Squirm

Squirm
Theatrical release poster
Directed by	Jeff Lieberman
Written by	Jeff Lieberman
Produced by	George Manasse
Starring	Don Scardino Patricia Pearcy R. A. Dow Fran Higgins Peter MacLean Jean Sullivan
Cinematography	Joseph Mangine
Edited by	Brian Smedley-Aston
Music by	Robert Prince
Production company	The Squirm Company[1]
Distributed by	American International Pictures
Release date	July 14, 1976 (1976-07-14)
Running time	93 minutes[2]
Country	United States
Language	English

Squirm is a 1976 American natural

Most of the financing came from

While on the boat, Mick is bitten by a worm. Roger shows his bitten-off thumb and tells Mick and Geri that worms attack when electrified. Mick gets off the boat to tend to his wound, leaving Geri with Roger; Mick and Alma take the skeleton's skull to an abandoned dental office, where they compare its teeth with X-rays and confirm the skeleton is Beardsley's. Roger makes advances towards Geri, but the worms they brought as bait attack him and crawl into his face. He runs off into the woods and Geri tells Mick what happened. Mick and Geri visit the worm farm to find Roger, but Mick finds Willie's body being eaten by worms. They try telling Sheriff Reston, but he ignores them. Mick deduces the worms killed Beardsley but cannot figure out why they attacked him.

While Mick and Geri are eating dinner with Naomi and Alma, the worms eat through the roots of a tree, causing it to crash into the house. Mick realizes electricity is still being released from the power lines and that the wet soil is acting as a conductor; he hypothesizes the worms only come out at night. Mick tells Geri to keep everyone inside equipped with candles and leaves to get plywood to board up the house. Roger, whose face has been deformed by worms, attacks Mick and knocks him unconscious. He then enters the house and kidnaps Geri. The worms infest the house and attack other places in town. Sheriff Reston and a woman are eaten alive in a jail cell, and people at a bar are attacked and eaten.

Mick regains consciousness and finds Naomi's remains, covered in worms, at the house. When he goes upstairs, Roger attacks and chases him downstairs. Mick pushes Roger into a pile of worms, which engulf him. Mick frees Geri and tells her that Naomi, and presumably Alma, are dead. While they try escaping through a window, Roger crawls out of the pile of worms and bites Mick in the leg. Mick beats Roger to death with a flashlight before climbing onto a tree with Geri, where they stay until morning. Upon waking up, they realize the worms had disappeared and a repairman informs them that the power has been restored. Alma, who survived by hiding in a chest, comes out and looks out the window. Geri and Mick rush into the house to meet her.

Cast

Production

Squirm was written by Jeff Lieberman, who at the time was working for Janus Films on a series called The Art of Film; he developed Squirm after his work shifts ended to deal with his "frustrations over having to put on a tie".^[3] The script was based on a childhood incident in which Lieberman's brother connected a transformer to the ground to force worms to emerge so he could use them for a fishing trip, which "scared the shit out of" Lieberman.^[3] He was also inspired by a news story from Floyds Knobs, Indiana, about migrating millipedes invading homes^[4] and by the 1963 film The Birds.^[5]

Lieberman completed a rough draft in six weeks and gave it to producer George Manasse, who saw potential in it. Manasse showed Lieberman's script to then-independent Broadway producers Edgar Lansbury and Joseph Beruh. They read the script during the warm U.S. summer months of 1975, after which the project moved swiftly, with the producers buying Squirm and investing $470,000 of their own money into the project. Squirm was the only film produced by The Squirm Company.^[6] The original setting and filming location was planned to be New England^[3] but the filming was changed to Port Wentworth, Georgia,^[7] due to unsuitable fall weather conditions in the northeastern U.S.^[3] Production began in the warmer climate of Georgia in the late fall of November 1975.^[3]

Kim Basinger auditioned for the role of Geri, but Lieberman passed on her, believing that the audience would not believe that she would live in a "hick town". Lieberman later regretted the decision, calling himself an idiot. Martin Sheen was originally cast to play the role of Mick, but was replaced with Don Scardino. Sheen had suggested that Mick should be an actor and had wanted him to recite the Yorick scene from Hamlet when he discovers Aaron Beardsley's skull.^[3] Jean Sullivan, who played Geri's mother Naomi, based her Southern accent on Tennessee Williams.^[5] To prepare for his part as Roger, R. A. Dow spent weeks in Port Wentworth to do method acting training.^[5]

Half of the worms used in the film were made of rubber; the others included large sandworms from Maine, refrigerated and transported to Port Wentworth,^[3] and an estimated 3 million bloodworms provided by the University of Georgia Oceanographic Institute.^[1] To get the worms to move, wires were run under them and electrified.^[3] One scene in which a living room is filled with worms was accomplished by building a scaffolding four feet (1.2 m) above the ground; a canvas was placed on top and covered with a six-inch layer of thousands of worms. The local Boy Scouts troop was hired to move the canvas from below to make the worms undulate; they received merit badges for their work.^[3][8] After production wrapped, newspapers in Maine reported the local fishing industry had been impacted by a shortage of worms caused by the film production.^[3]

Brian Smedley-Aston edited Squirm.

