Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyz Republic | ||
---|---|---|
Anthem: Кыргыз Республикасынын Мамлекеттик гимни (Kyrgyz) " Cyrillic | ||
Spoken languages | ||
presidential republic | ||
Sadyr Japarov | ||
Akylbek Japarov | ||
Nurlanbek Shakiev | ||
Legislature | Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate[5] | 693 |
1876 | ||
14 October 1924 | ||
11 February 1926 | ||
5 December 1936 | ||
30 December 1990 | ||
31 August 1991 | ||
26 December 1991 | ||
11 April 2021 | ||
Kyrgyzstani som (c) (KGS) | ||
Time zone | UTC+6 (KGT) | |
Date format | dd/mm/yyyy | |
Driving side | right | |
Calling code | +996 | |
ISO 3166 code | KG | |
Internet TLD | .kg |
Kyrgyzstan,
Kyrgyzstan's history spans a variety of cultures and empires. Although geographically isolated by its highly mountainous terrain, Kyrgyzstan has been at the crossroads of several great civilizations as part of the
After independence, Kyrgyzstan was officially a
Kyrgyzstan is a member of the
Etymology
Kyrgyz is derived from the Turkic word for "We are forty", believed to refer to the forty clans of
The 40-ray sun on the flag of Kyrgyzstan is a reference to those same forty tribes and the graphical element in the sun's center depicts the wooden crown, called tunduk, of a yurt—a portable dwelling traditionally used by nomads in the steppes of Central Asia.
The country's official name is Kyrgyz Republic, used in international arenas and foreign relations.[24][25] In the English-speaking world, the spelling Kyrgyzstan is commonly used, while its former name Kirghizia[c] is rarely used.[26]
History
This section needs to be updated.(February 2024) |
Early history
The Kyrgyz state reached its greatest expansion after defeating the Uyghur Khaganate in 840 AD.[27] From the tenth century the Kyrgyz migrated as far as the Tian Shan range and maintained their dominance over this territory for about 200 years.
There is a storytelling tradition of the
In the 12th century, the Kyrgyz dominion had shrunk to the
Russian conquest
In the late nineteenth century, the eastern part of what is today Kyrgyzstan, mainly the Issyk-Kul Region, was ceded to the Russian Empire by Qing China through the Treaty of Tarbagatai.[30] The territory, then known in Russian as "Kirghizia", was formally incorporated into the Empire in 1876. The Russian takeover was met with numerous revolts, and many of the Kyrgyz opted to relocate to the Pamir Mountains and Afghanistan.
In addition, the suppression of the 1916 rebellion against Russian rule in Central Asia caused many Kyrgyz later to migrate to China.[31] Since many ethnic groups in the region were, and still are, split between neighboring states at a time when borders were more porous and less regulated, it was common to move back and forth over the mountains, depending on where life was perceived as better; this might mean better rains for pasture or better government during oppression.
Soviet Kyrgyzstan (1919–1991)
Soviet power was initially established in the region in 1919, and the
After the
By the end of the 1920s, the Soviet Union developed a series of
The early years of glasnost, in the late 1980s, had little effect on the political climate in Kyrgyzstan. However, the Republic's press was permitted to adopt a more liberal stance and to establish a new publication, Literaturny Kirghizstan, by the Union of Writers. Unofficial political groups were forbidden, but several groups that emerged in 1989 to deal with the acute housing crisis were permitted to function.
According to the last Soviet census in 1989, ethnic Kyrgyz made up only 22% of the residents of the northern city of
In June 1990, ethnic tensions between
Despite these political moves toward independence, economic realities seemed to work against secession from the Soviet Union. In a referendum on the preservation of the Soviet Union in March 1991, 88.7%[citation needed] of the voters approved the proposal to retain the Soviet Union as a "renewed federation". Nevertheless, secessionist forces pushed Kyrgyzstan's independence through in August of that same year.
