creole French
)
Motto: "Apres Bondie, C'est La Ter"
European or Other
  • 0.2% Unspecified
    • Religion
    (2020)
    Demonym(s)Dominican
    (pronounced /ˌdɒmɪˈniːkən/)
    GovernmentUnitary dominant-party parliamentary republic
    • President
    		Sylvanie Burton
    Roosevelt Skerrit
    Joseph Isaac
    LegislatureHouse of Assembly of Dominica
    Independence 
    from the United Kingdom
    1 March 1967
    • Sovereignty and constitution
    		3 November 1978
    Calling code
    		+1-767
    Internet TLD.dm

    Dominica (locally

    constituent territories of the European Union, the overseas departments of France, Guadeloupe to the northwest and Martinique to the south-southeast. Dominica comprises a land area of 750 km2 (290 sq mi), and the highest point is Morne Diablotins, at 1,447 m (4,747 ft) in elevation. The population was 71,293 at the 2011 census.[6]

    The island was settled by the Arawak arriving from South America in the fifth century. The Kalinago displaced the Arawak by the 15th century. Christopher Columbus is said to have passed the island on Sunday, 3 November 1493. It was later colonised by Europeans, predominantly by the French from the 1690s to 1763. The French imported enslaved people from West Africa to Dominica to work on coffee plantations. Great Britain took possession in 1763 after the Seven Years' War, and it gradually established English as its official language. The island gained independence as a republic in 1978.

    Dominica has been nicknamed the "Nature Island of the Caribbean" for its natural environment.

    critically endangered and found only on Dominica. It is the island's national bird and is featured on the national flag, making Dominica one of only two sovereign nations whose official flag features the color purple.[16][17] The country is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the United Nations, the Organization of American States, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States and the Non-Aligned Movement
    .

    Etymology

    The Kalinago called the island Wai‘tu kubuli, which means "Tall is her body."[18]

    Latin term dies Dominica for Sunday, the day on which he first saw it in November 1493.[19]

    Dominica's name is pronounced with emphasis on the third syllable,[10][11] following the Spanish pronunciation of its name[20] given to it by Christopher Columbus.

    The similar names and the identical demonym with the Dominican Republic has caused some in Dominica to advocate a change in its name to establish its own identity.[21]

    History

    Main article: History of Dominica

    Geologic history

    Dominica first emerged from the sea during the Oligocene era approximately 26 million years ago, making it one of the last Caribbean islands to be formed by volcanic activity.

    Pre-colonial period and early European contact

    Dominica's precolonial indigenous inhabitants were the

    Island Carib people, who are thought to have driven out the previous Arawak population.[19]

    In 1493, Christopher Columbus first spotted the island during his second voyage to the Americas. Because he saw the island on a Sunday (November 3, 1493), Columbus named the island Dominica (Latin for 'Sunday').[19] Some Spanish colonisers settled here. But, as European explorers and settlers entered the region, indigenous refugees from surrounding islands settled Dominica and pushed out the Spanish settlers. The Spanish instead settled other areas that were easier to control.

    French colony

    Main article: French West Indies

    Spain had little success in colonising Dominica. In 1632, the French

    Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique claimed it and other "Petites Antilles" for France, but no physical occupation took place.[19] Between 1642 and 1650, French missionary Raymond Breton
    became the first regular European visitor to the island.

    In 1660, the French and English agreed that Dominica and

    St. Vincent should not be settled, but instead left to the Carib people as neutral territory[19]—but its natural resources attracted expeditions of English and French foresters, who began harvesting timber.[22] In 1690, the French established their first permanent settlements. French woodcutters from Martinique and Guadeloupe
    began to set up timber camps to supply the French islands with wood, and they gradually became permanent settlers. They brought the first enslaved Africans from West Africa to Dominique, as they called it in French.

    In 1715, a revolt of "poor white" smallholders in the north of Martinique, known as La Gaoulé,[23] caused settlers to migrate to southern Dominique, where they set up smallholdings. Meanwhile, French families and others from Guadeloupe settled in the north. In 1727, the first French commander, M. Le Grand, took charge of the island with a basic French government. Dominique formally became a colony of France, and the island was divided into districts or "quarters".[24] The French had already developed plantation agriculture on Martinique and Guadeloupe, where they cultivated sugarcane with enslaved African workers. In Dominique they gradually developed coffee plantations. Because of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, the general population came to consist primarily of black-African slaves.

    In 1761, during the

    British expedition against Dominica led by Andrew Rollo conquered the island, along with several other Caribbean islands. In 1763, France had lost the war and ceded the island to Great Britain under the Treaty of Paris.[19] The same year, the British established a legislative assembly, with only European colonists represented. French remained the official language, but Antillean Creole
    , which had developed from it, was spoken by most of the population.

    In 1778 the French, with the active co-operation of the population, began the

    free people of color, resisted British restrictions. The British retained control throughout French invasions in 1795 and 1805,[19][22] the first taking place during the period of the Haitian Revolution
    , which gained the independence of Haiti (formerly Saint-Domingue, France's richest Caribbean colony).

    British colony

    Main articles: British West Indies, British Leeward Islands, and British Windward Islands
    A linen market in 1770s Dominica

    Great Britain established a small colony in 1805. It used Dominica as part of the

    sugar plantations on Dominica. In January 1814, 20 slaves absconded from Hillsborough. They were recorded as recaptured and punished with 100 lashes applied to the males and 50 for the females. The slaves reportedly said that one of their people had died in the plantation hospital, and they believed he had been poisoned.[25]

    In 1831, reflecting a liberalisation of official British racial attitudes, the Brown Privilege Bill

    mixed race, with African and European ancestry). With the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833, Britain ended the institution of slavery throughout its empire, except in India.[27]

    With freedom came enfranchisement. In 1835, the first three men of African descent were elected to the legislative assembly of Dominica. Many slaves from the neighbouring French colonial islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique fled to Dominica. In 1838, Dominica became the first colony of the British West Indies to have an elected legislature controlled by an ethnic African majority. Most of these legislators had been free people of colour and smallholders or merchants before the abolition of slavery. Their economic and social views were different from the interests of the small, wealthy English planter class. Reacting to a perceived threat to their power, the planters lobbied for more direct British rule.[22]

    In 1865, after much agitation and tension, the colonial office replaced the elective assembly with one made up of one-half members who were elected and one-half who were appointed. Planters, who were allied with colonial administrators, outmanoeuvred the elected legislators on many occasions. In 1871, Dominica became part of the British Leeward Islands. The political power of the elected assembly progressively eroded. Crown colony government was re-established in 1896.

