Squamous-cell carcinoma
Squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC), also known as epidermoid carcinoma, comprises a number of different types of
Despite sharing the name "squamous-cell carcinoma", the SCCs of different body sites can show differences in their presented symptoms, natural history, prognosis, and response to treatment.
By body location
Human papillomavirus infection has been associated with SCCs of the oropharynx, lung,[2] fingers,[3] and anogenital region.
Head and neck cancer
About 90%[4] of cases of head and neck cancer (cancer of the mouth, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, throat and associated structures) are due to SCC.
Skin
Cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma is the second most common skin cancer, accounting for over 1 million cases in the United States each year.[5]
Thyroid
Primary squamous-cell carcinoma of the thyroid shows an aggressive biological phenotype resulting in poor prognosis for patients.[6]
Esophagus
Esophageal cancer may be due to either esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (ESCC) or adenocarcinoma (EAC). SCCs tend to occur closer to the mouth, while adenocarcinomas occur closer to the stomach. Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing, solids worse than liquids) and painful swallowing are common initial symptoms. If the disease is localized, surgical removal of the affected esophagus may offer the possibility of a cure. If the disease has spread, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are commonly used.[7]
Lung
When associated with the lung, it is typically a centrally located large-cell cancer (
Penis
- Bowen's diseasepresents as leukoplakia on the shaft. Around a third of cases progress to SCC.
- Erythroplasia of Queyrat, a variation of Bowen's disease, presents as erythroplakia on the glans.
- Bowenoid papulosis, which histologically resembles Bowen disease, presents as reddish papules.[9]
Prostate
When associated with the
Vagina and cervix
Ovary
Ovarian squamous cell carcinoma (oSCC) or squamous ovarian carcinoma (SOC) is a rare tumor that accounts for 1% of ovarian cancers.[11]
Bladder
Most bladder cancer is transitional cell, but bladder cancer associated with schistosomiasis is often SCC.[citation needed]
Eye
Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma and corneal intraepithelial neoplasia comprise ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN).
Diagnosis
Medical history, physical examination and medical imaging may suggest a squamous-cell carcinoma, but a biopsy for histopathology generally establishes the diagnosis. TP63 staining is the main histological marker for squamous-cell carcinoma. In addition, TP63 is an essential transcription factor to establish identity of the squamous cells.[16]
-
SCC well-differentiated, left upper paraspinal back marked for biopsy with adjacent actinic keratosis
-
SCC, left lateral canthus marked for biopsy
-
SCC, left ventral forearm
Classification
Cancer can be considered a very large and exceptionally heterogeneous family of malignant diseases, with squamous-cell carcinomas comprising one of the largest subsets.
Tissue of origin
The
- papillary thyroid carcinoma(code 8050/3)
- verrucous squamous-cell carcinoma (code 8051/3)
- papillary squamous-cell carcinoma (code 8052/3)
- squamous-cell carcinoma (code 8070/3)
- large-cell keratinizing squamous-cell carcinoma (code 8071/3)
- large-cell nonkeratinizing squamous-cell carcinoma (code 8072/3)
- small-cell keratinizing squamous-cell carcinoma (code 8073/3)
- spindle-cell squamous-cell carcinoma (code 8074/3) It is also known as spindle-cell carcinoma,[21] and is a subtype characterized by spindle-shaped atypical cells.[22]
- adenoid/pseudoglandular squamous-cell carcinoma (code 8075/3)
- intraepidermal squamous-cell carcinoma (code 8081/3)
- lymphoepithelial carcinoma (code 8082/3).
Other variants of SCCs are recognized under other systems, such as keratoacanthoma.