On 19 August 1991, when the State Emergency Committee assumed power in Moscow, there was an attempt to depose Akayev in Kyrgyzstan. After the coup collapsed the following week, Akayev and Vice President German Kuznetsov announced their resignations from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), and the entire bureau and secretariat resigned. This was followed by the Supreme Soviet vote declaring independence from the Soviet Union on 31 August 1991 as the Republic of Kyrgyzstan.[42]
According to a 2013
Independence
In October 1991, Akayev ran unopposed and was elected president of the new independent Republic by direct ballot, receiving 95 percent of the votes cast. Together with the representatives of seven other Republics that same month, he signed the
On 21 December 1991, Kyrgyzstan agreed with the other four Central Asian Republics, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan to the Alma-Ata Protocols, formally entering the Commonwealth with Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Moldova and Ukraine. Finally, Kyrgyzstan gained full independence on 25 December 1991. The following day, on 26 December 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist. In 1992, Kyrgyzstan joined the United Nations and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). On 5 May 1993, the official name changed from the Republic of Kyrgyzstan to the Kyrgyz Republic following the adoption of a new constitution.[45]
In 2005, an uprising known as the "Tulip Revolution", took place after the parliamentary elections in March 2005, forced President Askar Akayev's resignation on 4 April 2005. Opposition leaders formed a coalition, and a new government was formed under President Kurmanbek Bakiyev and Prime Minister Felix Kulov. The nation's capital was looted during the protests.
Political stability appeared to be elusive, however, as various groups and factions allegedly linked to organized crime jockeyed for power. Three of the 75 members of Parliament elected in March 2005 were assassinated, and another member was assassinated on 10 May 2006 shortly after winning his murdered brother's seat in a by-election. All four are reputed to have been directly involved in major illegal business ventures.[according to whom?]
April 2010 crisis
On 6 April 2010,
A transition government had been established, led by former foreign minister
President Bakiyev returned to his home in Jalal-Abad and stated his terms of resignation at a press conference on 13 April 2010.[49] On 15 April 2010, Bakiyev left the country and flew to neighboring Kazakhstan, along with his wife and two children. The country's provisional leaders announced that Bakiyev signed a formal letter of resignation prior to his departure.[50]
Prime Minister
The 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes occurred between the two main ethnic groups—the Uzbeks and Kyrgyz—in Osh, the second-largest city in the country, on 11 June 2010. The clashes incited fears that the country could be heading towards a civil war.[52][53]
Interim leader Otunbayeva sent a letter to the Russian president, Dimitry Medvedev, asking him to send Russian troops to help the country control the situation. Medvedev's Press Attaché, Natalya Timakova, said in a reply to the letter, "It is an internal conflict and for now Russia does not see the conditions for taking part in its resolution". The clashes caused a shortage of food and other essential commodities with more than 200 killed and 1,685 people hurt, as of 12 June 2010[update]. The Russian government, however, said it would be sending humanitarian aid to the troubled nation.[54]
According to local sources, there was a clash between two local gangs and it did not take long for the violence to spread to the rest of the city. There were also reports that the armed forces supported ethnic Kyrgyz gangs entering the city, but the government denied the allegations.[54]
The riots spread to neighboring areas, and the government declared a state of emergency in the entire southern Jalal-Abad region. To control the situation, the interim government gave special shoot-to-kill powers to the security forces. The Russian government decided to send a battalion to the country to protect Russian facilities.[55]
Otunbayeva accused the family of Bakiyev of "instigating the riots".[56] AFP reported "a veil of smoke covering the whole city". Authorities in neighboring Uzbekistan said at least 30,000 Uzbeks had crossed the border to escape the riots.[55] Osh became relatively calm on 14 June 2010, but Jalal-Abad witnessed sporadic incidents of arson. The entire region was still under a state of emergency as Uzbeks were reluctant to leave their houses for fear of attacks by the mobs. The United Nations decided to send an envoy to assess the situation.[57]
On 2 August 2010, a Kyrgyz government commission began investigating the causes of the clashes. Members of the National Commission, led by former parliament speaker Abdygany Erkebaev, met with people from the predominantly ethnic Uzbek villages of Mady, Shark, and Kyzyl-Kyshtak in the Kara-Suu district of Osh Oblast. This National Commission, including representatives of many ethnic groups, was established by a presidential decree.