    Early 20th century

    Dominica Act 1938
    Act of Parliament
    1 & 2 Geo. 6. c. 10
    Dates
    Royal assent30 March 1938
    See also: West Indies Federation
    Dominica stamps with portraits of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth II

    In

    Free French refugees from Martinique and Guadeloupe escaped to Dominica from the Vichy-controlled French islands, staying in Roseau
    and other villages.

    Until 1958, Dominica was governed as part of the British Windward Islands. Caribbean islands sought independence from 1958 to 1962, and Dominica became a province of the short-lived West Indies Federation in 1958.[19][22] After the federation dissolved in 1962, Dominica became an associated state of the United Kingdom in 1967, and formally took responsibility for its internal affairs.[19] On 3 November 1978, the Commonwealth of Dominica was granted independence as a republic, led by Prime Minister Patrick John.[19][22][28]

    Post-independence

    In mid-1979, political discontent with founding prime minister Patrick John's administration climaxed in a civilian coup and ended in the passage of a Motion of No Confidence in the House of Assembly, Dominica's legislature, against John, collapsing the John administration. A new, so-called "Interim Government" was formed under Dominica's second Prime Minister Oliver Seraphin;[19] Seraphin's main task was to prepare the country for fresh general elections constitutionally due in 1980, hence the unofficial title "Interim" Prime Minister. Seraphin organized and led a splinter of the Dominica Labour Party called the Democratic Labour Party into the 1980 general election and lost mainly because his nearly 13 month-long premiership was dominated by the fallout from Category Five Hurricane David, which caused 56 deaths and untold damage across the island.[19][29] Hurricane Allen the following year caused further damage.[19] After the 1980 election, Seraphin's government was replaced by one led by the Dominica Freedom Party (DFP) under Prime Minister Eugenia Charles; she was the Caribbean's first female prime minister.[19][30]

    In 1981, Charles's government was threatened with two attempted coups. The first was led by

    Don Black was also jailed for his part in the attempted coup, which violated US neutrality laws.[33]

    Eugenia Charles, Prime Minister 1980–95, discussing the situation in Grenada in 1983 with US President Ronald Reagan

    The Charles government supported the 1983 American

    invasion of Grenada, earning Dominica praise from the U.S. government of Ronald Reagan, and an increase in financial aid.[34]

    By the middle of the 1980s, the economy had begun to recover,[19] before weakening again due to a decrease in banana prices. Eugenia Charles won the 1985 general election, becoming only the first incumbent Dominica Prime Minister to be popularly re-elected. The continuing downturn in the economy and the tight grip by Eugenia Charles on Dominica politics gave rise to a self-titled "Third Force" political formation in 1988, which disrupted the traditional two-party arrangement of governing DFP and opposition DLP. "Third Force" soon formalized as United Workers Party and selected as its leader Edison James, the former General Manager of the Dominica Banana Marketing Company. This was a strategic selection given James's prestige among banana farmers and his originating from the East or Atlantic Coast that had begun to feel alienated by the West or Caribbean Sea Coast elites in Roseau, Dominica's capital.[22] Eugenia Charles again won the 1990 general election, the first incumbent Dominica Prime Minister to win three consecutive general elections. However, Eugenia Charles's DFP had been pushed to within one seat of losing its majority in Parliament by the emergence of the UWP. It was, therefore, no great surprise when Eugenia Charles gave up political leadership of the Dominica Freedom Party in 1993 and did not contest the 1995 general election in any capacity. No longer benefiting from the veteran charismatic leadership of Prime Minister Eugenia Charles, the Dominica Freedom Party lost the 1995 election to the United Workers' Party (UWP), whose leader Edison James became prime minister.[19] James, former General Manager of the Dominica Banana Marketing Company attempted to diversify the Dominican economy away from over-reliance on bananas. The crop was largely destroyed by Hurricane Luis in 1995.[19] Further James was unable to restore banana to its former selling price and prestige. Moreover, the James administration became embroiled in Opposition charges of official corruption.

    In the 31 January 2000 general election, the UWP were defeated by a coalition of the DLP, led by left-leaning Roosevelt B. "Rosie" Douglas and the Dominica Freedom Party led by former trade union leader, Charles Savarin. Douglas became prime minister. One UWP member of the House of Assembly crossed the floor, joining the DLP-DFP coalition government. However, Douglas died on 1 October 2000 after only a few months.[19][35][36] Prime Minister Douglas was replaced by Pierre Charles, who also died in office on 6 January 2004.[19][37] Roosevelt Skerrit, also of the DLP, replaced Pierre Charles as prime minister, becoming the world's youngest head of government at the age of 31.[19] Under Skerrit's leadership, the DLP won elections in May 2005 that gave the party 12 seats in the 21-seat Parliament, to the UWP's 8 seats. An independent candidate affiliated with the DLP won a seat as well. Later, the independent candidate joined the government.[22][38] With his 2005 election win, Skerrit became only the second incumbent Prime Minister of seven to be popularly re-elected.