Principal photography wrapped after five weeks, one of which was dedicated to working with the worms. Lieberman was heavily involved with the post-production work, which included making the sound effects for the worms using balloons and shears and looping the two sounds using multitrack recording. The shears snapping open and closed were used to make the sound of their teeth. The worms' screams were taken from a scene in which pigs are slaughtered in Brian De Palma's 1976 film Carrie.^[3]

Release

Squirm was shown during the May 1976

Opinions on the film's horror elements and special effects were mostly positive, with several reviewers crediting the special effects for conveying a sense of gruesome creepiness.

Critics were less impressed with the film's production and performances and were divided on Lieberman's direction.[21]^[24][25] Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times argued that Lieberman showed "plenty of panache [...] deftly playing a disarming folksy atmosphere against rapidly escalating peril",^[24] and TV Guide thought it was underrated, "as with most of Lieberman's work".^[16] Counts criticized the director's handling of the creepy moments in the film as "oppressively clumsy",^[21] and Variety magazine also found the creepy special effects were offset by "clumsy and amateurish" production.^[20] The cinematography was praised by critics;^[18][26] John Kenneth Muir commended the filmmaking along with the film's imagery, though he found the inconsistent tone and lack of believable characters "a letdown".^[27] In Canby's opinion, Scardino and Pearcy gave decent performances.^[22]

Squirm received lukewarm reviews upon its release from Variety and The New York Times,^[20][22] but impressions changed over time. Counts, an early reviewer, criticized the way the film cut away from violent moments to scenes of comic relief, saying that it undermined the film's "threadbare" tension,^[21] but Thomas thought the film had a good balance between humor and terror.^[24] John Pym of The Monthly Film Bulletin thought the film's use of humor and narrative rendered Squirm a commendable and scary addition to the genre.^[25] Guarisco described Squirm as an "excellent example of the 'revenge of nature' horror" genre, and praised its third act for getting viewers invested in the fate of the characters.^[18] The film received generally positive retrospective evaluations, earning it cult classic status^[14][15][28] and recognition for its humor and themes;^[16][28] Time listed Squirm as one of the best "Killer-Animal Movies" in 2010, noting its "sick twist" on the shower scene in Psycho.^[28] A TV Guide contributor gave positive marks to its handling of the tongue-in-cheek humor and scares, including the tribute to Psycho.^[16] Craig considered it to be "an entertaining – and fairly insightful − film which is certainly not uncritical to its main characters and their community".^[19] Jim Craddock, author of VideoHound's Golden Movie Retriever, gave a less than positive review and summarized it as an "okay" giant worm movie.^[26]

Analysis

Squirm can be seen as a "revenge of nature" film, a genre which began in the early 1970s with films like Frogs and Night of the Lepus.^[29][30] Jaws, the most important film in the genre,^[29][30] spawned "Jawsploitation" films which attempted to take advantage of its success, but film studies scholar I. Q. Hunter argues that Jaws "merely served to perpetuate the early-1970s genre Quentin Tarantino called the 'Mother Nature goes ape-shit kind of movie'".^[31] Muir describes the genre as "eco-horror", commenting that "these films reflected genuine audience trepidation that Mother Nature would not stand for Man's continued pillaging and pollution of the Earth".^[32]

The film critic Robin Wood, in a discussion of horror films showing the re-emergence of repressed sexual and familial tensions, included Squirm as an example of the "revenge of nature" motif and argued that the survival of three of the main characters runs "counter to the film's logic" of the unstoppable natural forces that the worms represent.^[33] Rob Craig also commented on the sexual undercurrents in the film, arguing that in the context of the film's treatment of rural folk as "ignorant, divisive, reactionary, corrupt, and quite possibly lunatic", the worms can be seen as a metaphor for "a country bumpkin's slimy, limp penis: a laughably vulnerable object by itself, but fearsomely dangerous in aggregate", which in turn implies the rural men are "a gaggle of 'limp noodles' which are nonetheless dangerous as a societal force".^[19] Kyle B. Counts notes similarities between the themes of "masculine ideals" in Squirm and Straw Dogs, in which the male leads are heroes, and also said the film does not give the impression Don Scardino's character grew into a "man" after his experience.^[21]

Lieberman wrote the foreword for Jon Towlson's 2014 book Subversive Horror Cinema: Countercultural Messages of Films from Frankenstein to the Present. In this, he addressed the critical and scholarly analysis of Squirm:

In my first movie, Squirm (1976), I really didn't try to make any sort of social or political comment. At least not consciously. However, soon after the movie's release, critics found some very profound subtexts which I myself wasn't aware of. Nature getting revenge on man for his disrespect of ecology. The symbolism of man's mortality and his inevitable fate of becoming worm food. Even themes of suppressed sexuality in the main characters. This could all very well be true, but if it is, it was not done purposely on my part.

— Jeff Lieberman, Subversive Horror Cinema: Countercultural Messages of Films from Frankenstein to the Present ^[34]

Legacy

Director Brian De Palma included a poster of Squirm in several scenes of his 1981 film Blow Out. A fan of De Palma, Lieberman told Fangoria that he asked him about the poster years later. De Palma reportedly answered "Only use the best!"^[3]

Musician "Weird Paul" Petroskey created an album titled Worm in My Egg Cream that was dedicated to the scene where Mick orders an egg cream and finds a worm in it. Released on his label Rocks & Rolling Records,^[35] all 16 tracks on the album are titled the same as the album.^[36]

Squirm was featured on a 10th-season episode of