President Roza Otunbayeva also said in August 2010 that an international commission would be formed to investigate the clashes.[59] The international commission conducted an extensive investigation and prepared a report—The Independent international commission of inquiry into the events in southern Kyrgyzstan in June 2010 (KIC).[60] It stated that "The Provisional Government, which had assumed power two months before the events, either failed to recognize or underestimated the deterioration in inter-ethnic relations in southern Kyrgyzstan". The KIC concluded that the "Provisional Government had the responsibility to ensure that the security forces were adequately trained and appropriately equipped to deal with situations of civil unrest" but were unable to take necessary measures.
As of today, Kyrgyzstan celebrates its Independence Day annually on August 31, the anniversary of its declaration of independence in 1991. Since independence, Kyrgyzstan has made developments such as creating genuinely free news media and fostering an active political opposition.[61]
In late April 2021, a conflict over water escalated into one of the most serious border clashes between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan since independence in 1991.[62][63]
In September 2022, armed clashes, including the use of artillery, erupted along much of the border between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.[64]
Geography
Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked country in Central Asia, bordering Kazakhstan, China, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. It lies between latitudes 39° and 44° N, and longitudes 69° and 81° E. It is farther from the sea than any other individual country, and all its rivers flow into closed drainage systems which do not reach the sea. The mountainous region of the Tian Shan covers over 80% of the country (Kyrgyzstan is occasionally referred to as "the Switzerland of Central Asia", as a result),[65] with the remainder made up of valleys and basins.
Kyrgyzstan has significant deposits of metals including
The confluence forms the
Kyrgyzstan contains seven terrestrial ecosystems:
Climate
The climate varies regionally. The low-lying
Glaciers and climate change
Enclaves and exclaves
There is one
There are four Uzbek
There are also two enclaves belonging to
Politics
Political system
The
In March 2002, in the southern district of
The amendments to the constitution approved by the referendum resulted in stronger control by the president and weakened the parliament and the Constitutional Court. Parliamentary elections for a new, 75-seat unicameral legislature were held on 27 February and 13 March 2005, but were widely viewed as corrupt. The subsequent protests led to a bloodless
On 10 July 2005, acting president Bakiyev won the
Kyrgyzstan is also a member of the
In December 2008, the state-owned broadcast
On 3 February 2009, President Bakiyev announced the imminent closure of the
Kyrgyzstan is among the fifty countries in the world with the highest perceived level of corruption: the 2016
In 2010, another revolution erupted in the country (see:
In 2015, Kyrgyzstan became a full-fledged member of the Eurasian Economic Union (EES) after it formally abolished customs controls along its border with Kazakhstan, other members are the former Soviet republics Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, and Armenia.
In October 2017, Sooronbay Jeenbekov, a former prime minister backed by incumbent Almazbek Atambayev, was elected as the new President of Kyrgyzstan.[86] In foreign policy he saw the Kremlin as the country's "main strategic partner" and China as an "important strategic and trade partner", but he intended to seek more collaborative bilateral ties with European partners.[87] On 7 August 2019, the Special Forces of Kyrgyzstan launched an operation against the residence of former President Almazbek Atambayev, supposedly based on charges of corruption made against him.[88][89] In a meeting of the Security Council, President Jeenbekov accused Atambayev of violating the constitution.[90] In October 2020, President Sooronbay Jeenbekov resigned after protests caused by irregularities in parliamentary elections on 4 October 2020.[91]
In January 2021, Sadyr Japarov was elected as the new president after winning the presidential election by a landslide.[92]
In April 2021, the majority of voters approved in the constitutional referendum a new constitution that will give new powers to the president, significantly strengthening the power of the presidency.[93]
Administrative divisions
Kyrgyzstan is divided into seven regions (Kyrgyz: облустар). The regions are subdivided into 44 districts (Kyrgyz: аймактар, aymaqtar;). The districts are further subdivided into rural districts at the lowest level of administration, which include all rural settlements (aýyl ökmötü) and villages without an associated municipal government.