    In the 2009 election, the DLP won 18 of 21 seats. The UWP claimed campaign improprieties and embarked on a wide range of protest actions, including boycott of Parliament. UWP's boycott lasted at least three unauthorized absences from Parliament for two of their three Elected Representatives in Parliament in violation of Parliamentary procedure, leading to their two seats being declared vacant and by-elections being called to fill them; by-elections were conducted for those two vacant seats in July 2010, and the UWP again won both seats.[39] The DLP under Skerrit went on to win the 2014 Dominican general election.[40]

    On 17 September 2012 Eliud Thaddeus Williams was sworn in as President (a largely ceremonial role), replacing Dr. Nicholas Liverpool who was reportedly removed from office due to ill health. On 30 September 2013 former Trade Union leader and former Dominica Freedom Party leader Charles Savarin was elected president having only days before resigned as a Minister of Government. He is Dominica's eighth President.[41]

    Damage in Roseau caused by Hurricane Maria in 2017

    Tropical Storm Erika devastated the island in August 2015, killing 30 and causing severe environmental and economic damage.[19] Dominica was again struck on 18 September 2017, suffering a direct landfall from Category 5 Hurricane Maria.[19][42] Early estimates of damage suggested 90% of the buildings on the island had been destroyed, with infrastructure left in ruins.[43][44] The UK, France and the Netherlands set up shipping and air lifts to take aid to the island; the scale of destruction having left most people homeless.

    Dominica won its first two Commonwealth Games medals in silver and bronze in the 2018 Commonwealth Games on the Gold Coast.[45]

    President Charles Angelo Savarin was re-elected in 2018 for a new five-year term.[46]

    The Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Dominica, Roosevelt Skerrit

    In December 2019, incumbent Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit won his fourth consecutive general election eighteen seats to three, becoming the first Dominica Prime Minister ever to do so.[47]

    Geography and climate

    Dominica is an island in the Eastern Caribbean Sea, with the French Republic to the north (as Guadeloupe), and to the south (as Martinique).
    Map of Dominica.
    Main article: Geography of Dominica

    Dominica is an

    island nation in the Caribbean Sea, the northernmost of the Windward Islands (though it is sometimes considered the southernmost of the Leeward Islands). The size of the country is about 289.5 square miles (750 km2) and it is about 29 miles (47 km) long and 16 miles (26 km) wide.[19][48]

    Known as "The Nature Island of the Caribbean" due to its lush scenery and varied flora and fauna, Dominica is largely covered by

    Morne Trois Pitons and Morne Anglais. Morne Trois Pitons National Park is a tropical forest blended with volcanic features;[52] it was recognised as a World Heritage Site on 4 April 1995, a distinction it shares with four other Caribbean islands.[53] The Calibishie area in the country's northeast has sandy beaches.[54] Some plants and animals thought to be extinct on surrounding islands can still be found in Dominica's forests.[55] The island has several protected areas, including Cabrits National Park, as well as 365 rivers. For a few years the government sought to encourage the island as an ecotourism destination, although the hurricane of 2017 has since changed these plans.[48] The country had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 1.06/10, ranking it 166th globally out of 172 countries.[56]

    There are two primary population centres: the capital Roseau (with 14,725 inhabitants in 2011) and Portsmouth (with 4,167 inhabitants in 2011). The main centres tend to be located around the coast, with the mountainous interior sparsely populated.[48]

    Dominica is especially vulnerable to

    hurricanes as the island is located in what is referred to as the hurricane region.[48] In 1979, Hurricane David struck the island as a Category 4 hurricane, causing widespread and extreme damage. On 17 August 2007, Hurricane Dean, a Category 1 hurricane at the time, hit the island. A mother and her seven-year-old son died when a landslide caused by the heavy rains crushed their house.[57] In another incident two people were injured when a tree fell on their house.[58] Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit estimated that 100 to 125 homes were damaged, and that the agricultural sector was extensively damaged, in particular the banana crop.[59] In August 2015, Tropical Storm Erika caused extensive flooding and landslides across the island. Multiple communities were evacuated and upwards of 30 people were killed.[60] According to a Rapid Damage and Impact Assessment prepared for Dominica by the World Bank, the total damage and losses from the storm were US$484.82 million or 90% of Dominica's yearly GDP.[61] Category 5 Hurricane Maria struck the island in 2017 and caused losses of approximately US$930 million or 226% of GDP.[44]

    Fauna

    Imperial Amazon

    The

    red-necked parrot (A. arausiaca), is also a Dominican endemic.[19]
    Both birds are rare and protected, though some forest is still threatened by logging in addition to the long-standing threat of hurricanes.

    Dominica has recorded at least four species of snakes and 11 species of lizards. Dominica is the last major stronghold of the

    critically endangered Lesser Antillean iguana (Iguana delicatissima).[62]

    Dominica is home to 195 species of birds. Because of the isolated location of Dominica, this number is lower than that of

    South-America
    and has 472 bird species.

    The Caribbean Sea offshore of the island of Dominica is home to many

    whale-watching
    .

    Territorial disputes

    The Commonwealth of Dominica is engaged in a long-running dispute with Venezuela over Venezuela's territorial claims to the sea surrounding Isla de Aves (literally Bird Island, but in fact called 'Bird Rock' by Dominican authorities),[48][63] a tiny islet located 140 miles (225 km) west of the island of Dominica.

    Government

    Main article: Politics of Dominica
    See also: Foreign relations of Dominica

    Dominica is a

    unicameral parliament consists of the 30-member House of Assembly, which consists of 21 directly elected members and nine senators, who may either be appointed by the president or elected by the other members of the House of Assembly.[14]

    Unlike other former British colonies in the region, Dominica was never a Commonwealth realm, instead becoming a republic on independence. Dominica is a full and participating member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS).[19]

    Dominica is also a member of the

    Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas.[19]

    Human rights

    Both male and female same-sex sexual activity was criminalized in Dominica in the 19th century during the colonial era.[64][65] In April 2024, Cara Shillingford persuaded the High Court of Justice to overturned the ban on same-sex activity[66] due to violating the constitutional rights of LGBT individuals.[67]

    Administrative divisions

    Saint Andrew
    Saint
    Peter
    Saint
    John
    Saint Joseph
    Saint Paul
    Saint David
    Saint George
    Saint
    Patrick
    Saint Mark

