Sports science

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Sports science is a discipline that studies how the healthy human body works during exercise, and how sports and physical activity promote health and performance from cellular to whole body perspectives. The study of sports science traditionally incorporates areas of physiology (exercise physiology), psychology (sport psychology), anatomy, biomechanics (sports biomechanics), biochemistry, and kinesiology.

Institute of Sports Science, Japan

Sport scientists and performance consultants are growing in demand and employment numbers, with the ever-increasing focus within the sporting world on achieving the best results possible.[1] Through the scientific study of sports, researchers have developed a greater understanding of how the human body reacts to exercise, training, different environments, and many other stimuli.

Origins of exercise physiology

Main article: Exercise physiology

Sports science can trace its origins back to Ancient Greece. The noted ancient Greek physician Galen (131–201) wrote 87 detailed essays about improving health (proper nutrition), aerobic fitness, and strengthening muscles.[2][3]

Galen

New ideas upon the working and functioning of the human body emerged during the Renaissance as anatomists and physicians challenged the previously known theories.[4] These spread with the implementation of the printed word, the result of Gutenberg's printing press in the 15th century.[5] Allied with this was a large increase in academia in general, universities were forming all around the world.[6] Importantly, these new scholars went beyond the simplistic notions of the early Greek physicians, and shed light upon the complexities of the circulatory, and digestive systems.[7] Furthermore, by the middle of the 19th century, early medical schools (such as the Harvard Medical School, formed 1782) began appearing in the United States, whose graduates went on to assume positions of importance in academia and allied medical research.[8]

Medical journal publications increased significantly in number during this period. In 1898, three articles on physical activity appeared in the first volume of the American Journal of Physiology. Other articles and reviews subsequently appeared in prestigious journals. The German applied physiology publication, Internationale Zeitschrift fur Physiologie einschliesslich Arbeitphysiologie (1929–1940; now known as the European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology), became a significant journal in the field of research.

A number of key figures have made significant contributions to the study of sports science:

Study of sports science

force diagram from the field of mechanics, a discipline of physics
The force diagram for the above scenario with the vectors (red arrows) for weight force (vertical), centrifugal force (horizontal) and resulting force (diagonal).

A notable amount of research in the field of sports science is completed at universities or dedicated research centers.

Dietician or Nutritionist
, Performance Analyst, Sports coach, Sports therapist, Fitness center manager, Sports administrator, Strength and Conditioning specialist, or retail manager of a sports store. Graduates may also be well-positioned to undertake further training to become an accredited Physiotherapist, Exercise Physiologist, Research Scientist and Sports Medical Doctor.

Sports science may also be useful for providing information on the aging body.[16] Older adults are aware of the benefits of exercise, but many are not performing the exercise needed to maintain these benefits.[17] Sports science provides a means of allowing older people to regain more physical competence without focusing on doing so for the purposes of anti-aging.[16] Sports science can also provide a means of helping older people avoid falls and have the ability to perform daily tasks more independently.[16]

In Australia, the majority of sports science research from 1983 to 2003 was done in laboratories and nearly half of the research was done with sub-elite or elite athletes.[14] Over two-thirds of the research was done regarding four sports: rowing, cycling, athletics, and swimming.[14] In America, sports play a big part of the American identity, however, sports science has slowly been replaced with exercise science.[18] Sports science can allow athletes to train and compete more effectively at home and abroad.[18]

José Mourinho, a football manager who won UEFA Champions League twice, reflected his studies of sport science as "sometimes it is difficult to understand if it is sport or if it is science".[19]

Academic journals in sports science

Reproducibility

A 2018 study criticized the field of

exercise and sports science for insufficient replication studies, limited reporting of both null and trivial results, and insufficient research transparency.[20] Statisticians have criticized sports science for common use of magnitude-based inference, a controversial statistical method which has allowed sports scientists to extract apparently significant results from noisy data where ordinary hypothesis testing would have found none.[21]

See also

References

  1. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived
    from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  2. ISBN 0-252-01896-6. Archived
    from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  3. ^ Victoria and Albert Museum, Online Museum (14 July 2011). "Health & Medicine". www.vam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  4. PMID 26107459
    .
  5. ^ "Background: The Printing Press and the Spread of Ideas | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  6. ^ "Universities". obo. Archived from the original on 29 April 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  7. ^ "History of the Stomach and Intestines". web.stanford.edu. Archived from the original on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  8. ^ Flexner, Abraham (1 June 1910). "Medical Education in America". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  9. ISBN 0-7817-4991-3. Archived
    from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  10. ^ Sweet, William. "150 Years Ago: Amherst Established Nation's First College Health Program". amherst.edu. Amherst College. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  11. ISBN 0-7817-4991-3. Archived
    from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  12. ^ "August Krogh Biographical". NobelPrize.org. The Nobel Prize Organization. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  13. ISBN 0-7360-0140-9. Archived
    from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  14. ^
    PMID 17000134. Archived
    from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  15. ISSN
     0033-6297.
  16. ^
    ISSN 0890-4065. Archived
    from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  17. S2CID 140851467
    .
  18. ^
    ISSN 1524-1602. Archived
    from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  19. ^ "José Mourinho: Talking Porto, Chelsea, Inter and his future management plans". The Coaches' Voice, Youtube. 30 June 2019. p. 4m20s–4m50s. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021.
  20. S2CID 3695727
    .
  21. ^ Aschwanden, Christie; Nguyen, Mai (16 May 2018). "How Shoddy Statistics Found A Home In Sports Research". FiveThirtyEight. Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2018.

External links

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