The cities of Bishkek and Osh have status "state importance" and do not belong to any region.
Each region is headed by an akim (regional governor) appointed by the president. District akims are appointed by regional akims.
The regions, and independent cities, are as follows, with subdivisions:
- City of Bishkek
- Batken Region
- Chüy Region
- Jalal-Abad Region
- Naryn Region
- Osh Region
- Talas Region
- Issyk-Kul Region
- City of Osh
Military
The armed forces of Kyrgyzstan were formed after the
Human rights
Kyrgyzstan is classified as a "
After the installment of a more democratic government, many human rights violations still take place. In a move that alarmed human-rights groups, dozens of prominent Uzbek religious and community leaders were arrested by security forces following the 2010 South Kyrgyzstan riots, including journalist and human-rights activist Azimzhan Askarov.[99] A law banning women under the age of 23 from traveling abroad without a parent or guardian, with the purpose of "increased morality and preservation of the gene pool" passed in the Kyrgyz parliament in June 2013.[100] American diplomats expressed concern in October 2014 when Kyrgyzstan lawmakers passed a law that imposes jail terms on gay-rights activists and others, including journalists, who create "a positive attitude toward non-traditional sexual relations."[101]
Kyrgyzstani activist and journalist Azimzhan Askarov was sentenced to life in prison in 2010.[102] On 24 January 2017, a Kyrgyz court has reinstated a sentence of life imprisonment for Askarov.[103]
In February 2024, the independent investigative media organization Kloop was ordered shut down by the Kyrgyz courts. This move drew criticism within the country and abroad.[104][105]
Economy
The National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic serves as the central bank of Kyrgyzstan.
Kyrgyzstan was the ninth poorest country in the former Soviet Union, and is today the second poorest country in Central Asia after Tajikistan. 22.4% of the country's population lives below the poverty line.[106]
Despite the backing of major Western lenders, including the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank, Kyrgyzstan has had economic difficulties following independence. Initially, these were a result of the breakup of the Soviet trade bloc and resulting loss of markets, which impeded the republic's transition to a demand economy.
The government has reduced expenditures, ended most price subsidies and introduced a value-added tax. Overall, the government appears committed to the transition to a market economy. Through economic stabilization and reform, the government seeks to establish a pattern of long-term consistent growth. Reforms led to Kyrgyzstan's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) on 20 December 1998.
The Kyrgyz economy was severely affected by the collapse of the Soviet Union and the resulting loss of its vast market. In 1990, some 98% of Kyrgyz exports went to other parts of the Soviet Union. Thus, the nation's economic performance in the early 1990s was worse than any other former Soviet republic except war-torn
Kyrgyzstan is rich in mineral resources but has negligible
The principal exports are nonferrous metals and minerals, woollen goods and other agricultural products, electric energy and certain engineering goods. Imports include petroleum and natural gas, ferrous metals, chemicals, most machinery, wood and paper products, some foods and some construction materials. Its leading trade partners include Germany, Russia, China, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan. After Beijing launched the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2013, China has expanded its economic presence and initiated a number of sizable infrastructure projects in Kyrgyzstan.[109]
In regards to telecommunication infrastructure, Kyrgyz Republic ranks last in Central Asia in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI)—an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. Kyrgyz Republic ranked number 118 overall in the 2014 NRI ranking, unchanged from 2013 (see Networked Readiness Index).