    Dominica is divided into 10 parishes, given below with their 2011 Census populations:

    Economy

    Main article:
    East Caribbean Dollar. In 2008, Dominica had one of the lowest per capita gross domestic product (GDP) rates of Eastern Caribbean states.[68][69] The country nearly had a financial crisis in 2003 and 2004, but Dominica's economy grew by 3.5% in 2005 and 4.0% in 2006, following a decade of poor performance. Growth in 2006 was attributed to gains in tourism, construction, offshore and other services, and some sub-sectors of the banana industry. Around this time the International Monetary Fund (IMF) praised the Government of Dominica for its successful macroeconomic reforms, but also pointed out remaining challenges, including the need for further reductions in public debt, increased financial sector regulation, and market diversification.[22]

    Agriculture and especially bananas once dominated Dominica's economy,

    WTO decision,[70][71][72][73] the government has diversified the agricultural sector by promoting the production of coffee, patchouli, aloe vera, cut flowers, and exotic fruits such as mango, guava and papaya,[citation needed] while the economy has become increasingly dependent on tourism.[48]

    The expected increase of Dominica's Citizenship by Investment (CBI) fees has been suspended with no implementation date in sight, as announced by Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit, in the 2016 budget speech.[74]

    International trade

    Dominica is a beneficiary of the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) that grants duty-free entry into the United States for many goods. Dominica also belongs to the predominantly English-speaking Caribbean Community (CARICOM), the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME), and the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS).[22]

    Financial services industry

    The Commonwealth of Dominica is becoming in recent years[

    First Caribbean International Bank
    , and The Interoceanic Bank of the Caribbean.

    Starting in the mid-late 1990s,

    financial centres
    on a "black list" and impose sanctions against them. However, the Commonwealth of Dominica successfully avoided being placed on the OECD black list by committing to regulatory reform to improve transparency and begin information exchange with OECD member countries about their citizens.

    Dominica supposedly offers tax-free status to companies relocating from abroad. It is not known how many companies benefit from the tax-free status because of the strict confidentiality the government enforces, although it is known many Internet businesses and hedge funds utilise Dominica for this reason. However, on 12 July 2012 Dominica signed an agreement with Poland to exchange tax information.[75]

    Economic immigrants

    Main article: Dominica citizenship by investment programme

    The Commonwealth of Dominica offers an official and legally mandated

    Foreign Direct Investment into Dominica by early 2016.[78] Dominican citizens can travel without a visa, or obtain a visa upon entry, to nearly 140 countries and territories, including the United Kingdom and the Schengen Zone.[79] Applying for Dominica citizenship requires interacting with official Government Approved Economic Citizenship Agents as the first step in the application process.[80] This programme is valued at 16% of the government's total revenue as of 2018.[81]

    The government's management of the economic citizenship programme and an initial perceived lack of transparency in the use of the revenues generated are a frequent topic of heated domestic political controversy. Referring to the opposition, Prime Minister Skerrit in 2016 stated that "If they can discredit the Citizenship by Investment Program and make Dominica an unattractive place to obtain citizenship, then revenues would fall and the government would not be able to rebuild the country. Or, the government would then have to increase taxes on the people; making itself unpopular in their sight."[82] Since then, the Government of Dominica has improved transparency of CBI funds. According to Prime Minister Skerrit's 2018–2019 Budget Address,[83] the island's CBI Programme has helped develop a National Health Insurance pilot that provides Dominican children in critical medical conditions with overseas treatment. Because many residents were displaced by Hurricane Maria's impact on the small Caribbean island, the government pledged to build 5,000 hurricane-proof homes, of which the first batch of 125 houses were scheduled for occupancy in February 2019.[84] The CBI Programme has also significantly helped to develop and create jobs in the island's ecotourism sector.[85] Furthermore, the Skerrit administration set aside EC$5m every month for the construction of a new airport.[86][87]

    The Financial Times' Professional Wealth Management publication ranked Dominica as the world's best citizenship by investment programme in its annual CBI Index.[88][89] According to the report, investors choose Dominica's citizenship because it has the most affordable investment threshold, the application process is straightforward and streamlined,[90] while the security checks each applicant is subjected to remain very strict.[91]

    Tourism

    Main article: Tourism in Dominica
    Batalie Bay, Dominica

    Dominica is mostly volcanic and has few beaches; therefore, tourism has developed more slowly than on neighbouring islands. Nevertheless, Dominica's mountains, rainforests, freshwater lakes, hot springs, waterfalls, and diving spots make it an attractive ecotourism destination. Cruise ship stopovers have increased following the development of modern docking and waterfront facilities in Roseau, the capital.[22] Out of 22 Caribbean islands tracked, Dominica had the fewest visitors in 2008 (55,800 or 0.3% of the total). This was about half as many as visited Haiti.[92] The volcanic nature of the island has attracted scuba divers.

    Infrastructure

    Air

    There are two airports on the island. The primary airport,

    Amerijet, which, using Boeing 727 Freighters, is the only airline with jet service to the republic. A runway extension and service upgrade project began at Douglas-Charles Airport around 2006 and was finished in 2010. In March 2013, airline American Eagle halted flights to the island citing high labour costs.[93]

    Roads

    Dominica's road network runs primarily along the coastline and along river valleys. Major roads are two-lane highways which connect the capital, Roseau, with Portsmouth (Edward Oliver Leblanc Highway) and the Douglas Charles Airport (Dr. Nicholas Liverpool Highway). It takes about 45 minutes to drive from Portsmouth to Roseau. Private minibuses form the major public transport system. These major roads were reconstructed from the early 2010s to 2015 with assistance from the People's Republic of China and the European Union.[94][95]

    Due to Tropical Storm Erika of 2015 several road surfaces and bridges were damaged by flooding and landslides, including on the just completed E.O. LeBlanc Highway (Roseau to Portsmouth) and Dr. Nicholas Liverpool Highway (Pont Cassé to Douglas Charles Airport). To alleviate this, the government announced that it intended to install emergency bridges in Roseau Valley near the Trafalgar Falls to Wotten Waven and in Emshall.[96] Hurricane Maria of 2017 also damaged the road network.