Other histopathologic subtypes
- Erythroplasia of Queyrat
- Marjolin's ulcer is a type of SCC that arises from a nonhealing ulcer or burn wound. More recent evidence, however, suggests that genetic differences exist between SCC and Marjolin's ulcer, which were previously underappreciated.[23]
One method of classifying squamous-cell carcinomas is by their appearance under microscope. Subtypes may include:
- adenoid squamous-cell carcinoma (also known as pseudoglandular squamous-cell carcinoma) is characterized by a tubular microscopic pattern and keratinocyte acantholysis.[22]
- basaloid squamous-cell carcinoma is mostly found in or near the tongue, tonsils, or larynx, but may also occur in the lung or elsewhere.[24]
- clear-cell squamous-cell carcinoma (also known as clear-cell carcinoma of the skin) is characterized by keratinocytes that appear clear as a result of hydropic swelling.[22]
- signet ring-cell squamous-cell carcinoma (occasionally rendered as signet ring-cell squamous-cell carcinoma) is a histological variant characterized by concentric rings composed of keratin and large vacuoles corresponding to markedly dilated endoplasmic reticulum.[22] These vacuoles grow to such an extent that they radically displace the cell nucleus toward the cell membrane, giving the cell a distinctive superficial resemblance to a "signet ring" when viewed under a microscope.
-
Adenoid squamous-cell carcinoma
-
Basaloid squamous-cell carcinoma
-
Clear-cell squamous-cell carcinoma
-
Spindle-cell squamous-cell carcinoma
Prevention
Studies have found evidences for an association between diet and skin cancers, including SCC. The consumption of high-fat dairy foods increases SCC tumor risk in people with previous skin cancer. Green leafy vegetables may help prevent development of subsequent SCC and multiple studies found that raw vegetables and fruits are significantly protective against SCC risk.[25][26] On the other hand, consumption of whole milk, yogurt, and cheese may increase SCC risk in susceptible people.[27] In addition, meat and fat dietary pattern can increase the risk of SCC in people without a history of SCC, but the association is again more prominent in people with a history of skin cancer.[28] Tobacco smoking and a dietary pattern characterized by high beer and liquor intake also increase the risk of SCC significantly.[29][25]
References
- ^ a b "NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms". National Cancer Institute. 2011-02-02. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
- PMID 19424646.
- ^ "Recurrent Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Situ of the Finger". Retrieved 2010-09-22.
- ^ "Types of head and neck cancer - Understanding - Macmillan Cancer Support". Retrieved 15 March 2017.
- PMID 28722968, retrieved 2022-03-09
- S2CID 28225556.
- ^ "Esophageal Cancer". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. 26 October 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
- ISBN 978-1-60547-781-7.
- ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1.
- ^ "Squamous-cell Carcinoma of the Vagina". www.dynamed.com. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
- PMID 28658855.
- ^ Dr Nicholas Turnbull, A/Prof Patrick Emanual (2014-05-03). "Squamous cell carcinoma pathology". DermNetz.
- ^ - Image annotated by Mikael Häggström
- Reference for entries: Gulisa Turashvili, M.D., Ph.D. "Cervix - Squamous cell carcinoma and variants". Pathology Outlines.{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Last author update: 24 September 2020. Last staff update: 4 April 2022.
- Source image from National Cancer Institute (Public Domain) - ^ - Image annotated by Mikael Häggström
- Reference for entries: Gulisa Turashvili, M.D., Ph.D. "Cervix - Squamous cell carcinoma and variants". Pathology Outlines.{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Last author update: 24 September 2020. Last staff update: 4 April 2022.
- Source image by Ravi Mehrotra, Anurag Gupta, Mamta Singh and Rahela Ibrahim (Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license.) - ^ Authors: Caroline I.M. Underwood, M.D., Alexis Musick, B.S., Carolyn Glass, M.D., Ph.D. "Adenocarcinoma overview". Pathology Outlines.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Last staff update: 19 July 2022 - PMID 32128997.
- PMID 15571625.
- PMID 15113444.
- ISBN 978-92-832-2418-1. Archived from the original(PDF) on 23 August 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
- ISBN 9789241544146.
- ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-07-138076-8.
- S2CID 3702018.
- ISBN 978-953-51-0024-9.
- ^ PMID 14520448.
- PMID 19394796.
- PMID 16721782.
- PMID 17490979.
- S2CID 1959103.