Kyrgyzstan is ranked 78th among countries for economic freedom by the Heritage Institute.[110]
The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to have a significant negative impact on the Kyrgyz economy that is reliant on services, remittances and natural resources. As a result, in order to mitigate the economic shock and preserve much of the development progress achieved in recent years the World Bank will provide support by financing several projects in the country.[111]
Tourism
One of the most popular tourist destination points in Kyrgyzstan is the lake Issyk-Kul. Numerous hotels, resorts and boarding houses are located along its northern shore. The most popular beach zones are in the city of Cholpon-Ata and the settlements nearby, such as Kara-Oi (Dolinka), Bosteri and Korumdy. The number of tourists visiting the lake was more than a million a year in 2006 and 2007. However, due to the economic and political instability in the region, the number has declined in recent years.[112]
Science and technology
The headquarters of the Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences is located in Bishkek, where several research institutes are located. Kyrgyz researchers are developing useful technologies based on natural products, such as heavy metal remediation for purifying waste water.[113] Kyrgyzstan was ranked 106th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023, down from 90th in 2019.[114][115][116]
Demographics
Kyrgyzstan's population is estimated at 6,586,600 in August 2020.
Ethnic groups
The nation's largest
The Kyrgyz have historically been semi-
Kyrgyzstan has undergone a pronounced change in its ethnic composition since independence.
Ethnic group |
1926 census[127] | 1959 census[128] | 1989 census[129] | 1999 census[130] | 2018 census[131] | 2021 census[132] | 2022 census[133] | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Kyrgyz | 661,171 | 66.6 | 836,831 | 40.5 | 2,229,663 | 52.4 | 3,128,147 | 64.9 | 4,587,430 | 73.3 | 4,995,900 | 74.1 | 5,379,000 | 77.5 |
Uzbeks | 110,463 | 11.1 | 218,640 | 10.6 | 550,096 | 12.9 | 664,950 | 13.8 | 918,262 | 14.6 | 999,300 | 14.8 | 986,900 | 14.2 |
Russians | 116,436 | 11.7 | 623,562 | 30.2 | 916,558 | 21.5 | 603,201 | 12.5 | 352,960 | 5.6 | 335,200 | 5.0 | 282,800 | 4.1 |
Ukrainians | 64,128 | 6.5 | 137,031 | 6.6 | 108,027 | 2.5 | 50,442 | 1.0 | 11,252 | 0.2 |
Languages
Kyrgyz is the state language of Kyrgyzstan. Russian is additionally an official language. Kyrgyzstan is one of five former Soviet republics to have Russian as a de jure official language, along with Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Tajikistan.[134] After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kyrgyz was adopted as the state language of Kyrgyzstan in 1991. Kyrgyzstan adopted Russian as an official language in 1997. The languages have different legal statuses.
Kyrgyz is a
In 2009,[139] 4.1 million people spoke Kyrgyz as native or second language and 2.5 million spoke Russian as native or second language. Uzbek is the second most common native language with 700,000 native speakers.
Russian TV media enjoy enormous popularity in Kyrgyzstan, especially in the deeply russified city of Bishkek and the Chüy Region, despite that the percentage of Russians today is a fraction of that in 1989. Russian media outlets have an enormous influence on public opinion in Kyrgyzstan, especially in areas such as human rights and international political developments.[140]
Many business and political affairs are carried out in Russian. Until recently, Kyrgyz remained a language spoken at home and was rarely used during meetings or other events. However, most parliamentary meetings today are conducted in Kyrgyz, with simultaneous interpretation available for those not speaking Kyrgyz. According to an
Language name | Native speakers | Second-language speakers | Total speakers |
---|---|---|---|
Kyrgyz | 3,830,556 | 271,187 | 4,121,743 |
Russian | 482,243 | 2,109,393 | 2,591,636 |
Uzbek | 772,561 | 97,753 | 870,314 |
English | 28,416 | 28,416 | |
French | 641 | 641 | |
Other | 277,433 | 31,411 | 308,844 |
Urban centres
Rank | Name | Region | Pop. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bishkek Osh |
1 | Bishkek | Bishkek | 1,074,075 | Jalal-Abad Karakol | ||||
2 | Osh | Osh Region | 322,164 | ||||||
3 | Jalal-Abad | Jalal-Abad Region | 123,239 | ||||||
4 | Karakol | Issyk-Kul Region | 84,351 | ||||||
5 | Tokmok | Chüy Region | 71,443 | ||||||
6 | Özgön | Osh Region | 62,802 | ||||||
7 | Kara-Balta | Chüy Region | 48,278 | ||||||
8 | Balykchy | Issyk-Kul Region | 42,875 | ||||||
9 | Naryn | Naryn Region | 41,178 | ||||||
10 | Talas | Talas Region | 40,308 |
Religion
During Soviet times, state atheism was encouraged. Today, however, Kyrgyzstan is a secular state, although Islam has exerted a growing influence in politics.[148] For instance, there has been an attempt to arrange for officials to travel on hajj (the pilgrimage to Mecca) under a tax-free arrangement.