    Green energy

    Dominica's electricity sector includes power from hydroelectricity, solar energy, and geothermal energy.[97] Following on from the devastation caused by Hurricane Maria in September 2017, the Dominican government claimed it would invest in geothermal energy. In early March 2018 Dominica signed an International Solar Alliance Framework Agreement, in an attempt to exploit solar energy to power the country with a source of renewable energy.[98]

    Demographics

    Main article: Demographics of Dominica
    Dominica
    YearPop.±% p.a.
    187127,178—    
    188128,211+0.37%
    189126,841−0.50%
    190128,894+0.74%
    191133,863+1.60%
    192137,059+0.91%
    194647,624+1.01%
    196059,916+1.65%
    197069,549+1.50%
    198173,795+0.54%
    199171,183−0.36%
    200171,242+0.01%
    201170,739−0.07%
    [6]

    The vast majority of Dominicans are of African descent. There is a growing mixed population along with a small European origin minority (descendants of French and British colonists along with some people of Irish descent from indentured servants) and there are small numbers of Lebanese, Syrians and East Asians. Dominica is also the only Eastern Caribbean island that still has a population of pre-Columbian native Kalinago (previously called Caribs), who were exterminated or driven from neighbouring islands. As of 2014 there are more than 3,000 Kalinago remaining. They live in eight villages on the east coast of Dominica. This special Kalinago Territory (previously Carib Reserve) was granted by the British Crown in 1903.[99]

    Scotts Head, Dominica

    The population growth of Dominica is very slow, due primarily to emigration to other countries. In the early 21st century, emigrant numbers for the most popular countries are: the United States (8,560), the United Kingdom (6,739), Canada (605), and France (394).

    Dominica had a relatively large number of centenarians. In March 2007, there were 22 centenarians amongst the island's 70,000 inhabitants —three times the average incidence of centenarianism in developed countries. The reasons for this were studied at Ross University School of Medicine.[100]

    Dominica was partially integrated into the federal colony of the Leeward Islands in 1832. In 1871, it became a full part of the Federation of the Leeward Islands. From the start it was a peculiar relationship, for previously Dominica had played no part in the political or cultural traditions of the other more Anglophone islands of the federation. As a Leeward Island, this much larger territory, with thousands of acres of forested unclaimed land, was open to the people of Montserrat and Antigua. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Rose's Company, which produced Rose's lime juice, saw demand for its product outgrow its ability to supply the product from Montserrat. Their response to the situation was to buy land on Dominica and encourage Montserrat farm labourers to relocate. As a result, there came to be two linguistic communities in Dominica, Wesley and Marigot.

    Charlotteville, Dominica

    In 1902, on 8 May, the Mount Pelée volcano on Martinique erupted destroying the city of Saint-Pierre. Refugees from Martinique arrived in boats to the southern villages of Dominica and some remained permanently on the island.

    Languages

    English is the official language of Dominica, universally spoken and understood. In addition,

    La Francophonie. Dominican Creole is particularly used among the older generation, which also speaks a patois
    language. Because of a decline in the use of Creole by the younger generation, initiatives have begun to increase usage and promote this unique part of the nation's history and culture.

    Along with Creole, a dialect known as Kokoy (or Cockoy) is spoken.

    English Creole and Dominican Creole,[103] and is mainly spoken in the north-eastern villages of Marigot and Wesley, by the descendants of immigrants from Montserrat and Antigua. Over time there has been much intermarrying, but there are still traces of difference in origin.[104] As a result of this mixture of languages and heritage, Dominica is a member of both the French-speaking Francophonie and the English-speaking Commonwealth of Nations
    .

    Island Caribs of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean. The Island Caribs lived throughout the southern Lesser Antilles such as Dominica, St Vincent and Trinidad, supposedly having conquered them from their previous inhabitants, the Igneri. Island Carib became extinct about 1920, but an offshoot survives as Garifuna
    , primarily in Central America.

    Religion

    Main article: Religion in Dominica
    Roseau Cathedral in Dominica

    61.4% of the population is

    Church of God (Seventh-Day), and the Seventh-day Adventist Church.[105]

    According to the

    Neoreligions, and Atheism each followed by non-negligible proportions (i.e., <0.1%) of the population.[106] The second largest town on the island, Portsmouth, is home to Al-Ansaar Masjid, the first mosque to be built in Dominica. The mosque was constructed with the help of Muslim students from the since relocated Ross University School of Medicine.[107]

    Education

    Main article: Education in Dominica

    School in Dominica is mandatory up to secondary school. After pre-school, students attend primary school for six or seven years, and are admitted into secondary school on the basis of a Common Entrance Exam. After five years the students take the General Certificate of Education (GCE), widely replaced by the Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate administered by the

    CAPE, can be taken upon completion of two years of community college. The island has its own Dominica State College, formerly named Clifton Dupigny Community College.[109] Some Dominicans attend universities in Cuba on scholarships offered by its government; others go to the University of the West Indies
    or to universities in the United Kingdom, the United States, or other countries.

    Archbold Tropical Research and Education Center, a biological field station owned by

    Roseau, Dominica. A marine biology institute in Mahaut
    , the Institute for Tropical Marine Ecology, closed in 2009.

    Ross University School of Medicine was located at Portsmouth. Ross had been operating in Dominica since the 1980s.[113] There used to be a thousand medical students arriving annually from the United States and Canada who studied at Ross University, but the campus was permanently relocated to Barbados at the beginning of the 2019 Spring semester due to extensive hurricane damage suffered at the Dominican campus.[114][115]

    The Dominica Library and Information Service (DLIS) serves an integral role in the education of its citizens. The DLIS provides service for the population of Dominica through three components: public library services, documentation and research services, and archival services. Under the management of the Ministry of Education and Human Resource Development, the institution was established in 1843 with the opening of reading rooms, the first public library in Dominica, Victoria Memorial.[116] DLIS serves an integral role in the education of the citizens of the country. The creation of a public library in Dominica did not come easily though the impetus was a noble one that would help "the coloured people... [improve] their lot as they moved along the path to complete freedom...” (Boromé, 203). The Dominican library began as a reading room that evolved into a free and public library that wasn't fully free: patrons were required to pay a subscription fee. Surviving religious and political discord, the great depression, and two world wars, the library finally came under the care of the government where funds were set aside for its upkeep. Ironically, the early stages of the library's history were dedicated to remove the "uncouth", and "barbarous patois", which is being preserved. However, it did achieve its goal of "diminishing the island’s very high percentage of illiteracy" (pg. 225).[117] The historical library was demolished in the wake of hurricane Maria in 2018, and slated to be rebuilt with a more modern outlook.

    Culture

    Main articles: Culture of Dominica and Music of Dominica
    Carib Territory

    Dominica was historically occupied by the

    slaves from Africa for labour. The remaining Kalinago live on a 3,700-acre (15 km2) territory on the east coast of the island. They elect their own chief. This has produced the modern cultural mix.[original research?
    ]

    Music and dance are important facets of Dominican culture. The annual independence celebrations display a variety of traditional song and dance. Since 1997, there have also been weeks of Creole festivals, such as "Creole in the Park" and the "World Creole Music Festival".

    Dominica gained prominence on the international music stage when in 1973,

    Gordon Henderson founded the group Exile One and an original musical genre, which he called "Cadence-lypso". This paved the way for modern Creole music. Other musical genres include "Jing ping" and "Cadence". Jing ping features the accordion and is native to the island. Dominica's music is a mélange of Haitian, Afro-Cuban, African and European traditions. Popular artists over the years included Chubby and the Midnight Groovers, Bells Combo, the Gaylords (Dominican band), WCK
    , and Triple Kay.

    The 11th annual World Creole Music Festival was held in 2007, part of the island's celebration of independence from Great Britain on 3 November. A year-long reunion celebration began in January 2008, marking 30 years of independence.

    Dominica is often seen as a society that is migrating from

    collectivism to individualism. The economy is a developing one that previously depended on agriculture. Signs of collectivism are evident in the small towns and villages which are spread across the island.[clarification needed
    ]

    The novelist Jean Rhys was born and raised in Dominica. The island is obliquely depicted in her best-known book, Wide Sargasso Sea. Rhys's friend, the political activist and writer Phyllis Shand Allfrey, set her 1954 novel, The Orchid House, in Dominica.

    Much of the Walt Disney film Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (the second in the series, released in 2006), was shot on location on Dominica (though in the film it was known as "Pelegosto", a fictional island), along with some shooting for the third film in the series, At World's End (2007).

    Cuisine

    Main article: Dominica cuisine

    Dominica's cuisine is similar to that of other Caribbean islands, particularly Jamaica, Saint Lucia and Trinidad and Tobago. Like other

    plantains
    .

    Common vegetables include

    potatoes, rice and peas. Meat and poultry typically eaten include chicken, beef and fish. These are often prepared in stews with onions, carrots, garlic, ginger and herbs. The vegetables and meat are browned to create a rich dark sauce. Popular meals include rice and peas, brown stew chicken
    , stew beef, fried and stewed fish, and many different types of hearty fish broths and soups. These are filled with dumplings, carrots and ground provisions.

    Sports

    Cricket is a popular sport on the island, and Dominica competes in test cricket as part of the West Indies cricket team. In West Indies domestic first-class cricket, Dominica participates as part of the Windward Islands cricket team, although they are often considered a part of the Leeward Islands geographically. This is due to being part of the British Windward Islands colony from 1940 until independence; its cricket federation remains a part of the Windward Islands Cricket Board of Control.

    On 24 October 2007, the 8,000-seat

    government of the People's Republic of China
    .

    Netball, basketball, rugby, tennis and association football are gaining popularity.

    International footballer Julian Wade, Dominica's all-time top goal scorer as of 2021, plays for Brechin City F.C. in Scotland.[119]

    During the

    US$175,000 to register as Dominican citizens and enter the 15 km men's and 10 km women's cross-country skiing events, respectively. Angela did not start her race, and Gary pulled out several hundred meters into his race. As of 2022, they are Dominica's only Winter Olympic athletes.[120]

    Athlete Jérôme Romain won the bronze medal at the 1995 World Championships in Athletics triple jump competition. He also qualified for the finals at the 1996 Olympic Games; even though he had to pull out due to injury, his 12th position is the best ever performance of a Dominican at the Olympics.[121]

    400m.[122]

    Triple Jump Olympian Thea LaFond became the first athlete to win a medal at the 2018 Commonwealth Games.[123]

    Media

    Dominica has two major newspapers, The Sun [124] and The Chronicle and two national television stations. Radio stations include the Dominica Broadcasting Corporation and independent stations come and go. Digicel and LIME operate mobile phone services. Dominica's wireless customers. Historical newspapers include The Dominican, The Dominica Guardian Archived 29 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine, and the Dominica Colonist, available for free in the Digital Library of the Caribbean.