While Islam in Kyrgyzstan is more of a cultural background than a devout daily practice for many, public figures have expressed support for restoring religious values. For example, human rights ombudsman Tursunbay Bakir-Ulu noted, "In this era of independence, it is not surprising that there has been a return to spiritual roots not only in Kyrgyzstan, but also in other post-communist republics. It would be immoral to develop a market-based society without an ethical dimension."[148]
Additionally,
The other faiths practiced in Kyrgyzstan include
A few
On 6 November 2008, the Kyrgyzstan parliament unanimously passed a law increasing the minimum number of adherents for recognizing a religion from 10 to 200. It also outlawed "aggressive action aimed at proselytism", and banned religious activity in schools and all activity by unregistered organizations. It was signed by President Kurmanbek Bakiyev on 12 January 2009.[157]
There have been several reported police raids against peaceful minority religious meetings,[158] as well as reports of officials planting false evidence,[159] but also some court decisions in favour of religious minorities.[160]
Culture
Media
Traditions
- epic poem; the plot revolves around a series of events that coincide with the history of the region in the 9th century, primarily the interaction of the Kyrgyz people with other Turkic and Chinese people.
- Komuz, a three-stringed lute
- Tush kyiz, large, elaborately embroidered wall hangings
- Ala-kiyiz carpets, manufactured by the process of felting, used for yurts. Inscribed in 2012 on the UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding.[161][162]
- Other textiles, especially made from felt
- Ala kachuu, "bride kidnapping", traditional form of marriage in Kyrgyzstan
- Falconry
- various dances
Illegal, but still practiced, is the tradition of bride kidnapping.[163] It is debatable whether bride kidnapping is actually traditional. Some of the confusion may stem from the fact that arranged marriages were traditional, and one of the ways to escape an arranged marriage was to arrange a consensual "kidnapping".[164]
Flag
The 40-rayed yellow sun in the center of the national flag represent the 40 tribes that once made up the entirety of Kyrgyz culture before the intervention of Russia during the rise of the Soviet Union. The lines inside the sun represent the crown or tündük (Kyrgyz түндүк) of a yurt, a symbol replicated in many facets of Kyrgyz architecture. The red portion of the flag represents peace and openness of Kyrgyzstan.
Under Soviet rule and before 1992, it had the flag of the Soviet Union with two big blue stripes and a white thin stripe in the middle.
Public holidays
In addition to celebrating the New Year each 1 January, the Kyrgyz observe the traditional New Year festival Nowruz on the vernal equinox. This spring holiday is celebrated with feasts and festivities such as the horse game Ulak Tartish.
This is the list of public holidays in Kyrgyzstan:
- 1 January – New Year's Day
- 7 January – Orthodox Christmas
- 23 February – Fatherland Defender's Day
- 8 March – Women's Day
- 21–23 March – Nooruz Mairamy, Persian New Year (spring festival)
- 7 April – Day of National Revolution
- 1 May – Labor Day
- 5 May – Constitution Day
- 8 May – Remembrance Day
- 9 May – Victory Day
- 31 August – Independence Day
- 7–8 November – Days of History and Commemoration of Ancestors
Two additional Muslim holidays Orozo Ayt and Qurman (or Qurban) Ayt are defined by the lunar calendar.
Sports
Martial Arts:
Boxing:
XXI International Issyk-Kul Sports Games (SCO + CIS) was held in 9–17 September 2022 in Baktuu-Dolonotu village (Issyk-Kul).[169] The first three World Nomad Games were held in Cholpon-Ata, Kyrgyzstan. The 6th International Sports Festival Pearl of Kyrgyzstan were held in Issyk-Kul region from 15 June to 3 July 2022.
Horse riding
The traditional national sports reflect the importance of
Very popular, as in all of Central Asia, is in which two teams of riders wrestle for possession of the headless carcass of a goat, which they attempt to deliver across the opposition's goal line, or into the opposition's goal: a big tub or a circle marked on the ground.
Other popular games on horseback include:
- At Chabysh – a long-distance horse race, sometimes over a distance of more than 50 km
- Jumby Atmai – a large bar of precious metal (the "jumby") is tied to a pole by a thread and contestants attempt to break the thread by shooting at it, while at a gallop
- Kyz Kuumai– a man chases a girl in order to win a kiss from her, while she gallops away; if he is not successful she may in turn chase him and attempt to beat him with her "kamchi" (horsewhip)
- Oodarysh – two contestants wrestle on horseback, each attempting to be the first to throw the other from his horse
- Tyin Emmei – picking up a coin from the ground at full gallop
Education
The school system in Kyrgyzstan includes primary (grades 1 to 4, some schools have optional 0 grade), secondary (grades 5 to 9) and high (grades 10 to 11) divisions within one school.[170] Children are usually accepted to primary schools at the age of 6 or 7. It is required that every child finishes 9 grades of school and receives a certificate of completion. Grades 10–11 are optional, but it is necessary to complete them to graduate and receive a state-accredited school diploma. To graduate, a student must complete the 11-year school course and pass 4 mandatory state exams in writing, maths, history, and a foreign language.
There are 77 public schools in Bishkek (capital city) and more than 200 in the rest of the country. There are 55 higher educational institutions and universities in Kyrgyzstan, out of which 37 are state institutions.[citation needed]
In September 2016, the University of Central Asia was launched in Naryn, Kyrgyzstan.[171]
There are also various Russian-language medium schools in Bishkek, Osh and other areas. Because of the better funding that they receive in comparation with Kyrgyz state schools, many Kyrgyz go there. In March 2021 Russia announced its plans to create approximately 30 new Russian-language schools in Kyrgyzstan. Teachers from Russia are also working here. However, the existence of these schools has been criticised, for reasons such as the fact that Russian language education has flaws compared to the Turkish and American schools in the country, but also because many ethnic Kyrgyz born after Kyrgyz independence in 1991 can't speak Kyrgyz, but only Russian, according to a Bishkek resident.[172]
Libraries
Kyrgyzstan is home to 1,066 libraries.[173] The National Library of the Kyrgyz Republic is the oldest library in the country, which was established in 1934. Kyrgyz Libraries are working towards expanding access to communities, evident in projects such as the signing of the Marrakesh VIP Treaty and the Open access Portal.[174][175]
Transport
Transport in Kyrgyzstan is severely constrained by the country's alpine topography. Roads have to snake up steep valleys, cross passes of 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) altitude and more, and are subject to frequent mudslides and snow avalanches. Winter travel is close to impossible in many of the more remote and high-altitude regions.
Additional problems come from the fact that many roads and railway lines built during the Soviet period are today intersected by international boundaries, requiring time-consuming border formalities to cross where they are not completely closed. Horses are still a much-used transport option, especially in more rural areas; Kyrgyzstan's road infrastructure is not extensive, so horses are able to reach locations that motor vehicles cannot, and they do not require expensive, imported fuel.
Airports
At the end of the Soviet period there were about 50 airports and airstrips in Kyrgyzstan, many of them built primarily to serve military purposes in this border region so close to China. Only a few of them remain in service today. The
- Manas International Airport near Bishkek is the main international airport, with services to Moscow, Tashkent, Almaty, Ürümqi, Istanbul, Baku, and Dubai.
- Osh Airport is the main air terminal in the south of the country, with daily connections to Bishkek, and services to Moscow, Krasnoyarsk, Almaty and more international places.