    Notable people

    See also

    References

    1. ^ "Coat of Arms – Government of the State of Dominica". www.dominica.gov.dm.
    2. ^ "DOMINICA NATIONAL CENSUS REPORT 2000 ROUND OF POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS SUB-PROJECT" (PDF). Caricomstats.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
    3. ^ "Religions in Dominica | PEW-GRF".
    4. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
    5. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
    6. ^ a b c "2011 POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS" (PDF). Dominica.gov.dm. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
    7. ^ a b c d "Dominica". International Monetary Fund.
    8. ^ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
    9. ^ "11 Facts About Dominica That Will Surprise You". Discover Dominica. Ministry of Tourism. 24 February 2020. Archived from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
    10. ^ a b Monkey (12 November 2014). "One woman's fight to get David Dimbleby to correctly pronounce Dominica". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
    11. ^ a b "Learn about Dominica". A Virtual Dominica. n.d. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
    12. Macmillan Dictionary
      . Retrieved 31 August 2020.
    13. ^ "Dominica | Pronunciation in English". Cambridge Dictionary. b. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
    14. ^ a b c d "Dominica's Constitution of 1978 with Amendments through 1984". Constitute. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
    15. ^ P. C. Evans & L. Honychurch, Dominica: Nature Island of the Caribbean. Hansib (1989).
    16. ^ "Country Flags With Purple". World Atlas. 18 December 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
    17. ^ "The Real Reason Purple Isn't Used on Many National Flags". TipHero. 20 November 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
    18. ^ "Discover Dominica: an introduction to our Caribbean island". Dominica.dm. Archived from the original on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
    19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab "Encyclopedia Britannica - Dominica". Retrieved 29 June 2019.
    20. ^ Whitley, David (29 January 2016). "The 22 places you're probably pronouncing incorrectly". Stuff. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
    21. ^ Dian Rolle (4 May 2021). "COMMENTARY: It's time for a new identity". Dominica News Online. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
    22. ^
      U.S. Department of State (July 2008). Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain
      .
    23. ^ P.C. Emmer & BW Highman, (1999) General History of the Caribbean: Methodology and Historiography of the Caribbean, volume 6, p. 637
    24. ^ "Important Dates in Dominica's History". Lennox Honychurch. 5 July 1990. Archived from the original on 30 August 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
    25. ^ "Janus: Dominica Estate documents". janus.lib.cam.ac.uk.
    26. ^ London Society for the Abolition of Slavery throughout the British Dominions (1831). Anti-Slavery Monthly Reporter, volume 3. London Society for the Mitigation and Abolition of Slavery in the British Dominions. p. 211.
    27. ^ "Slavery Abolition Act 1833; Section LXIV". 28 August 1833. Retrieved 3 June 2008.
    28. ^ "The Dominica Termination of Association Order 1978". www.legislation.gov.uk.
    29. ^ Lawrence, Miles (1979). "Hurricane David Preliminary Report, Page 3". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
    30. ISBN 9780199671540
      .
    31. ^ a b "Ex-Commander Hanged For Dominica Coup Role". The New York Times. 9 August 1986. Retrieved 26 August 2009.
    32. ^ "Caribbean Islands – Regional Security Threats, 1970–81". Country-data.com. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
    33. ^ Stewart Bell, Bayou of Pigs, presents the story of the planned coup.
    34. ^ Woodward, Bob, Veil: the Secret Wars of the CIA 1981-1987, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987, pp. 290, 300.
    35. ^ "www.mathaba.net". www.mathaba.net. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
    36. ^ Ellsworth Carter, "Dominica Leader Douglas Dies", Mathaba.net.
    37. ^ "When Prime Minister Pierre Charles died". The Sun.
    38. ^ "IFES Election Guide | Elections: Dominica Parliamentary May 5, 2005". www.electionguide.org.
    39. ^ "U.S. Department of State Background Note on Dominica". State.gov. 7 February 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
    40. ^ General Election Results - 8 December 2014 Archived 1 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine Caribbean Elections
    41. ^ "Charles Angelo Savarin sworn in as Dominica's 8th President - GIS Dominica". news.gov.dm.
    42. ^ "Hurricane Maria 'devastates' Dominica: PM". BBC News. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
    43. ^ "Dominica devastation emerges with fatalities and '90% of buildings destroyed'". WIC News. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
    44. ^ a b Handy, Gemma (25 September 2017). "Dominica grieves after Hurricane Maria". BBC News.
    45. ^ "DOC President Billy Doctrove says he is pleased with the National Team Commonwealth Games performance". Q95FM. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
    46. ^ "DOMINICA-Savarin re-elected President, opposition stages walkout". Antigua News Room. 2 October 2018.
    47. ^ Sorhaindo, Rupert (10 December 2019). "Reflections on Dominica 2019 general election results". Caribbean News Global.
    48. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "The World Factbook - Dominica". CIA.gov. 22 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
    49. ^ "Between Two Reunions: Boiling Lake, 1988 to 2008 |". The Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica's Official Website. Archived from the original on 21 January 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
    50. ISBN 978-9987160150. ASIN 9987160158
      . p.173.
    51. PMID 28608869
      .
    52. ^ "Morne Trois Pitons National Park by World Heritage Sites". Whc.unesco.org. 7 December 1997. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
    53. Saint Kitts
      (1999), Hispaniola (Dominican Republic [1990]/Haiti [1982]) and Cuba (multiple).
    54. ^ "A Photo Tour of the Calibishie Coast". Calibishiecoast.com. Archived from the original on 27 May 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
    55. ^ Stephen Durand and Bertrand Jno. Baptiste, "Dominica" (Forestry, Wildlife and Parks Division).
    56. PMID 33293507
      .
    57. ^ Jonathan Katz (18 August 2007). "Hurricane Dean Gains Caribbean Strength". Forbes. Associated Press. Retrieved 18 August 2007.[dead link]
    58. ^ "Hurricane claims one life in St. Lucia and possibly two in Dominica". CBC. 17 August 2007. Archived from the original on 28 August 2007. Retrieved 17 August 2007.
    59. ^ "Dominica Badly Affected". CBC. 17 August 2007. Archived from the original on 28 August 2007. Retrieved 17 August 2007.
    60. ^ "Dominica pleads for help as storm death toll tops 30". Yahoo News. 1 September 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
    61. ^ "Rapid Damage and Impact Assessment: Tropical Storm Erika" (PDF). Government of Dominica. 25 September 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
    62. S2CID 204460134
      .
    63. ISBN 978-0-7703-0280-1
      .
    64. ^ Avery, Daniel (4 April 2019). "71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal". Newsweek.
    65. ^ "State-Sponsored Homophobia". International Lesbian Gay Bisexual Trans and Intersex Association. 20 March 2019.