- BAe-146aircraft. During the summer months, a weekly flight links Jalal-Abad with the Issyk-Kul Region.
- Other facilities built during the Soviet era are either closed down, used only occasionally or restricted to military use (e.g., Kant Air Base near Bishkek, which is used by the Russian Air Force).
Banned airline status
Kyrgyzstan appears on the European Union's
Railways
The
In 2022, construction began on a new 186 km extension of the existing railway from Balykchy to Karakeche.[177] Its primary purpose will be to carry coal from mines at Karakeche to Bishkek.
There are vague plans about extending rail lines from Balykchy in the north or from Osh in the south into China, but the cost of construction would be enormous.[citation needed]
In 2022, the president of Kyrgyzstan, Zhaparov, has told local media that he expects construction of the 523 km China–Kyrgyzstan–Uzbekistan (CKU) Railway to begin next year. The CKU Railway would comprise 213 km (132 mi) in China, 260 km (162 mi) in Kyrgyzstan and 50 km (31 mi) in Uzbekistan.[178]
Rail connections with adjacent countries
Neighboring
countryRail
linked?Rail link name Rail gaugenotesKazakhstan Yes Bishkek branch Same gauge Uzbekistan Yes Osh branch Same gauge Tajikistan No — Same gauge ChinaNo — Gauge break: 1524 mm vs. 1435 mm
Highways
With support from the
- total: 34,000 km (21,127 mi) (including 140 km (87 mi) of expressways)
- paved: 22,600 km (14,043 mi) (includes some all-weather gravel-surfaced roads)
- unpaved: 7,700 km (4,785 mi) (these roads are made of unstabilized earth and are difficult to negotiate in wet weather) (1990)
Ports and harbours
- Balykchy (Ysyk-Kol or Rybach'ye) on Issyk Kul Lake.
See also
Notes
- ^
- Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан, romanized: Kyrgyzstan, pronounced [qɯrʁɯˈstɑn];
- Russian: Кыргызстан, romanized: Kyrgyzstan, pronounced [kɨrɡɨˈstan] ⓘ.
- ^ Since 5 May 1993.
- Kyrgyz: Кыргыз Республикасы, romanized: Kyrgyz Respublikasy;
- Russian: Кыргызская Республика, romanized: Kyrgyzskaya Respublika.
- ^ Russian: Киргизия, romanized: Kirgiziya, pronounced [kʲɪrˈɡʲizʲɪjə] ⓘ.[26]
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Further reading
- Minahan, James. Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States (Routledge, 1998) pp 200-214.
- Historical Dictionary of Kyrgyzstan by Rafis Abazov
- Kyrgyzstan: Central Asia's Island of Democracy? by John Anderson
- Kyrgyzstan: The Growth and Influence of Islam in the Nations of Asia and Central Asia by Daniel E. Harmon
- Lonely Planet Guide: Central Asia by Paul Clammer, Michael Kohn and Bradley Mayhew
- Odyssey Guide: Kyrgyz Republic by Ceri Fairclough, Rowan Stewart and Susie Weldon
- Politics of Language in the Ex-Soviet Muslim States: Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan Archived 19 June 2010 at the ISBN 978-0-472-11226-5
- Kyrgyzstan: Traditions of Nomads by V. Kadyrov, Rarity Ltd., Bishkek, 2005. ISBN 9967-424-42-7
- Cities in Kyrgyzstan Archived 7 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- Bishkek city of Kyrgyzstan Archived 14 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- Osh city of Kyrgyzstan Archived 14 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- Jalal-Abad city of Kyrgyzstan Archived 14 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine
External links
- Government
- President of Kyrgyzstan official site
- Government of Kyrgyzstan official site
- Parliament of Kyrgyzstan official site
- Laws of the Kyrgyz Republic
- General information
- Country Profile from BBC News
- Kyrgyzstan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- Kyrgyzstan at UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Kyrgyz Publishing and Bibliography
- Key Development Forecasts for Kyrgyzstan from International Futures
- Language Policy in Kyrgyzstan from University of Pannonia, Hungary
- Maps