    66. ^ Stewart, Colin (22 April 2024). "Dominica court overturns anti-sodomy law". Retrieved 24 April 2024.
    67. ^ Davis, Alys (23 April 2024). "Dominica High Court overturns ban on same-sex relations". BBC.
    68. ^ "Dominica". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
    69. ^ "World Bank 'At A Glance'" (PDF).
    70. ^ Barkham, Patrick (5 March 1999). "The banana wars explained". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 August 2020 – via www.theguardian.com.
    71. ^ "Banana war ends after 20 years". BBC News. 8 November 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
    72. ^ Schwartz, Elaine (26 June 2018). "How the EU and the U.S. Fought a Banana Trade War". Econlife. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
    73. ^ "Ending the banana wars: Who wins and who loses? | News | European Parliament". www.europarl.europa.eu. 24 January 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
    74. ^ No Fee Increase for Dominica CIP Archived 17 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine. ntltrust.com (2016-7-28)
    75. ^ "Ministerstwo Finansów". Mf.gov.pl. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
    76. ^ "Economic Diversification Fund - Dominica". Dominica. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
    77. ^ "Dominica Citizenship by Investment Unit". Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica. Archived from the original on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
    78. ^ "Dominica's Citizenship Programme 'Main Source of FDI', Officials Say" Archived 13 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Dominica News Online, 16 February 2016.
    79. ^ "Dominica Passport Visa Free Travel - Dominica Visa Free Countries". www.goccp.com. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
    80. ^ "Authorised CBIU Agents – Government Approved CBIU Agents".
    81. ^ "Selling citizenship is big business—and controversial". The Economist. 29 September 2018.
    82. ^ "Full speech of PM Skerrit at DLP meeting in St. Joseph" Archived 16 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Dominica News Online, 3 February 2016.
    83. ^ "Full budget speech of Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit – Dominica News Online". dominicanewsonline.com. 26 July 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
    84. ^ "First phase of CBI-funded housing projects ready for occupation in February 2019 – Dominica News Online". dominicanewsonline.com. 23 November 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
    85. ^ "How Dominica's CBI is Changing the Lives of its Citizens". Dominica. 6 August 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
    86. ^ "Land acquisition begins for international airport – PM Skerrit – Dominica News Online". dominicanewsonline.com. 16 October 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
    87. ^ "Getting over Hurricane Maria". The Economist. 30 August 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
    88. ^ "CBI Index | Rankings of the Best Programmes". cbiindex.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
    89. ^ "Dominica named best country for 2nd citizenship". www.tradearabia.com. 26 August 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
    90. ^ CBI Index Research Team (20 August 2018). "The CBI Index: key findings - Caribbean continues to dominate". www.pwmnet.com. Archived from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
    91. ^ Gunning, Heyrick Bond (20 August 2018). "The CBI Index: the due diligence process in the Caribbean". www.pwmnet.com. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
    92. ^ DeLollis, Barbara; Hansen, Barbara (19 January 2009). "Bookings started to fall along with stock market". USA Today.
    93. ^ "American Eagle worries". Dominica News Online. 19 October 2012. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
    94. ^ "Completion ceremony of Edward Oliver Leblanc Highway Friday". Dominica News Online. 20 April 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
    95. ^ "Dr Nicholas Liverpool Highway Officially Commissioned". Dominica Government Information Service. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
    96. ^ "Emergency bridges being developed PM says". Dominica News Online. 8 September 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
    97. ^ "Emergency Bridges Being Developed PM Says". Dominica News Online. 8 September 2015. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
    98. ^ Caribbean, Renewable Energy (24 August 2018). "Dominica cementing its position as a renewable energy trailblazer". Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
    99. ^ "The Carib Indians". Avirtualdominica.com. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
    100. ^ Pickford, John, From Our Own Correspondent, BBC Radio 4. First broadcast 31 March 2007. Dominica report 17'49" – 22'55".
    101. ISBN 978-0333627761
      .
    102. ISBN 9780521710169
      .
    103. ^ "Creole for Beginners". Avirtualdominica.com. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
    104. ^ Honychurch, Lennox (14 November 2003). "Inter-Island Migration and Cultural Change: The Impact of Montserratians on Dominica". Lennoxhonychurch.com. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
    105. ^ "Tropical Islam". Arabwashingtonian.org. Archived from the original on 5 September 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
    106. ^ "The Association of Religion Data Archives | National Profiles". www.thearda.com. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
    107. ^ "home". Muslim Community of Dominica. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
    108. ^ "Dominica Education System". www.scholaro.com. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
    109. ^ "About Us". Dominica State College. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
    110. ^ "Clemson University ATREC". 2012. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
    111. ^ "Clemson University". Clemson.edu. 8 January 2010. Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
    112. ^ "All Saints University School of Medicine, Dominica". Retrieved 7 October 2012.
    113. ^ "Ross University School of Medicine, Dominica". Rossu.edu. Archived from the original on 4 December 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
    114. ^ "Medical school relocates to Barbados after hurricane". washingtonpost.com. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
    115. ^ "Adtalem Global Education Announces Barbados as New Location for Ross University School of Medicine". Adtalem Global Education. Archived from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
    116. ^ "About DLIS". dlis.gov.dm. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
    117. JSTOR 25540240
      .
    118. ISBN 9780333747605
      .
    119. ^ Smith, Ewan (12 August 2021). "Dominica international striker Julian Wade gives up Caribbean sunshine to hit Brechin City goal trail". The Courier.
    120. ^ McKenna, Dave (24 February 2014). "Dominica's Fake Ski Team Scammed The Olympics and the Press". Deadspin. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
    121. ^ "World bronze medallist Romain reflects on Dominica's Olympic debut". trackalerts.com. 15 August 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
    122. ^ "Dominica's Participation at Beijing 2008 Olympic Games". dominicaweekly. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
    123. ^ "Thea Lafond Records World Leading Jump". dominicaathleticsassociation.org. 24 January 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
    124. ^ http://sundominica.com/

    External links

    Reference

    Government

    Geography